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2. Algae
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm

3. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
ALGAE
 PLANT BODY IS NOT DIFFERENTIATED OR
THALLOID
 THEY ARE CHLOROPHYLL BEARING THEREFORE,
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
 THEY CAN EXISTS IN COLONIAL(VOLVOX) AND
FILAMENTOUS FORM (SPIROGYRA)
 BOTH ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CAN
TAKE PLACE
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY FRAGMENTATION AND
SEXUAL BY ISOGAMOUS,ANISOGAMOUS AND
OOGAMOUS
 THEY CAN BE FOUND IN MARINE AND FRESH
WATER

4.  ALGAE HAS FURTHER 3 DIVISIONS ;

1. CHLOROPHYCEAE
2. PHAEOPHYCEAE
3.
4. RHODOPHYCEAE

5.  THEY ARE FOUND IN FRESH WATER AND IN MARINE
WATER
 THEY ARE GREEN DUE TO CHLOROPHYLL A AND B
 THE INNER LAYE OF CELL WALL IS MADE UP OF
CELLULOSE AND OUTER LAYER OF PECTOSE
 THEIR CHLOROPLAST CAN BE CUP SHAPED ,
RETICULATE, SPIRAL OR RIBBON SHAPED
 THEY HAVE STORAGE BODIES CALLED PYRENOID
LOCATED IN CHLOROPLAST
 BOTH SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION TAKE
PLACE
 THEY CAN BE IN FILAMENTOUS(SPIROGYRA) OR
COLONIAL FORM(VOLVOX)
 EXAMPLE: SPIROGYRA , VOLVOX AND CHALYDOMONAS

6.  THEY ARE GREEN DUE TO PRESENCE OF
CHLOROPHYLL A AND C AND DOMINANCE OF
FUCOXANTHIN
 THEIR CELL WALL IS MADE UP OF CELLULOSE
AND ALGIN
 THEY ARE FOUND IN MARINE HABITAT
 FOOD IS STORED IN THE FORM OF
LAMMINARIN AND MANNITOL
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION TAKE PLACE BY
BIFLAGELLATED ZOOSPORES AND SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION BY
ISOGAMOUS,OOGAMOUSAND ANISOGAMOUS

7.  CHLOROPHYLL A AND D IS PRESENT AND THEY
ARE RED DUE TO DOMINANCE OF R-
PHYCORYTHRIN
 FOOD IS STORED IN THE FORM OF FLORIDEAN
STARCH
 FOUND IN MARINE WATER ESPACIALLY IN
WARMER AREAS
 CELL WALL IS MADE UP OF CELLULOSE, PECTIN
AND POLY SULPHATE ESTERS
 EXAMPLES ARE PORPHYRA GELLIDIUM AND
GRACILARIA

8.  CHLORELLA A UNICELULAR ALGAE USED
AS A FOOD BY MANY SPACE TRAVELLERS
 HALF OF THE CO2 FIXATION IN EARTH IS
DONE BY ALGAE
 AGAR, A COMMERCIAL PRODUCT IS
OBTAINED FROM GELLIDIUM AND
GRACILARIUM USED IN MAKING JELLIES
AND ICE CREAMS
 PORPHYRA, LAMINARIA AND SARGASSUM
ARE SOME MARINE ALGAE USED AS FOOD.

9.  THE BODY IS NOT WELL DIFFERENTIATED . IT POSSESS
ROOT LIKE LEAF LIKE AND STEM LIKE STRUCTURES
 ALSO KNOWN AS AMPHIBIAN OF PLANT KINGDOM AS
THEY CAN SURVIVE IN BOTH LAND AND WATER AND
THEY REQUIRES WATER FOR SEXUAL REPODUCTION
 THE MAIN PLANT BODY IS HAPLOID AND DOMINANT
PHASE IS GAMETOPHYTIC PHASE .
 THE MALE SEX ORGAN IS ANTHREDIUM AND FEMALE
SEX ORGAN IS ARCHEGONIUM WHICH PRODUCES
ANTHEROZOIDS AND EGGS .
BY THE HELP OF WATER THE FUSION TAKE PLACE AND
ZYGOTE DO NOT UNDERGOES REDUCTION –DIVISION
BUT MULTIPLIES TO FORM MULTICELLULAR
SPOROPHYTE
 THIS MULTICELLULAR SPOROPHYTE SHOWS MEOSIS
AND PRODUCES HAPLOID SPORES WHICH GERMINATES
TO FORM GAMETOPHYTE .

10.  LIVERWORTS AND MOSSES ARE FOUND IN SHADY
DAMP AND MOIST PLACES
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTON IN LIVERWORT TAKE
PLACE BY FRAGMENTATON AND FORMATION OF
SPECIAL STRUCTURES CALLED GEMMAE.
GEMMAE ARE GREEN MULTICELLULAR AND
ASEXUAL BUDS DEVELOPED IN SMALL
REPTACLES CALEED GEMMAE CUPS
 IN MOSSES DOMINANT PHASE IS GAMETOPHYTIC
 THE FIRST STAGE IS PROTENEMA STAGE WHICH
DEVELOPS DIRECTLY FROM SPORES .
PROTONEMA STAGE IS CREEPING ,GREEN,
BRANCHED AND FREQUENTLY GROWN
FILAMENTOUS STAGE

11.  DOMINANT PHASE IS DIPLOID,SPOROPHYTIC
PHASE .
 THEY HAVE WELL DIFFERENTIATED BODY
 THEY ARE FIRST TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
 WELL DEVELOPED VASCULAR TISSUES
 THEY ARE USED AS ORNAMENTALS
 USED FOR MEDICIANAL PURPOSE AND AS SOIL
BLENDERS
 THEY CAN BE HOMOSPOROUS AND
HETEROSPOROUS
 MOSTLY ARE HOMOSPOROUS THAT PRODUCES
SAME KIND OF SPORES AND PRODUCES A
PROTHALLUS WHICH IS A FREE LIVING HAPLOID
AND BISEXUAL GAMETOPHYTE

12.  THIS PROTHALLUS PRODUCES MALE(N) AND
FEMALE GAMETES (n)AND DIPLOID ZYGOTE IS
FORMED WHICH DEVELOPS INTO A SPROPHYTE
(2N).
 IN THE CASE OF HETEROSPOROUS ONE MACRO
AND MICRO SPORE AS IN SALVINIA AND
SELEGINELLA ARE PRODUCED WHICH DEVELOPS
INTO MALE GAMETOPHYTE AND FEMALE
GAMETOPHYTE .
 THERE ARE FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS UNDER
PTERIDOPHYTES: 1) PTEROPSIDA-PTERIS 2)
PSILOPSIDA-PSILOTUM 3) LYCOPSIDA-
LYCOPODIUM, SELAGINELLA 4) SPHENOPSIDA-
EQUISETUM

13.  THE DOMINANT PHASE IS DIPLOID SPOROPHYTIC PHASE.
 THEY HAVE WELL DIFFERENTIATED BODY INTO LEAVES
ROOTS AND STEM
 THEIR OVARY IS NOT COVERED WITH OVARY WALL
THEREFORE KNOWN AS PLANT WITH NAKED SEED
 ROOT IS GENERALLY TAP ROOT . ROOTS OF SOME
GENERA LIVES IN FUNGAL ASSOCIATION TO FORM
MYCORRHIZA(PINUS) WHILE SOME SMALL SPECIALISED
ROOTS(CYCAS) CALLED CORALLOID ROOTS LIVES IN
ASSOCIATION WITH N2 FIXING CYNOBACTERIA
 THEY CAN BE OF MEDIUM SIZE OR TALL TREES AND
SHURBS
 STEM CAN BE BRANCHED (PINUS ) AND UNBRANCHED IN
CYCAS
 LEAVES ARE WELL ADAPTED TO LIVE IN EXTREME HABITAT

14.  IN GYMNOSPERMS LIKE CONIFERS , THEY HAVE NEEDLE
LIKE LEAVES WHICH REDUCES SURFACE AREA . THEY HAVE
THICK CUTICLE AND SUNKEN STOMATA WHICH REDUCES
WATER LOSS
 LARGET GYMNOSPERM- RED WOOD TREE (SEQUOIA)
 CYCAS IS A LIVING FOSSIL
 THEY ARE TRULY HETEROSPOROUS
 MALE CONE OR STROBILI HAVE MICROSPOROPHYLL AND
FEMALE CONE OR STROBILLI HAVE MEGASPOROPHYLL
 THESE SPOROPHYLL HAVE SPORANGIUM WHICH AFTER
MEOSIS PRODUCES HAPLOID SPORES WHICH DEVELOPS
INTO GAMETOPHYTES
 THESE GAMETOHYTES FUSES AND FORMS DIPLOID
SPOROPHYTE
 MICROSPORANGIUM PRODUCES HAPLOID SPORES WHICH
DEVELOPS INTO POLLEN GRAIN WHILE MEGASPORANGIUM
PRODUCES HAPLOID SPORES WHICH DEVELPS INTO
ARCHEGONIUM THAT PRODUCES EGGS

16. THANK YOU
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