Disaster Risk and Emergency Management

Disaster Management
Disaster Management is to anticipate future
situations and requirements, thus ensuring the
application of effective and coordinated counter-
measures.
An applied science which seeks, by the systematic
observation and analysis of disasters to improve
measures relating to prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, emergency response and recovery.

Disaster management usually refers to the
management of natural and human induced
catastrophes such as fire, flooding, or earthquakes.
Disaster management includes the development of
disaster recovery plans, for minimizing the risk of
disasters and for handling them when they do occur,
and the implementation of such plans.
Related techniques include crisis management,
contingency management, and risk management

Disaster Risk Management
 Disaster Risk Management is the most complex,
complicated, interrelated and multi-connected
discipline.
 The in-appropriate or incorrect human action and
interaction with the natural process of climate system,
ecology, environment and eco-system resulted into
Disaster.
 It is a process and understanding of reciprocal
relationship of human action, behavior, attitude and
natural/ supernatural forces and maintaining
appropriate balance between anthropogenic
approach and natural Law.

 It is the human intervention behavior which creates
negative and positive conditions for natural
ecological system.
 All the negative conditions increase in the human
vulnerabilities/ risk and the positive condition
increase the capacities/ opportunities for the
ecological system.
 Disaster risk Management is not a stand-alone
sector, but an essential concern that operates
across sectors

A broad range of activities
designed to:
 Prevent the loss of lives
 Minimize human suffering
 Inform the public and
authorities about risk
 Minimize property damage
and economic loss
 Speed up the recovery
process

Emergency
Disaster is bound by a specific period in which lives
and essential property are immediately at risk.
Whereas an emergency can encompass a more
general period in which:
 There is a clear and marked deterioration in the coping
abilities of a group or community.

Characteristics of Emergency
 Disruptive to Individuals and Communities
 Not Part of Day-to- Day Experience
 Unpredictable in Occurrence and Effects
 Requires a Response
 Local Resources may be “INADEQUATE”

Aim of Emergency Response
To reduce the number of casualties.
To reduce damage to property, thereby reducing the
impacts.
To ensure the restoration of basic needs of the
victims and avoid further miseries.

Emergency Response Activities
 Early warning & Evacuation
 Response (Fire fighting, Search & Rescue
& Medical aid )
 Security of affected area
 Hospital Preparedness

Any Other Activity You Can
Think of ?
 Resource Mobilization
 Damage assessment
 Institute public health measures
 Emergency declarations
 Warning messages to public
 Public information
 Registration and tracing (survivors & victims)
 Informing higher authorities
 Activation of coordination centers

Emergency Responders

Disaster
Emergency
Management
(DEM)
Disaster Risk
Management
(DRM)
Response
Recovery
Development
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
Disaster Management Cycle
Impacts
Start

Measures taken to
avert a disaster from
occurring, if possible (to
impede a hazard so that
it does not have any
harmful effects).
Prevention

Measures taken prior to the impact of a disaster to minimize
its effects (sometimes referred to as structural and non-
structural measures).
The process of planning and implementing measures to
reduce the risk associated with known natural and man
made hazards and to deal with disasters which do occur.
Mitigation

Mitigation has been used by some
institutions/authorities in a narrower sense,
excluding preparedness. It has occasionally been
defined to include post disaster response, then
being equivalent to disaster management.

Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to
ensure that appropriate and effective actions are
taken during and in the aftermath.
Preparedness

Professional Staff First Aid Training
Search and Rescue
Equipments
Early warningKnowledge & Skills Machinery
Institutions
Measure which enable governments, organizations,
communities and individuals to respond rapidly and
effectively to disaster situations. For example
effective evacuation of people in case of disaster.

Measures taken
prior to the impact
of a disaster to
minimize its effects
(sometimes referred
to as structural and
non-structural
measures).
Mitigation
Measures taken to
avert a disaster
from occurring, if
possible (to impede
a hazard so that it
does not have any
harmful effects).
Prevention

Preparedness
Mitigation
Mitigation
Preparedness

DISASTER IMPACT
The point in the disaster cycle at which a disaster event occurs for
instance when an earthquake strike a community.

Actions taken
immediately
following the
impact of a
disaster when
exceptional
measures are
required to meet
the basic needs
of the survivors.
Response

Response measures are usually those which
are taken immediately prior to and
following disaster impact.

Response: Search and Rescue
 First 12 hours are golden hours – rate
of survival is higher
 Local capacity to respond
 Updated equipment
 Ensure women participation in
search and rescue operations

Response: Relief
Measures that are required in search
and rescue of survivors, as well to
meet the basic needs for shelter,
water, food and health care.
The provision on a humanitarian
basis of material aid and emergency
medical care necessary to save and
preserve human lives. Relief
supplies and services are provided,
free of charge, in the period
immediately following a sudden
disaster. They may need to be
provided for extended periods in the
case of population displacement.

Response: Relief
 Take immediate action to ensure that relief
reaches the affectees as soon as possible
 Equitable distribution. Ensure no one is left
out
 Respect local culture and traditions
 Must address the need of the people (tent vs.
GI sheets or mats)
 Adhere to international humanitarian
standards
 Participation of the affectees in relief
activities

Response: Protection
 Protection of children
(kidnap, abuse etc)
 Protection of new born
and children under 5
 Protection of women
(in camps)

Taking Care of senior citizen, special people and
women

The process undertaken
by a disaster affected
community to fully restore
itself to pre-disaster level
of functioning.
Recovery

RECOVERY
Recovery is a process by which community and the nation
are assisted in returning to their proper level of
functioning following a disaster.

Rehabilitation
 Actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to:
• Assist victims to repair their dwellings;
• Re-establish essential services;
• Revive key economic and social activities

Permanent
measures to repair
or replace damaged
dwellings and
infrastructure and to
set the economy
back on course.
Reconstruction

• The permanent reconstruction or replacement of severely
damaged physical structures, the full restoration of all
services and local infrastructure, and the revitalization of the
economy (including agriculture).
• Reconstruction must be fully integrated into ongoing long-
term development plans taking into account of future
disaster risks and possibilities to reduce those risks by the
incorporation of appropriate mitigation measures.
• Damaged structures and services may not necessarily be
restored in their previous form or locations. It may include
the replacement of any temporary arrangements established
as a part of emergency response or rehabilitation.
Continued

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Development
 Sustained efforts intended to improve or maintain the
social and economic well-being of a community

Disaster Crunch Model
Unsafe Conditions
D
I
S
A
S
T
E
R
Hazards
Vulnerability
Trigger Event
• Earthquake
• High Wind
• Flooding
• Volcanic eruption
• Landslides
• Drought
• Sand Storm
 Fragile Physical
Environment
 dangerous
locations
 dangerous
buildings and
infrastructure
 Fragile local
economy
 livelihoods at
risk
 low income
levels

Dynamic Pressures
Dynamic Pressures
Lack of
1. Local institutions: health care, social
services
2. Markets, financial institutions, and
investment, press freedom
3. Education and training
4. Appropriate skills and technology
Macro Forces
1. Population Expansion
2. Urbanization
3. Arms Expenditure
4. Debt Repayment
5. Deforestation
D
I
S
A
S
T
E
R
Unsafe Conditions
Dynamic
Pressures
Dynamic
Pressures

Underlying Causes
Limited access to:
1. Power structure
2. Lack of resources
3. Ideologies
4. Political Systems
5. Economic Systems
6. Conflicts
Underlying
Causes
D
I
S
A
S
T
E
R
Unsafe Conditions
Dynamic
Pressures
Dynamic
Pressures

Progression of Vulnerability
Root Causes
Dynamic
Pressures
Unsafe
Conditions
Lack of entitlement to
resources
Rapid population
growth
Dangerous location
Unequal access to
power
War/Civil Conflicts
Unprotected
infrastructure
Ideologies Urbanization
Low and unstable
incomes
Political and economic
systems
Weak local markets
Weak institutional
structures for public
action
Epidemics Disease

The Progression of Vulnerability
How to release the
Pressure?
1
Underlying
Causes
2
Dynamic
Pressures
3
Unsafe
Conditions
DISASTER
VULNERABILITY X HAZARD
CAPACITY
Triggers
Hazard
Event
Earthquake
High winds
Flooding
Volcanic eruption
Landslide
Drought
War, civil conflict
Technological
Accident

Release of ‘Pressures’ to Reduce Disaster Risk
Reduce
Hazard
a range of
measures
to reduce the
intensity of
certain
hazard:
• Dikes / dams
• Wind breaks
• Mangrove
• Etc.
Achieve Safe
Conditions
Reduce
Pressures
Address Root
Causes
• Safe place to go
• Warning system
• Diversify sources of
livelihood
• Raise public
awareness
• Community
organizing
• Literacy
• Skilled Community
• Health Workers
• Community spirit
• Protected
environment
• Land use planning
and management
• Participation in
political decision
making
• Capacity to negotiate
resources from GO /
NGOs
• Advocacy on local
level
• With Resettlement
human rights, land
tenure, etc
• Employment
Opportunities
 Increase the access
& control of
vulnerable groups to
power structures
and resources (land,
services, budget,
markets, etc.)
 Through advocacy
on challenge any
ideology, political or
economic system
that causes or
increase
vulnerability
Reduce
Disaster Risk
Aim: Resilient
Community
 Minimize loss of life
 Limited damage
 Sustained family
Income, social
fallback
mechanisms
 Aware of hazard
risks
 Counter disaster
plan exists
 Functional
community
organization
 etc.
Progression of safety