The document provides an overview of human anatomy and its basics. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. The history of anatomy is discussed, noting leaders like Hippocrates, Herophilus, Galen, Vesalius, and Gray. Key anatomical terms are introduced like anterior/posterior, proximal/distal, and ipsilateral/contralateral. Positions like anatomical position and lithotomy position are described. The anatomical planes of the body and branches of anatomy are outlined. In summary, the document serves as an introductory guide to basic human anatomy, its history, terminology, and areas of study.

1. Anatomy and Basics
By:
Saifullah Email ID: optomsaif.4all@hotmail.com
FIACLE, M.PHIL OPTM, MPH, BS OPTM
Assistant Professor Optometry
PIO, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital
Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology 1

2. Introduction to Anatomy
• The word anatomy derived from Greek word
"Anatemno"."Ana" mean "Cut" and "temno" mean "up".
• So studying Internal structures is anatomy an old concept
obsolete now
• In modern sciences
• “Anatomy is that branch of medical sciences which deals with
the study of structure of body and of the relationship of its
constituent parts to each other”.
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3. Cont’d
• A person who is specialized in the science of
anatomy is Anatomist
• An Anatomist area of interest are
– Body Structure
– Shape
– Dimensions
– Location
– Blood supply
– Nerve Supply (Innervation)
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4. Historical Background
• Hippocrates: Father of Medicines and one of the
founder of anatomy
• Herophilus: Father of Anatomy. First to Dissect
human body
• Galen: “Prince of Physician” His book for
Anatomy was followed for 1500 years
• Mandinus: Restorer of anatomy
• Leonardo Da Vinci: Originator of cross sectional
anatomy
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5. Cont’d
• Andirus Vesalius: Father of modern Anatomy.
Challanged Galen anatomy & rectify anatomy
concept.
• John Hunter: Father of comparative anatomy.
• Henry gray: writer of grays anatomy. The text
book of anatomy followed all over the world
since last 150years.
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6. Anatomical terms
• Anterior and posterior, which describe structures at the
front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body. For
example, the toes are anterior to the heel, and the popliteus
is posterior to the patella.
• Superior and inferior, which describe a position above
(superior) or below (inferior) another part of the body. For
example, the orbits are superior to the oris, and the pelvis is
inferior to the abdomen.
• Proximal and distal, which describe a position that is closer
(proximal) or further (distal) from the trunk of the body. For
example, the shoulder is proximal to the arm, and the foot is
distal to the knee.
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7. Cont’d
• Superficial and deep, which describe structures that are
closer to (superficial) or further from (deep) the surface of
the body. For example, the skin is superficial to the bones,
and the brain is deep to the skull
• Medial and lateral, which describe a position that is
closer to (medial) or further from (lateral) the midline of
the body. For example, the nose is medial to the eyes, and
the thumb is lateral to the other fingers.
• Ventral and Dorsal, which describe structures derived
from the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) of the embryo,
before limb rotation.
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8. Cont’d
• Cranial and caudal, which describe structures close to the
top of the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the
body (caudal).
• Occasionally, sinister for left, and dexter for right are
used. E.G OD (Oculus Dexter=>Rt Eye ) and OS (Oculus
Sinister=>Lt Eye)
• Ipsilateral and Contralateral, Which describes the structure
on the same side (Ipsilateral) and on the opposite
side(Contralateral). E.G Right upper and lower limbs are
Ipsilateral to one another and contralateral to left limbs.
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9. Cont’d
• Unilateral and Bilateral, which describe the structure
on the one side (unilateral) & on the both side
(Bilateral). E.G Appendix and Cecum are unilateral
structure while eyes, lungs and kidneys are bilateral.
• Anastomosis: Communication between vessels at
places other than capillary bed.
• Flexion and Extension, which describes the bending or
approximation of surfaces or structure (Flexion) &
straightening of joint or opposite of flexion.
• Adduction and Abduction, Which describes the
movement toward mid-saggital plan (Adduction) and
away from the mid-saggital plan (Abduction)
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11. Cont’d
• Some applied or clinical anatomy suffix
– itis means Inflammation i.e Appendicitis
– Ectomy means removal i.e. Appendectomy
– Otomy means to open i.e. Laprotomy
– Oma means tumor i.e. Lipoma
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12. Human Anatomical Position
• Human anatomical position is to stand looking
straight ahead with the palm of hand facing
forward and the hands should not touch the
body.
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13. Cont’d
• Supine anatomical position
– Lying down with face position upward
• Prone anatomical position
– Lying down with face position downward
• Lithotomy Position
– Supine position with buttock at the edges of table,
Hip and knee fully flexed, and the feet strapped in
position.
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15. Anatomical Plans
• Three basic reference planes are used in zoological
anatomy.
• A sagittal plane, being a plane parallel to the sagittal
suture, divides the body into sinister and dexter (left
and right) portions.
• The mid-sagittal or median plane is in the midline;
i.e. it would pass through midline structures such as
the navel or spine, and all other sagittal planes (also
referred to as parasagittal planes) are parallel to it.
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16. Cont’d
• A coronal or frontal plane divides the body
into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or
posterior and anterior) portions.
• A transverse plane, also known as cross-
section, divides the body into cranial and
caudal (head and tail) portions.
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18. Branches of anatomy
1. Gross Anatomy:
large body parts that are visible to the
naked eye.
2.Comparative Anatomy:
Similarities & differences
3.Developmental Anatomy
Changes in structure from conception
through maturity
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19. Cont’d
4.Embrology
developmental changes occurring prior to the
birth.
5.Regional Anatomy
Structures in a particular region of the body
as one complete unit
6.Surface Anatomy
both superficial anatomic markings & internal
body structures as they relate to the skin covering
them.
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20. Cont’d
7.Systemic anatomy
Gross anatomy of each system of the body
8.Pathogenic anatomy
all anatomic changes resulting from
diseases.
9.Radiographic anatomy
Structure that may be visualized by specific
scanning procedures (Xray,MRI,Ultrasound)
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21. Cont’d
10.Surgical anatomy
Anatomic landmarks used before and after surgery.
11.Microscopic anatomy
study of anatomic structure under microscope i.e.
Cytology & histology
12. Cadaveric Anatomy
Studying structure of dead human body by
dissection (Cadavers)
13. Clinical Anatomy:
studying structural changes in the practice of clinical
medicines.
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