1. Climate Change & the Challenge
of Poverty Alleviation
26 - 28 July, 2012
Centre for Climate Change and Environment Advisory
DR. MCR HRD Institute Campus, Hyderabad
26 July 2012
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy
Chief Executive Officer [CEO],
GEOECOLOGY ENERGY ORGANISATION [GEO]
http://e-geo.org

2. Present carbon cycle
Storage and flux of carbon
(in billions of tones)
SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS
Very fast (less than 1 year)
Fast (1 to 10 years)
Slow (10 to 100 years)
Very slow (more than 100 years)

3. Human activity influence

4. Variation of the temperature on Earth

5. Temperature trends (1976 to 2000)

6. Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

7. TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS
5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)
Models’Source : IPCC/SRESA2+1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.
forecasts :

8. Visual impact of Climate Change

9. Impact of Climate Change on society
…Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma…
Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.

10. Cost of extreme weather events

11. Less visual but with major impact
Agriculture and food security
Consequences of Crop yields, irrigation demands...
climate change:
Forest
Composition, health and productivity...
Water resources
Water supply, water quality...
Coastal areas
Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...
Species and natural areas
> Temperature increase
Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
> Sea level rise
> More rain
Human health
Infectious diseases, human settlements...

12. Vulnerability
Vulnerability to climate change is the risk of adverse
things happening
Vulnerability is a function of three factors:
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive capacity

13. Exposure
Exposure is what is at risk from
climate change, e.g.,
 Population
 Resources
 Property
It
is also the climate change that
an affected system will face, e.g.,
 Sea level
 Temperature
 Precipitation
 Extreme events

14. Sensitivity
 Biophysical effect of climate
change
 Change in crop yield, runoff,
energy demand
 It considers the
socioeconomic context, e.g.,
the agriculture system
 Grain crops typically are
sensitive
 Manufacturing typically is
much less sensitive

15. Adaptive Capacity
 Capability to adapt
 Function of:
 Wealth
 Technology
 Education
 Institutions
 Information
 Infrastructure
 “Social capital”
 Having adaptive capacity
does not mean it is used
effectively

16. Vulnerability is a
Function of …
 More exposure and
sensitivity increase
vulnerability
 More adaptive
capacity decreases
vulnerability
 An assessment of
vulnerability should
consider all three
factors

17. Adaptation
“adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm of
exploits beneficial opportunities”
(Third Assessment Report, Working
Group II)
Includes “actual” (realized) or
“expected” (future) changes in
climate

18. Adaptation (continued)
Two types of adaptation
Autonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be
what people and systems do as impacts of climate change
become apparent
Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to
reduce potential risks of future climate change

19. SL framework: Determinants of adaptive capacity
Livelihood Examples
resources
Human Knowledge, Skills
Social Women’s savings and loans groups, farmer-
CBOs
Physical Irrigation infrastructure, seed and grain
storage facilities
Natural Reliable water source, productive land
Financial Micro-insurance, diversified income sources
Policies, institutions and power structures

20. Capitals

21. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA - CAUSE AND USE
Decrease in rainfall SEMI-ARID
Climate change / variability
High temperatures ENVRIONMENT
Increase in intensity of cultivation -Energy Needs
-Charcoal Making
Groundwater + Contribution of salts - Biochar
use -Use of complex fertilizers - Wood for utility
-Surfacing of natural salts -Pods / leaves as
from deep inside the ground livestock feed
through groundwater
ALKALINE SOILS
Poor germination, Fallow Suitable for
Non-availability of soil minerals lands growth of
Decrease in yield Prosopis Juliflora

22. “VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE
CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA”
Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability
Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification
Community Empowerment
Energy
Bio Diversity Agriculture Production Water Resources
Climate Change
Appropriate Skills Water Management
SCENARIO 1
Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political
22 AFPRO

23. Vulnerability assessment tools
 CC Vulnerability assessment tools
 Software / assessment tools
 Cristal
 Other tools

24. Climate Changes in
India
 Increase in surface
temperature by 0.4
degree C over the
past century.
 Warming trend
along the west
coast, in central
India, the interior
peninsula, and
northeastern India.

25. Climate Changes in India
 Cooling trend in
northwest India and parts
of South India.
 Regional monsoon
variations: increased
monsoon seasonal
rainfall along the west
coast, northern Andhra
Pradesh and North-
western India, decreased
monsoon seasonal
rainfall over eastern
Madhya Pradesh, North-
eastern India, and parts

26. Climate Changes in India
 Observed trends of multi-
decadal periods of more
frequent droughts, followed
by less severe droughts.
 Studies have shown a rising
trend in the frequency of
heavy rain events and
decrease in frequency of
moderate events over central
India from 1951 to 2000.
26

27. Climate Changes in
India
 Records of coastal
tide gauges in the
north Indian ocean for
the last 40 years has
revealed an
estimated sea level
rise between 1.06-
1.75 mm per year.
 The available
monitoring data on
Himalayan glaciers
indicates recession of
some glaciers. 27

28. Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric
Tons)
25
20.01
20
15
11.71
9.4 9.87
10
5 3.6 4.25
1.02
0
USA Europe Japan China Russia India World
average

29. Impacts of Climate Changes
 Water resources
 Agriculture and food production
 Health
 Forests
 Coastal areas
 Vulnerability to extreme events
 Bioenergy
 Livelihoods
 Environment
 Economy
 Ecology
29

30. National Action Plan for
Climate Change (NAPCC)
 Protecting the poor and vulnerable
sections of society through
sustainable development sensitive
to climate change
 Achieving national growth objectives
through a qualitative change in
direction, ecological
sustainability, mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions.
30

31. National Action Plan for
Climate Change (NAPCC)
 Efficient and cost effective strategies
for end use Demand side
Management.
 Technologies for adaptation and
mitigation of greenhouse gases
emissions.
 Promote sustainable development -
Regulatory and voluntary
mechanisms
31

32. Core of NAPCC - National Missions
 National Solar Mission:The
NAPCC aims to promote the
development and use of solar
energy for power generation and
other uses with the ultimate
objective of making solar
competitive with fossil-based
energy options.
 National Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency: Current
initiatives are expected to yield
These National Missions are being institutionalized by the
respective Ministries/ Departments. 2012.
savings of 10,000 MW by

33. Core of NAPCC - National Missions
 National Mission on
Sustainable Habitat: To
promote energy efficiency as a
core component of urban
planning.
 National Water Mission: With
water scarcity projected to
worsen as a result of climate
change, the plan sets a goal of
a 20% improvement in water
use efficiency through pricing
and other measures.

34. Core of NAPCC - National Missions
 National Mission for Sustaining the
Himalayan Ecosystem: The plan
aims to conserve
biodiversity, forest cover, and other
ecological values in the Himalayan
region, where glaciers that are a
major source of India’s water
supply are projected to recede as
a result of global warming.
 National Mission for a “Green
India”: Goals include the
afforestation of 6 million hectares
of degraded forest lands and
expanding forest cover from 23%
to 33% of India’s territory.

35. Core of NAPCC - National Missions
 National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture: The plan aims to support
climate adaptation in agriculture through
the development of climate-resilient
crops, expansion of weather insurance
mechanisms, and agricultural practices.
 National Mission on Strategic
Knowledge for Climate Change: To gain
a better understanding of climate
science, impacts and challenges, the
plan envisions a new Climate Science
Research Fund, improved climate
modeling, and increased international
collaboration. It also encourage private
sector initiatives to develop adaptation
and mitigation technologies through
venture capital funds.

36. Source: New Indian Express

38. Rural Livlihoods - Resources
The livelihoods of the rural poor are directly dependent
on environmental resources.
land Water Forests Energy
Are vulnerable to weather and climate variability
groundwater forest
water stress soil fertility
levels habitats
increases declines
recede disappear.

39. Rural Poor
Paying the most
Climate change will
only exacerbate
the vulnerabilities
of the rural poor.
As climate-
sensitive, natural
ecosystems
deteriorate, subsi
stence will slip
further out of
reach.

40. India’s rural
poor, who have least
contributed to
Climate Change, will
pay some of the
problem’s heaviest
tolls.

41. In the life of a
farmer climate
Variability and
Extreme events are
more important
than climate
change

42. Climate Change /
Variability in Semi-arid
regions
Precipitation is less than
potential evapo-
transpiration.
Low annual rainfall of 25 to
60 centimeters and having
scrubby vegetation with
short, coarse grasses; not
completely arid.

43. Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid
regions
Climate Variability and extremes are an expected
characteristic of semi-arid lands.
The people vulnerable to droughts, which trigger
frequent subsistence crises
In Andhra Pradesh
Increasing crop
failures, dislocation, famine, poverty, increases 2009 witness to
stratification and the social inequities.
• 50 years old
drought
• 100 years old
flood

44. “VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE
CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA”
Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability
Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification
Community Empowerment
Energy
Bio Diversity Agriculture Production Water Resources
Climate Change
Appropriate Skills Water Management
SCENARIO 1
Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political
44 AFPRO

45. GSBC PROJECT
INTEGRATED APPROACH

46. Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change - Soil fertility Water
variability - management
extremes
Impact of Burning of crop Alkalinity of soils
hazardous residue
pesticides and
nitrogen

47. 100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
0
195152
195253
195354
195455
195556
195657
195758
195859
195960
196061
196162
196263
196364
196465
196566
196667
196768
196869
196970
197071
197172
197273
197374
197475
197576
197677
197778
197879
197980
198081
198182
198283
198384
198485
198586
198687
198788
198889
198990
199091
199192
199293
199394
199495
199596
199697
199798
199899
199900
200001
200102
200203
200304
200405
200506
200607
R2 = 0.1374
Mahabubnagar District Rainfall Pattern
200708
200809
200910
y = -4.6207x + 851.14
201011
201112
201213
201314

48. Crop Water
Soil Climate
Energy Environment

49. Field level
interventions
ACTIVITY
CAPACITY
DEVELOPMENT
FACILITATION RESEARCH

50. INCREAS
ED
PRODUC SOIL
SPIRITU CARBON TEMPER
AL TION
SEQUES ATURE
TRATION REGULAT
ED
CREMAT
BELIEFS
ION
TERMITE MOISTUR
S / ANTS E
CULTUR REPULSI RETENTI
AL ON ON
ALTARS RITUALS ENER
GY EARTHW
WATER
ORMS SOIL
FESTIVA CONSER
INCREAS AMENDMENT
LS VATION
E
BIOC
HAR
NITROGE
N/
BIOMASS BIOCHAR
PHOSPH
COMPOS
OROUS
T
FOOD RETENTI
INSECT PRESE ON
REPEL RVING SOIL
LENT FOOD MICROBE
S NURSERI
FILTERI DENSITY PESTICID ES
CLEANI
NG INCREAS ES
NG
MEDIA E ADBSOR
BTION
GOOD
STOVES
SOAK MEDICI • TLUDs
PITS NE • Other
stoves POULTRY
- CH4
PRACTICES REDUCTI
ON
BIOCH
AR MATTR WASTE SOURCE
URINAL ESS MANAGE S CROP
S MENT (BIOMAS RESIDUE
• Sludge S)
BIOCH TOOTH ANIMALS
AR POWD
BRICKS ER
AQUAR AIR POULTR LIVESTOC
IUM / QUALITY FYM / K - URINE
Y LITTER
TERRA WATER • CO2 / COMPOST AND
RIUMS TREAT CH4 DUNG
MENT Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO
http://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com

51. RITUAL /
SPIRITUAL
/
AGRICUTU SANITATIO
SOIL ANIMALS ENERGY HABITAT HEALTH WATER RELIGIOUS
RE N
/
PRACTICE
S
APPLICATIO
PADDY N IN ANIMAL BIOCHAR
SOURCE FIRE / ALTAR
METHANE PLACES TO BIOCHAR URINALS
FROM / YAGNAS /
EMISSIONS TAP BRICKS CLEANING
EFFICIENT AGNIHOTRA
REDUCTION URINE, SANI TEETH
TLUD COOK
TATION AND
STOVES
BIOCHAR EMISSIONS
REDUCTION
BIOCHAR
PESTICIDE & TOILETS
COMPLEX
BIOCHAR IN FIRE DURING
CHEMICALS
AQUARIUMS WATER FESTIVALS
AFFECTS RUMINANT
AS BY PURIFICATIO
MITIGATION ANIMALS
PRODUCT N–
METHANE BIOCHAR IN
FROM BIOCHAR COLOR, ODO
EMISSIONS CATTLE
GASIFIER TABLETS R, REMOVAL
EMMISIONS REDUCTION SHEDS
STOVES, BOI OF HARMFUL
REDUCTION AS FEED
LERS ETC ELEMENTS,
FROM FARM ADDITIVE BIOCHAR IN
ETC. CREMATION
YARD POULTRY
S
MANURES FARMS CLEANING
AND PLATES /
COMPOSTS UTENSILS
BIOCHAR SOAKING IN CHARCOAL
BIOCHAR IN
COMPOST WITH PRODUCTIO
FOOD AS
ANIMALS N FROM NATURAL /
CROP BIOCHAR IN PART OF
URINE AND BIOMASS / ARTIFICIAL
RESIDUE FRIDGES, MA FOOD
EXCRETA - WASTE FIRES IN
MANAGEME TTRESSES, E BATHING PREPARATIO
VALUE MANAGEME FORESTS /
NT TC. NS
ADDITION NT FIELDS, ETC.

52. Biocharculture
Biocharculture is the process of using Biochar,
including for cultivation of crops
• Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous
source material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in
terrestrial ecosystems
• Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for
sustainable cultivation and carbon sequestration.
• Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300
to 600 degrees centigrade for example as found in the
common biomass cook stoves.
• Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by
aromatic C, Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial
decomposition than uncharred organic matter

53. Biocharculture Adaptation benefits
Lessen the impact
of hazardous
Securing the crop pesticides and
Reclaim the water
from drought and complex
degraded soils, conservation,
climate variabiiity chemicals & to
reduce plant
uptake.
reducing Conversion of
emissions and crop residue into increases in
increasing the Biochar an option Increase in crop C, N, pH, and
sequestration of and address yield available P to the
greenhouse carbon plants
gases sequestration
Increase in the
Reduction in
Impacts of Temperature soil microbes /
leaching of the bio
Biochar last more regulation in the worms at the
/ chem fertilizers
than 1000 years. soil biochar and soil
applied
interface

54. CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA
Farmers focus
80% ON CROP
20% ON SOIL

55. BIOCHAR COMPOST

56. APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS

57. OKRA - CONTROL AND BIOCHAR PLOTS
CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST
4 KGS 8 KGS
12 KGS

58. BIOCHAR
CONTROL
1.5 FEET 6 FEET

59. Adaptation Initiatives Requirement
Objective
1 Better  SMC conservation - Support for
management of  Addition of OM (compost, Labor Cost
soil moisture manures, GM,GLM)
 Cover crop, mulching, - Biomass
residue incorporation availability
2 Efficient use of  Minimising the ground - Credit support
Ground water water usage for critical
irrigation. - Community
 Social regulations to support
control competitive
digging of bore wells
Increasing  SRI under borewell and - Comm.support
efficiency of tanks - Technical
water use support
Micro-irrigation methods - Credit/financial
(drips, spriklers) support

60. Adaptation Initiatives Requirement
Objectives
3 Diversify  Crop diversification from - Drought , stress r
crop / farm wheat, paddy to resistant varieties
systems millets, Maize, Sorghum
- Timely availability of
 Mono cropping to seeds, contingency
intercropping, mixed seeds
cropping
- Credit for seeds
 Soil fertility improvement
through cropping systems - CB on technology
Encouraging horticulture - Good planting material
 Biomass improvement/ - Timely availability of
integration of Multi-Purpose implements
Trees
 Improved implements - Timely availability of
drought power
 Easing bullock constraint - Marketing support

61. Adaptation Initiatives Requirement
Objectivr
4 Strengthening  Health care system for - Support for man
livestock preventive diseases power
production system  Strengthening sheep
and goat systems - Technical
through CIG concept. support
 Strengthening
Fisheries production
5 Promoting  Promoting back yard - Credit support
alternate livelihood poultry
activities for  Heifer rearing - Technical
income  Ram lamb rearing support
actvity
6 Creating Buffers  Community managed - Infrastructure
fodder banks
 Seed Banks to maintain - Capacity
buffer seed and seeds of Building
contingent crops
- Manpower

62. BIOCHAR RESULTS
GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT
PREVAILED DURING THE
GROWING SEASON)

63. Methane Emissions from paddy fields

64. Biochar – livestock urine

65. BIOCHAR URINALS
TAPPING NITROGEN FROM
URINE OF ANIMALS AND
PEOPLE USING BIOCHAR

66. OTHER
BIOCHAR
APPLICATIONS
BIOCHAR BRICKS, GREEN BUILDINGS

70. MAGH SERIES BIOCHAR PRODUCING
STOVES

71. MAGH SERIES BIOCHAR PRODUCING
STOVES

74. BIOCHAR INDIA | BIOCHARCULTURE | GOOD STOVE | GEO | GOODPLANET
BIOCHAR LINKS
Terra Preta Info - Indian conext Biochar Urine
Biochar Experiments Biochar Urinals
Biochar - Alkaline soils
Biochar - Alkaline soils report Biochar Soil life
Charcoal production Termites
Earthworms
Biochar Production
Magh Biochar Retort  Pottery Shards
GEO mini metal kiln In soils
ARTI - Charcoal
Cleaning
Biochar Plants Biochar for Cleaning
Prosopis Juliflora
Prosopis Juliflora report Green Buildings
Biochar Bricks
Stoves
Magh series tlud woodgas or Rural Trash
microgasifier stoves Biochar plus
Anila
GSBC PROJECT ON CNN