Site selection,land clearing, pond type, Method of construction

1. Collegeoffisheries kawardha
An Assignment On
Construction Of Fish Pond
Sub. Name :- Aquaculture Engineering
Sub. Code :- FHP 222
Submitted to :-
Miss Harapriya Behra
(Teacher - FHP department )
Submitted by :-
Nilesh kumar sahu
Roll No. - 201803318
BFSc 2nd year 2nd sem.

2. -:Introduction:-
1. Pond Construction is very important step in an aquaculture.
2. Type of construction mainly depending upon two important
factors :-
(1) Availability of raw ,materials. Example :- Brick , Cement ,
Stones, etc.
(2) Function of farm element and culture system.
example :- (a) cement concrete pond = Nursery pond
(b) Ordinary earthen embankment pond = extensive pond
culture
(c) Pre-stressed reinforced cement = super intensive culture
system
3. Best time period of pond construction is in between late winter
and early summer seasons.
4. Important requirement efficient construction are :-
Careful supervision and skilled workmanship

3. Classification of ponds based on culture
Name Purpose Total area
involved
Size of the
pond
Size of the
animal
Nursery ponds raising spawn
to fry stage
5 % of total
area
0.02 to 0.06
hectare
Depth- 0.75 to
1 m
(4-5 mm to 20-
30mm).
Rearing pond growing of fry
to finger lings,
size
20 % of total
area
0.06 hectare to
0.12 hectare
Depth 1.0 to 2
m.
(20 -30 mm to
50 -60 mm
Stocking ponds finger lings to
the marketable
size
75 % of total
area
depth 2 to 3.0
m.
0.2 to 2
hectare

4. Soil :-
1. site should contain soft bottom soil and mixed soil comprising of
clay, silt sand in proper proportion .
2. It ensure good water holding capacity and production of natural
food organisms.
3. Gravel and sand are non-cohesive soils. In sand and gravel bed
water percolates easily. SO, sand and gravel and not suitable for
pond construction.
Main factors for pond construction : site condition
4. Clay silt and fine grained soil are
cohesive soil. It is suitable for pond dyke,
bottom etc.
5. A combination of cohesive and non-
cohesive soil are suitable for pond
construction. because clay is very
absorbent under wet condition , it swells
to double of its volume.

5. WATER SUPPLY:-
1. open channels, pipe lines are the means of water
supply from the water source like.. Reservoir etc.
2. Water supply should be made by gravity flow .
3. Every ponds have its own inlet and outlet.
4. Inlet of pond is above 10cm to the maximum level of
pond water.

6. ENVIROMENTAL CONDITION :-
1. Metrological parameter such as rain fall, its
quantity, duration, intensity.
2. Temperature , humidity, atmospheric pressure,
wind ,its speed have a great role in the growth of
fish food organisms.
OTHER FACTORS:-
1. Social condition like.. Skilled labour, professionals.
2. Pollution like.. Industrial effluent, sewage out fall,
insecticides and agriculture affect water and soil to
reduce growth rate of aquatic animals.

7. 1. The site is to be cleared off from big boulders stones,
trees, bushes etc.
2. The land is to be made of same level.
3. within an area of 10 meter from the marked area.
4. There are three types of land clearing methods based
on the density of vegetation, and mode of removal of
materials from the site.
LAND CLEARING
(1) manual clearing
(2) mechanical clearing
(3) chemical clearing

9. 1. Clearing the site by engaging labor is called as manual
clearing.
2. small boulders and thin vegetation like small bushes or
trees are removed by engaging labor.
3. It is require more time.
4. The cost of work is generally less.
Manual clearing

10. Mechanical clearing
1. Clearing of the site by engaging machines is called
as mechanical clearing.
2. It is help full if the site consists of large boulders
and thick vegetation like large bushes and trees.
3. It require less time.
4. Generally cost will be more.

11. Chemical clearing
1. If the soil at the site, contains harmful bacteria or any other
micro-organisms which are harmful to aquatic animals, then
some sort of chemicals are mixed in the soil to kill these harmful
bacteria.
2. method of using the chemicals to kill these bacteria is called as
chemical method of land clearing.
3. Chemicals are used to eradicate unnecessary aquatic weeds also.
Chemical clearing

12. Clearing of land within an area of
10 meter from the marked area.

13. Land marking :-
The land is to be marked for the construction of various
farm elements as per the layout planning.
It involves :-
1. Mark out the area from
where the earth will have
to be cut or removed.
2. mark out the area from
where the earth will have
to be embanked.

14. 3. Initially lines are drawn
according to the layout
followed by pegging and
fixing stakes or posts.
5. Dry white lime powder is used
to show the positions of various
farm elements like dykes, channels
and ponds which are to be
constructed. It is called as staking.
4. Strings are stretched between
the top of pegs and posts to mark
the complete profile of the dyke
with its correct height, width and
slope .

15. Excavation of soil
1. The excavation of ponds may be done either engaging manual
labour, when speed of construction is under consideration
bulldozer or scoop may be utilized.
2. The excavation of the pond should be as far as possible preceded
in layers.
The top
ground soil
should be
stocked in
one place
and it should
not be used
for any
construction

17. 1. A square shape ponds construction cost is less than
cost of construction of rectangular shape ponds.
2. Total length of dyke required for construction of
one hectare water spread area pond is 400 m.
Where as in rectangular shape pond of same area
require 500 m length of dyke.
3. Hence the cost of construction of square shape
pond is less.
4. But from operation, maintenance and harvesting
point of view, rectangular shape pond is preferable
than square shape pond.
Square and rectangular ponds

18. Construction of drainage systems
1. During construction of drainage channel the elevation
of drainage channels bottom and pond bottom
elevation place a vital role.
2. The elevation of pond bottom should be above the
elevation of channel bottom, so that the water can be
drained completely from the pond.

20. Construction of dykes and sluices
1. The construction of pond dykes becomes essential if earthen
dykes are made around the pond using the excavated earth
from the pond bed.
2. All dykes should be raised
dumping the earth layer by
layer stretching right across
the whole section and in such
cases each layer should not
exceed 30 cm thickness.
3. All large clods should be
broken and each layer should
be thoroughly consolidated
by watering and ramming.

21. Any pond dike should have three basic qualities:-
1. It should be able to resist the water pressure resulting
from the pond water depth.
Anchoring your dike strongly to its foundations .
constructing your dike large enough to resist the water
pressure by virtue of its weight.

22. 2. It should be impervious, the water seepage through
the dike being kept to a minimum.
When the dyke is to be constructed on a sandy,
gravelly or marshy soil base the construction of key
trench is essential and in such cases digging should be
done until water tight foundations are reached.

23. 3. It should be high enough to keep the pond
water from ever running over its top, which
would rapidly destroy the dike.

24. • Shape and size mainly depend upon the species to be
cultured,
• Purpose of the pond whether for nursery, rearing, grow
out or any other purposes,
culture system to be employed,
• soil characteristics and topography of the area.
Extensive farming, 1 to 5 ha
Semi-intensive farming 0.25 to 1 ha
Intensive farming
Circular and square shapes are more
common
0.025 to 0.25 ha
Design of ponds

25. For intensive and semi-intensive culture system, regular flat bottom
pond bed with uniform slope .
The pond bottom is provided a slope between 1000:1 to 1000:5
towards the drain to facilitate the water flow during harvest and
pond drainage.
The pond bottom should be designed so as to remain above the
ground water table which is necessary for effective drying of pond
bottom during pond preparation.

26. The protection of slopes of the dyke against soil erosion is
called as lining of the dykes. The following are the some of
the important methods of lining:-
1. Stone pitching
2. Brick pitching
3. Cement concrete lining
4. Soil-cement lining
5. Stone slab lining
6. Polyethylene paper lining
7. Grassing
Lining of ponds and dyke