At a basic level, material handling is primarily concerned with the storage and movement of material(in various forms) in / through production and service systems such as factories, warehouses, distribution centers, cross-docks, container terminals, airports, hospitals, and similar mission-oriented facilities. Although the physical movement of material is perhaps the most visible aspect of material handling, as suggested by the following ‘‘right definition,’’ material handling goes beyond that. Material handling is ‘‘providing the right amount of the right material, in the right condition, at the right place, at the right time, in the right position, in the right sequence, and for the right cost, by using the right method. Note that using the ‘‘right method(s)’’ includes safety and ergonomic considerations, especially when humans are involved directly or indirectly in the handling system. With the current emphasis being placed on ergonomics, material-handling issues have been given a new importance. This is because it takes equipment and/or modified methods to provide for proper ergonomics in any human-process relationship. This is true in manufacturing, logistics, distribution, and any other process where products or materials have to be placed, assembled, or moved. Material-handling challenges provide an excellent opportunity for an industrial engineer to access and use a set of tools that allow for the development of a new material-handling system or an improvement in an existing system.

1. Presented by
Mr. Sagar Kishor Savale
(M.pharm First Year Student)
(Department of Pharmaceutics, North Maharashtra University, college
of R.C.Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Shirpur, 425405, Dist.Dhule, Maharashtra.)
2015-016
avengersagar16@gmail.com
Material Handling

2. 1-Dec-152
Contents
1. Introduction
2. PRINCIPLES OF MATERIAL HANDLING
3. Type of Material Handling
4. Selection of Solid Tranportation Equipment
5. Valves
6. Reference

3. 1-Dec-153
At a basic level, material handling is primarily concerned with the storage and movement of material(in various forms) in / through
production and service systems such as factories, warehouses, distribution centers, cross-docks, container terminals, airports, hospitals, and
similar mission-oriented facilities. Although the physical movement of material is perhaps the most visible aspect of material handling, as
suggested by the following ‘‘right definition,’’ material handling goes beyond that. Material handling is ‘‘providing the right amount of the
right material, in the right condition, at the right place, at the right time, in the right position, in the right sequence, and for the right cost, by
using the right method. Note that using the ‘‘right method(s)’’ includes safety and ergonomic considerations, especially when humans are
involved directly or indirectly in the handling system. With the current emphasis being placed on ergonomics, material-handling issues have
been given a new importance. This is because it takes equipment and/or modified methods to provide for proper ergonomics in any human-
process relationship. This is true in manufacturing, logistics, distribution, and any other process where products or materials have to be
placed, assembled, or moved. Material-handling challenges provide an excellent opportunity for an industrial engineer to access and use a
set of tools that allow for the development of a new material-handling system or an improvement in an existing system.
1. Introduction

4. 1-Dec-154
2.1 Planning Principle:
All material handling should be the result of a deliberate plan where the needs, performance objectives, and functional specifications of the methods
are completely defined at the beginning
2.1.1 Key Points:
The plan should not be developed by the planner/engineer in a vacuum, but with the involvement of all who will use manage, or otherwise be affected
by the equipment to be used
2.2 Environmental Principle:
The total energy consumption of a material-handling system, along with its impact to the environment should be an evaluation criterion between
alternatives.
2.2.1 Key Points:
1. All materials/products used as containers, pallets, and other items to hold/protect unit loads should be designed for reusability and/or
biodegradability as appropriate
2. Materials specified as hazards’ have special needs with regard to spill protection.
2.3 Work Principle:
Material-handling work should be minimized without sacrificing productivity or the level of service required in the operation. The measure of work in
material handling is flow (volume, weight, or count per unit of time ) multiplied by the distance moved.
2. PRINCIPLES OF MATERIAL HANDLING

5. 1-Dec-155
2.3.1 Key Points:
1. Simplifying processes by reducing, combining, shortening, or eliminating unnecessary moves will reduce work
2. As always, the shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
3. Good industrial engineering uses process method charts; operation sequences and process equipment layouts should be used to support the work minimization
objective.
2.4 Standardization Principle:
Material-handling methods, equipment, controls, and software should be standardized within the limits of achieving overall performance objectives and without
sacrificing needed flexibility modularity, and throughput.
2.4.1 Key Point:
1. Standardization means less variety and customization in the methods and equipment employed.
2. Standardization, flexibility and modularity must not become incompatibale
3. The planner/engineer should ensure that the selected methods and equipment can perform a variety of tasks in a variety of operating conditions because there
is no certainty in predicting the future and the requirements of the system will change over time.
2.5 Life Cycle Cost Principle:
A complete economic analysis should account for the entire life cycle of all material-handling equipment and the resulting systems.

6. 1-Dec-156
2.5.1 Key Points:
1. The life cycle costs of any new equipment or method includes all cash flows that will occur between the time the first dollar is spent in
planning, right up to the last dollar spent to totally replace the method/equipment.
2. Life cycle costs include capital investment, installation, setup, equipment programming, training, system testing and acceptance,
operating (labor, utilities, etc.), maintenance and repair, and reuse value and ultimate disposal.
3. Preventative and predictive maintenance should be planned for, and its estimated costs along with spare parts costs should be included in
the economic analysis
4. Long-range planning for the replacement of the equipment should be accomplished.

7. 1-Dec-157
3. TYPE OF MATERIAL HANDLING
MaterialHandling
Solid Material
Handling
Liquid Material
Handling
Gas Material
Handling

8. 1-Dec-158
3.1 SOLID MATERIAL HANDLING

9. 1-Dec-159
3.1.1 CONVEYORS
The term 'conveying' is also applied to the transportation of solids. The transportation of liquids is much simpler, cheaper and less troublesome than handling
solids. In many operations, solids are handling in a finely divided state, so that they remain suspended in a stream of fluid .However, such a system is not suitable
for handling all types of solids. Therefore, it may be necessary to transport solids as such. This unit operation is important in the storage and handling of raw
materials finished products and packed goods. The advantages and objectives are given below.
1. Efficient and Effective Conveying:
1. Decreases product costs and increases manufacturing capacity.
2. Decreases cost of raw material. For example, penalty charges are levied when cars are not loaded or unloaded according to schedules. Losses due to
spillage or torned containers is reduced.
3. Decreases processing time and conservation of energy.
4. Rigid in-process controls leading to decreased quality control and quality assurance costs.
5. High degree of uniformity, reproducibility of the process and compliance with the cGMP regulations (current good manufacturing practices).
6. Minimum contamination and dust formation.
2. Increases employee safety and reduces labour costs

10. 1-Dec-1510
3.1.2 Screw Conveyors
The basic elements of the screw conveyor are:
1. Trough system
2. Flights and power supply
3. Feeding arrangement
4. Discharge arrangement
1. Principle:
Horizontally or inclined or vertically placed motor driven screw like flight conveys the material in the trough from the feed point to discharge point.
2. Construction:
The trough is a u-shaped vessel in which the material is enclosed during conveying (Figure.1 ). The trough is usually made of a sheet of steel and available
in standard lengths. If a trough of more length is required, then more number of such units are joined together
Screw element usually consists of a spiral blade (conveying mechanism is like a screw), which is cared tight. The simplest form of the flight is the
sectional conveyor. Helicoid flight is shown in Figure 1. It is made of a single long ribbon that is twisted and wrapped into a spiral shape. These standard
flights are welded to the central shaft. Alternatively the conveyer element (helicoid flight element) is suspended with help of hangers along the length o1-
the trough. Usually one hanger is used for each flight section. Hangers contain bushings of white cast iron, so that lubricants need not be used.
The drive end and discharge end are known as box-ends. At the drive end, shaft is connected to bevel gear power is transmitted through the shaft to the
flight. The shaft is rotated around an axis and remained nearer to the bottom of the trough The feed is normally introduced by plain spouts, which gives
uniformed flow of material At the discharge end' arrangement is made to receive the material using open-end trough.

11. 1-Dec-1511
Fig.no:- 1. Screw conveyors

12. 1-Dec-1512
3. Working:
When power is applied, the drive rotates the shaft through the bevel gears. The screw element start rotating. The flight is rotated round an axis and remained near to the bottom of through.
Feed is normally gap of the spiral blade. As the flight moves the material also move forward along the path of section the material is received through open – end through or open bottom
through.
4. Applications:
1. Screw conveyer is used for transporting finely divided solids or pasty solid
2. Materials having properties such as light-weight, medium-weight abrasive, non-abrasive and different densities can be easily handled using screw conveyor.
3. Special flight and casing are available for operation such as mixing, de-watering, heating and cooling
4. It has the capacity to handle the material of about 280 meter cube per hour.
5. Advantages:
1. Materials can be conveyed horizontally, vertically or inclined.
2. Screw conveyors are easy to operate and occupy less space .
3. Different construction are available and can be adapted for a variety of material .screw conveyors can be fabricated in a variety of material ranging from cast iron to stainless steel.
4. Screw conveyors can be operated at positive and negative pressure .
5. High and low temperature can be maintained by insulating the casing
6. Disadvantages:
1. Screw conveyors operate at relatively low rotational speeds.
2. Extremely cumbersome handling, when conveyor. becomes larger.
3. At high speeds, abrasive problems arise.
4. Power consumption per unit weight transferred is high.

13. 1-Dec-1513
3.1.2.1 Selection of Screw Conveyor
The size and speed of a screw conveyor are determined to make a choice of the design. The type of construction depend on the requirement such as
Scale of operation , Severity of service ,Value of the material
1. Bucket Conveyors 8.2 Principle: Horizontally, inclined or vertically placed motor driven chains carrying buckets convey the solid material from the feed point
(boot) to the discharge point.
2. Construction - Buckets are used for loading the materials. The buckets are made of cast iron or stamped steel and available in many forms. Flat buckets are used
for materials that are sticky. Heavily stamped steel buckets are employed for large lumps, for example, coal and crushed stone. The buckets are attached to belts or
chains. The chains are endless and buckets are riveted between two chains (Figure.2 ). The chains are generally long pitch, straight and side type. The buckets are
spaced to prevent interference in loading and unloading. For heavier loads, two chains may be used. The attachments are slightly above the level of the chain so
that the ends of the sprocketed booth do not strike the back of the buckets.The weight of the materials in the conveyor results in the stretching of the chain.
Therefore, tightening devices are generally provided for altering the position of the sprocket at the foot of the elevator. In horizontal runs, buckets overlap each
other and the feed is introduced as a continuous stream of material In vertical lines, the buckets are pivoted in such a way that they hang freely between the chains.
Therefore, conveyor acts as an elevator. At the foot of the elevator, a structure known as 'boot' is used for feeding the buckets and also for tightening the chains.
Buckets are sometimes completely enclosed in a casing. The casing is made of wood or steel sheet.

14. 1-Dec-1514
Fig.no.2. Bucket Conveyor

15. 1-Dec-1515
3. Working:
The elevators are generally driven from the head sprocket. At the foot of an elevator, 'boot' helps in feeding. The buckets are normally fed by digging into
the materials particularly in case of loose material and granular solids. The buckets maintain their carrying capacity by gravity, but they can convey the
material horizontally or vertically or any desired path. Loading can be done by the flow of material through a chute into the buckets. Buckets may be
readily discharged at any point by a tripping device, causing each bucket to turn through 90 degrees. The types of discharges are continuous, positive and
centrifugal.
8.5 Applications: Bucket conveyors are used in transporting coal, crushed stone, grains etc.
8.6 Advantage: Bucket conveyors are very flexible.
9.1.3 Pneumatic Conveyors
The basic elements of the pneumatic conveyor are:
1. Air supply (or vacuum) system
2. Air slide and pipeline
3. Feed arrangement
4. Discharge arrangement (air and feed separation)
1. Principle: When a high velocity air is passed through a bed of solid particles, the individual particles are dragged by the air. Finally they are suspended
in the air. Such a system is known as fluidized bed, which is described as a condition of fully suspended particles. In this condition, the suspension behaves
like a dense fluid and can be transported from one point to another in processing plants. At the discharge end, the gas is separated and the soli:-ds are
recovered.

16. 1-Dec-1516
2. Construction
The construction of a pneumatic conveyor is shown in Figure 3. Fans or cycloidal blowers are connected to the conveying system. An air slide consists of
a chute with a porous base through which air passes. The path of material travel may vary from a few meters to several hundred meters. Conveyor
mechanism can be operated for horizontal and vertical distances. The material supply (feed) is connected to the air slide through a rotary feeder valve.
The other end of the pipeline is connected to a cyclone separator.
3. Working
The cycloidal blowers (or fans) produce air at pressure about 7.0 kilopascals. This air is passed through the air slide at the rate of 1.5metre per minute
into the pipeline. During this process, the rotary feeder valve rotates and allows the feed to enter the pipeline. These solids are suspended into a stream of
air in a fluidised state until it reaches the receiving end. The material is then admitted to cyclone separator to remove large particles and fine particles, if
any. The large particles are collected into the bin. The fine particles are trapped in a bag filter. The gas can be recycled to the blower inlet in a closed
system to save the valuable gas. These systems are used for free flowing material
For the proper design' and satisfactory operation of pneumatic conveying, it is necessary to know about characteristics or powders such as
density particle size distribution, cohesiveness, angle of friction, angle of repose and fluidization.
4. Applications
 Pneumatic conveyor is the most important handling system in chemical industry.
 It is used in the formulation of powdered insufflations.
 Generally, light and bulky materials such as grains can be transported easily.
 Pneumatic conveyor is used for handling of unpleasant and injurious ( toxic) materials, since it is a closed system
 Powders containing poisonous constituents can be transported

17. 1-Dec-1517
Fig. no. 3. Pneumatic Conveyor

18. 1-Dec-1518
3.1.3 Chain Conveyors
chain conveyor consists of two elements, viz., chain elements and chain attachments. Chain elements are made of malleable cast iron or stainless steel. These
links are so cast that they can be assembled and detached without use of tools. chains are endless add move continuously. The material is loaded into a suitable
container and placed on the chains. These are usually constructed on the job.
Advantages- Chain conveyor is a cheap and simple piece of equipment. It can be adapted to a wide variety of problems.

19. 1-Dec-1519
3.1.4 Scraper/Flight Conveyors
Flight conveyor consists of one or two endless chains passing through a trough or a set of guides. The chains have plates of wood or steel called flights attached at
regular intervals. The flights are shaped to fit the troughs. The chains pull the flights and the material along the trough and passes over sprockets at the end of the
run. one of the sprocketsacts as the drive. In an elaborate form. flight conveyor is supported by two chains of roller pintle type -(Figure 4). scraper conveyors with
speeds of 30 meter per minute are common, but the speed may ranges
from 8 to 60 meters per minute.
11.1 Uses:
Scraper conveyor is widely used for loose material that is non -abrasive, such as grain, food-waste, garbage, sawdust, chips and coal. Chain conveyors can be
used in pharmaceutical industry for the materials similar to the ones mentioned earlier.
11.2 Advantages:
Scraper conveyor is the simplest and cheapest type. The cost of installation is also low. Scraper or flight conveyors have greater adaptability to a wide variety of
conditions. It is suitable for steeper situations that are not possible by belt conveyor (inclination 45").
11.3 Disadvantages:
Scraper or flight conveyor needs heavy power requirements. Repairing charges are high. It is not suitable for friable abrasive material such as clinkers, gravel and
crushed ore.

20. 1-Dec-1520
3.1.5 Belt Conveyors
The basic elements of the belt conveyor are:
1. Belt and belt tightening system
2. Belt drive and power supply
3. Roller supports for belt
4. Feeding arrangement
5. Discharge arrangement
1. Principle - Horizontally or inclined placed motor driven rotating belt on pulleys convey the material from feeding point to discharge
2. Construction:
The construction of a belt conveyor is shown in Figure.5. Belt conveyor consists of a core or carcass (meaning skeleton or backbone for the
belt) of several piles of cotton duck, each bonded layer is impregnated and bonded with rubber. The carcass is then with a thin layer of rubber
that binds the piles together. Both ends of the belt are joined together, so that the belt can revolve continuously. The belt may run
horizontally or slightly inclined point.
If the belt is too thin for its width, it will sag between idlers. If the belt is too thick, it does not trough properly. sometimes, the length of belt
is increased due to a variety of factors such as temperature and humidity of the ambient. In such cases, it is necessary to keep the belt taut.
Hence, tighteners (or take-up) are installed to maintain an even-tension on the belt under all conditions. The simplest take-up consists of a
cast iron bed with a travelling block moving along a screw.

21. 1-Dec-1521
Fig.no.4. Chain conveyor

22. 1-Dec-1522
3. Working:
When power is applied to a conveyor, the belt start rotating. As the pulley moves, the belt begins to travel direction, because of its close contact with the pulley.
Snubber idlers also help in maintaining the close contact between the pulley and belt
The material (to be transport ) is loaded on its center of the belt with the help of a hopper. The material travel along the belt. The belt moves forward on
troughing idlers. This permits the belt to carry more material per linear mater without spillage. The amount of feed delivered depends on the width and speed of
the belt. At the discharge end, the material may be unloaded manually or mechanically.
Once the material is unloaded, the belt returns on lighter non-troughing rolls to the point of feeding.
4. Pharmaceutical Applications:
Belt conveyors are used in transporting containers for filling, capping sealing, labeling, pasting, visual inspection etc. In production of injectable, liquid orals,
ointment and jellies. In the strip and blister packing of tablets and capsules, strips are conveyed on a moving belt. During this process, the strips are packed in the
cartons.
5.Advantages:
1. Belts can be made of asbestos fibers neoprene teflon and vinyl polymer. Cord belts are also used.
2. Routine maintenance of belt conveyor is easy
3. Belt conveyor is economical in terms of cost per unit tonne that it can handle.
6. Disadvantage:
Belt conveyor is expensive.

23. 1-Dec-1523
4. Selection of Solid Tranportation Equipment
Varieties of solid transportation equipment are available in the market. Some of them are for general-purpose use, while others are for special purpose use. The
choice of equipment depends upon specific requirements of the industry.
The best equipment is one that:
1. Permits smooth and continuous production flow
2. Involve less number of accidents
3. Reduction production cycle time
4. Promotes better working conditions
Brings down total material handling

24. 1-Dec-1524

25. 1-Dec-1525
5. Valves
These are used not only to control the rate of flow of fluids in a pipe line but also to isolate piping or equipment for maintenance without interrupting other
connected units. Valve design should keep pressure and temperature changes and strain from connected piping from distorting or misaligning the sealing surfaces.
A very great variety of valves have been designed. Some of them are: plug cocks; globe valves (metal disc, composition disc); gate valves(non-rising stem rising
stem, outside screw and yoke); check valves (ball check, swing check); diaphragm valves and automatic control valves.
17. Globe Valve :
Essentially these valves (Fig. 6) have a globular body with horizontal, internal partition, having a circular passage way in which is inserted a ring called the seat.
The different designs vary in the construction of the valve disc and valve seat. All-metal discs or composition discs may be employed. The cheaper valves have no
separate seat ring, but the better valves have this feature for ease of renewal. Globe valves are mainly used in pipe sizes not larger than 2 in' In most designs the
discs rotate freely installed on the stems. Larger globe valves should be with their stems vertical. Globe valves are preferably installed with the higher pressure side
connected to the top of the disc. An exception is where the valve is installed in vertical lines in which accumulation of rust, scale or sludge preventing opening of
the valve. Globe valves in horizontal lines prevent complete drainage. Angle valve are similar to globe valve They combine an elbow and a globe valve into one
component

26. 1-Dec-1526
Fig.no. 5.Belt Conveyor

27. 1-Dec-1527
Uses:
Globe valves are mainly used in pipes with sizes not larger than 50 millimeters In horizontal lines, these valves prevent complete
17.2 Disadvantages:
Rust, scales or sludge prevent the opening of the, valve.
4.1 Gate Valves
The wedge-shaped' inclined-seat type gates are most commonly used. These are used in the larger sizes and are obtained in a wide variety design and material of
construction. In the non-rising stem valve, the thread of the valve stem engages the gate and the gate rises and falls without the stem rising and falling through
the stuffing box. The advantage is that the overall length of the stem required is less when open as compared to the rising stem valve. On the other hand, one can
tell at a glance whether or not a rising stem valve is open. Gate valves are used to minimize the differential pressure in the open position and to stop the flow of
fluid rather than to regulate it.
Advantages
1. Gate valves are available in large sizes.
2. These are available in a variety of designs to suit the conditions.
3. Gate valves the differential pressure during opening and stopping the flow

28. 1-Dec-1528
Fig.no.6. Globe Valve

29. 1-Dec-1529
4.2 Diaphragm Valves
These are limited to pressures of approximately 50 lb/sq. in. The fabric reinforced diaphragms may be made from natural
rubber,-synthetic rubber or from natural or synthetic rubbers faced with Teflon fluorocarbon resin. The valves are excellent
for fluids containing suspended solids and can be installed in any position. Models are available in which the dam is very
low, reducing pressu.re drop to negligible levels and permitting complete draining in horizontal lines. The only maintenance
required is replacement of the diaphragm which can be done very quickly without removing the valve from the line. For
sterile air and sterile process lines in fermentation industry, some form of diaphragm valve is preferred as no gland seal is
needed on the operating spindle and therefore it is easily sterilized. Special grades of rubber diaphragms coated with PTFE
and resistant to repeated steam sterilization are employed. The increased maintenance cost due to replacement of faulty
diaphragms is justified by the simplicity and certainty of operation of this type of valve.

30. 1-Dec-1530
Fig.no.8. Diaphragm Valve

31. 1-Dec-1531
Advantages
1. diaphragm valves are simple and can be installed in any position
2. Pressure drop is negligible.
3. complete draining in horizontal lines is possible.
4. Excellent operation (performance).
Disadvantages
1. Diaphragm valves are applicable to pressures of approximately 340 kilopascals
2. These valves are expensive.
3. Maintenance cost are high because of replacement of faulty diaphragms.

32. 1-Dec-1532
4.3 Check Valves
These are used when unidirectional flow is desired and to prevent reversal of flow. They are automatically operated and allow the flow in
only one direction. There are mainly three types of check valves (Figs.9.) - swing check, ball check and lift check.
Fig.no. 9. Check Valve

33. 1-Dec-1533
4.4 Plug Cocks Valves
These are the simplest devices used to regulate the flow of fluids. Essentially they consist of a body casting in which fits a conical plug
which has a passage through it with some packing around the stem (Fig. 10.). Cocks are used on small lines for compressed air but rarely
for steam or water. Their disadvantage is that if the sides of the plug are too nearly parallel' the plug gets easily wedged in the body so
firmly that it is difficult to turn and if the sides of the plug are tapered too much, the pressure in the line acting against this inclined surface
has an upward component that tends to push the plug out of its seat. As the former difficulty is more common, some special designs have
lubricant inserted at the stem of the cock which is transmitted to the working faces through small holes drilled through the body of the
plug. Ones significant disadvantage of cocks is that when the bore is cylindrical, as is usually the case, the area of the opening in the pipe
changes very rapidly with a slight amount of rotation when the cock is just opened and does not change appreciably when the cock is
nearly open. Consequently. it is difficult to regulate the flow with a cock, especially at low rates of flow that call for fractional openings.
Cocks are usually used therefore where they will be either wide open or completely closed. Cocks are also available with specially shaped
openings where the opening is nearly proportional to the angle through which the plug is turned.

34. 1-Dec-1534
Fig.no.10. Plug Check Valve

35. 1-Dec-1535
Uses
1. Plug cock valves are used for handling compressed air.
2. These are used for the purpose of wide opening or complete closing conditions
Disadvantages
1. Plug cock valves are not suitable for steam or hot water, because of the cock material
2. It is difficult to turn the valves when the plug gets easily wedged in the body firmly. This problem is observed when the sides of the plug
are too nearly parallel.
3. Sometimes the plug comes out of its seat, if the plug sides are tapered too much.
4. It is difficult to regulate the flow. In normal designs, the area of opening changes rapidly even with slight rotation of the stem. similarly,
flow does not .hung. appreciable when the valve is opened fully.

36. 1-Dec-1536
5. PUMPS
Plunger
Pump
Diaphragm
Pump
Centrifugal
Pump

37. 1-Dec-1537
A large number of pumps, differing widely in principle and mechanical construction, have been developed to meet a wide
variety of operating conditions. No one pump or class of pumps can be considered to be of prime importance with respect to
the rest. Pumps can be broadly classified in two ways: One classification is: 1 Reciprocating pumps: egg. Reciprocating
pumps and diaphragm pumps, 2. Rotary pumps: 69. centrifugal pumps and gear pumps and 3. Miscellaneous types: eg. air lift
pumps and ejector pumps. Another classification is: 1.Positive displacement pumps: eg. reciprocating pumps and gear pumps,
and 2. Non-positive displacement pumps: eg. centrifugal pumps.

38. 1-Dec-1538
5.1 Plunger Pumps
In plunger pumps a plunger reciprocating in enclosed space of the water cylinder. The term plunger refer to an element, which moves past the
stationary packing. When the number of cylinder is more, in a triplex pump, three plunger are connected to a crankshaft at point 120 degree
apart. Connecting several cylinder has an advantage of making the discharge more uniform and free from pulsation. It is better to use several
cylinder each of small size it is easier to build up high pressure and maintain packing
Fig. no.11. Plunger Pump

39. 1-Dec-1539
Uses
Plunger pumps are suitable for handling liquids at high pressures. Viscous liquids can be transported. These are used for
transporting liquids containing suspended solids.
5.2 Diaphragm Pumps
23.1 Construction:-
The construction of a diaphragm pump is shown in Fig.12. It consists of two sections separated by a flexible diaphragm with a flap of discharge valve at the centre
and suction valve at the bottom. Diaphragm is fabricated with the materials such as metal, rubber and plastic.
Fig.no.12. Diaphragm Valve

40. 1-Dec-1540
Working
Through an air chamber, suction is applied so that the flexible diaphragm is pulled up (expanded). As a result, the suction
valve is lifted up and the liquid enters the water chamber. When sufficient pressure is built up, the liquid lifts up the discharge
valve. Then the liquid flows out. At this stage, suction and discharge valves are opened at the same time.
Uses
Diaphragm pump are used in transporting liquid containing solid. Hazardous, toxic ad corrosive liquid can be handled
Advantages
1. They can easily repaired.
2. The rate of discharge can be regulated.
3. Diaphragm pump are simple and rugged

41. 1-Dec-1541
5.3 Centrifugal Pumps
The general construction of centrifugal pumps is shown in Figure13. In centrifugal pumps, the blades of impeller rotate by which a reduction
in pressure. it produced at its centre This suction draws the liquid into the pump. The basic unction of a centrifugal pump is to produce kinetic
energy by the action of centrifugal force and then convert this energy partially to pressure by effectively reducing the velocity. Thus, liquid is
pumped out at high pressure and then transported.
In short, the centrifugal pump helps to rise liquids from a lower level to a higher level by creating a required pressure with the help of
centrifugal action.
Centrifugal pumps have several advantages such as simplicity, low maintenance requirement, low initial costs, quiet operation and non
pulsating flow. These pumps occupy less floor space. Centrifugal pump can be built with corrosion resistant materials. These have no
limitation on the capacity. Therefore, centrifugal pumps are found practically in every service.

42. 1-Dec-1542
Fig.no.13. Centrifugal pump

43. 1-Dec-1543
6. Reference
1. Pharmaceutical engineering unit operation-1 by C.V.S Subramhanyam, j.thimma settee, sarosijaruresh, v. kusumdevi, 2nd edition p.p:-62 -122
2. Engineering thermodynamics, P.K.Nag, fourth edition published by Tata mc grow hill education private limited New Delhi p.no:-41-68
3. Handbook of chemical engineering by Robert h. Perry down, w. green seventh edition p.p:- 11-1 to 11-67
4. Unit operation by George granger brown cbs publication and distributers p.no:- 49-67
5. Introduction to chemical engineering by welter badger and Julius, bencher, TaTamcgrow hill edition 1997 p.p:- 117-169
6. ASM Handbook Committee (1978). Metals Handbook. Properties and Selection – Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, Metals Park, OH: American
Society for Metals.
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