The correct answer is C. Apnea is not a symptom of depression according to the DSM-IV criteria. The other options (A, B, D) are all core symptoms of depression
Ähnlich wie The correct answer is C. Apnea is not a symptom of depression according to the DSM-IV criteria. The other options (A, B, D) are all core symptoms of depression
Ähnlich wie The correct answer is C. Apnea is not a symptom of depression according to the DSM-IV criteria. The other options (A, B, D) are all core symptoms of depression (20)
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...
The correct answer is C. Apnea is not a symptom of depression according to the DSM-IV criteria. The other options (A, B, D) are all core symptoms of depression
2. Introduction
Depression is under-recognized and
undertreated in the older people.
Many older adults who die by suicide (up to
75%) suffer with depression and most visited a
physician within a month before death
Untreated depression can delay recovery or
worsen the outcome of other medical illnesses
via increased morbidity or mortality
Depression is NOT a part of normal aging
3. What is Depression?
DSM-IV-TR Definition
Five or more of the following must have been
present during the same 2-week interval and
represent a change from baseline functioning
One of the symptoms must be depressed mood
or loss of interest or pleasure
4. What is Depression?
(a.k.a. “core symptoms”; occur most of the day
nearly every day)
Depressed mood
Loss of interest in all or almost all
activities or pleasure
Appetite change or weight loss
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
5. Loss of energy or fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Difficulty with thinking, concentration, or
decision making
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Preoccupation with somatic symptoms, health
status, or physical limitations
Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
Thoughts of wishing you were dead
6. For Major Depression, these symptoms
Produce social impairment
Are not related to substance abuse
Are not related to bereavement
[the loss of a loved one by death]
7. Types of Depressive Disorders
Mild episode of major depression
Moderate episode of major depression
Severe episode of major depression
Severe episode of major depression with
psychotic features
8. Minor depression is common
15% of older persons
Causes ↑ use of health services, excess disability,
poor health outcomes, including ↑ mortality
Major depression is not common
1%–2% of physically healthy community dwellers
Elders less likely to recognize or endorse depressed
mood
9. “Late-life” depression (a geriatric syndrome)
is a recurrence of depressive symptoms that
initially occurred during early adulthood.
there is no known or identifiable precipitating
factor.
patients usually have no family history of
depression. Depressed mood is not required to
meet criteria for major depressive disorder.
10. Epidemiology (of major depression)
Community- Primary Care
Dwelling 1 - 9 % Settings 10 – 12 %
Nursing Home
Hospitalized 10-26%
11 – 45 % Permanent
Placement Up to
43%
11. Risk Factors
Alcohol or substance abuse
Current use of a medication associated with
a high risk of depression
Hearing or vision impairment severe
enough to affect function
History of attempted suicide
History of psychiatric hospitalization
12. Causes
As you grow older, you face significant life changes that
can put you at risk for depression.
Health problems – Illness and disability; chronic or
severe pain; cognitive decline; damage to body image
due to disease.
Loneliness and isolation – Living alone; a dwindling
social circle due to deaths or relocation;
Reduced sense of purpose – Feelings of
purposelessness or loss of identity due to retirement or
physical limitations on activities.
Fears – Fear of death or dying; anxiety over financial
problems or health issues.
Recent bereavement – The death of friends, family
members, and pets; the loss of a spouse or partner.
13. What medications do YOU
prescribe for older adults that
might place them at risk for
DEPRESSION ?
14. Medications that may cause symptoms
of Depression
Anabolic steroids
Anti-arrhythmic medications (amiodarone,
mexilitine)
Anticonvulsant medications
Carbidopa or levodopa
Certain beta-adrenergic antagonists (i.e.
propranol)
16. What is the most commonly used
and validated screening tool for
diagnosis of Depression in the
geriatrics patient?
The Geriatric Depression Scale
17. Screening Tools
Two – item scale
During the previous 2 weeks……..
1. Have you often been bothered by feeling
down, depressed or hopeless?
2. Have you often been bothered by having
little interest or pleasure in doing things?
(“Yes” answer to either is considered positive)
is highly sensitive for detecting major depression
in persons over age 65.
18. TREATMENT
Ttreatment is effective in about 80% of
identified cases, when treatment is
provided. Effective management requires a
biopsychosocial approach, combining
pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
Therapy generally results in improved
quality of life, enhanced functional capacity,
possible improvement in medical health
status, increased longevity, and lower
health care costs.
19. Pharmacotherapy
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
: fluoxetine
Tricyclic Antidepressants : imipramine and
amitriptyline
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Other Antidepressants: mirtazapine and
trazo
20. Consequences and Complications of
Inadequately Treated Depression
Recurrence, partial recovery, and chronicity . . .
↑ disability
↑ use of health care resources
↑ morbidity and mortality
Suicide (one fourth of
all suicides occur in
persons ≥ 65)
21. Consequences and Complications of
Inadequately Treated Depression
Which demographic in the elderly
population has the highest risk
and incidence of suicide?
Highest: white males age 80 & older
Next highest: white males between 65
and 80
22. Consequences and Complications of
Inadequately Treated Depression
Suicide:
Ask the patients about
thoughts of hurting
themselves; if YES, ask
whether they have a plan;
if YES, ask what it is; then
ask about stockpiled
medications or weapons in
the home. Patients with a
plan require emergent
psychiatric evaluation in
ER or local crisis unit.
23. Consequences and Complications of
Inadequately Treated Depression
Risk factors for suicide:
depression
older age
physical illness
living alone (single, divorced, or separated and without
children)
male gender
drug abuse or alcoholism
having a personal or family history of suicide attempt
severe anxiety or stress
specific plan with access to firearms or other means.
24. Consequences and Complications of
Inadequately Treated Depression
Violent suicides (e.g. firearms, hanging) are
more common than non-violent methods
among older adults, despite the potential
for drug overdosing
25. Summary
All health care workers should maintain a high
index of suspicion for the presence of depression
or depressive symptoms in their patients.
Screen older
adults for
depression
at the initial
visit
26. Summary
Suicide is a serious concern in depressed older
patients, particularly older white males
Treatment (acute & preventive) should be
individualized and may include:
Pharmacotherapy
Psychotherapy
ECT
Choice of antidepressant should be based on
comorbidities, side-effect profiles, patient
sensitivity, potential drug interactions
28. QUESTION
Pharmacotherapy for depression include
these except?
A] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
B] Tricyclic antidepressants
C] Triptans
D] Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
29. All of these denote depression except?
A. Anhedonia
B. Appetite change
C. Apnea
D. Psychomotor agitation
Hinweis der Redaktion
The illustrated definition of depression is lifted from the DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision) published in 2000 containing updates on diagnostic categories and modified to reflect terminology that is consistent with ICD9 coding.
Mild episode of major depression: minor impairment in social activities, relationships and overall function that persists for at least 2 weeks. Patient does NOT have more than five diagnostic symptoms Moderate episode of major depression: symptoms or functional impairment between mild and severe, persisting for at least 2 weeks. Severe episode of major depression: marked interference with and impairment of social activities, relationships, and overall functioning, persisting for at least 2 weeks. Patient has five or more diagnostic symptoms. Severe episode of major depression with psychotic features: symptoms include delusions and hallucinations
These are estimated prevalence rates of depression across various settings
We strongly encourage the use of one of the scales for diagnosis and management, but if you need to do a real quick screen, you can use the two-item scale illustrated here. This 2-item scale is also known as the Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2), which asks about depressed mood and anhedonia. It is easily administered by an office staff member or a physician during a primary care visit.