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The Six-Pack, Two-Pack and the Fiscal Compact
Some implications for Ireland
What are they?

Six Pack:
• 5 Council Regulations and 1 Directive (In force)
Two Pack:
• 2 Council Regulations (In draft)
Fiscal Compact:
• Title III of the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and
  Governance (In ratification)
EU Economic Policy

• Articles 120 to 126 of the Treaty on the Functioning of
  the European Union (TFEU)- Part III Title VII Chapter I
• Maastricht Convergence Criteria:
  The reference values referred to in [.] this Treaty are:
  – 3% for the ratio of the planned or actual government
    deficit to gross domestic product at market prices;
  – 60% for the ratio of government debt to gross domestic
    product at market prices.
The Stability and Growth Pact (1997)

Two Council Regulations were agreed in Dublin in early 1997 and
  they set out the EU approach to fiscal management and how
  it would operate in the common currency


1. The „Preventative‟ Arm
     – Council Regulation 1466/1997


2.    The „Corrective‟ Arm
     – Council Regulation 1467/1997
The Balanced-Budget Rule

From the „Preventative‟ Arm (1997)
   Countries shall set out:
   (a) the medium-term objective for the budgetary position of
   close to balance or in surplus and the adjustment path
   towards this objective for the general government
   surplus/deficit
Deficits in EMU
Revised Balanced-Budget Rule

Council Regulation 1055/2005:
  Taking these factors into account, for Member States that
  have adopted the euro and for ERM2 Member States the
  country-specific medium-term budgetary objectives shall
  be specified within a defined range between – 1 % of GDP
  and balance or surplus, in cyclically adjusted terms, net of
  one-off and temporary measures.
Medium Term Budget Objectives

• “The underlying (structural) budget balance […] respects the
  terms of the Stability and Growth Pact, and is consistent with a
  medium-term objective of keeping the budget close to balance”
                       Ireland, Stability Programme Update, December 2005

• “There is an obligation to make annual improvements of 0.5
  per cent of GDP towards structural balance after the excessive
  deficit has been corrected.”
                       Ireland, Stability Programme Update, December 2009

• “In the Irish case, the findings suggest an MTO of -½ per cent
  of GDP”
                       Ireland, Stability Programme Update, April 2010
The Structural Balance

The structural budget balance refers to the general
  government cyclically adjusted balance adjusted for
  once-off elements beyond the economic cycle.
The cyclically adjusted balance is the fiscal balance
  adjusted for the effects of the economic cycle.
                  SB = B – CB – OOM
                       CB = a.OG
A measure of the difference between the actual
  output of an economy and the potential
  output it could achieve when it is most
  efficient, or at full capacity.
Economic Growth
Growth in Irish Real GDP 1971 to 2010



      .1


     .05


       0


    -.05


     -.1
           1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011

Source: CSO
Economic Growth
Growth in Irish Real GDP 1971 to 2010



      .1


     .05


       0


    -.05


     -.1
           1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011

Source: CSO
Economic Growth
Growth in Irish Real GDP 1971 to 2010



      .1


     .05


       0


    -.05


     -.1
           1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011

Source: CSO
Economic Growth
Growth in Irish Real GDP 1971 to 2010



      .1


     .05


       0


    -.05


     -.1
           1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011

Source: CSO
Output Gaps
Deviations of actual GDP from potential GDP as a per cent of potential GDP

    12
                OECD
     9          IMF
                EC
     6

     3

     0

    -3

    -6



         1994    1997     2000      2003      2006     2009      2012

Source: CSO
Structural Balances
Structural Budget Balance, % GDP

      5



      0



      -5



     -10

                IMF 2007
     -15        IMF 2011

            2002     2003    2004     2005   2006   2007   2008

Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook
Structural Balances
Structural Budget Balance, % GDP

      5



      0



      -5



     -10

                IMF 2007
     -15        IMF 2011

            2002     2003    2004     2005   2006   2007   2008

Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook
Composition of Budget Balance
Budget Deficits
Pattern of Budget Deficits under Structural Deficit Rule

     .03




       0




     -.03




                      Deficit          Structural        Output Gap
     -.06
            0          5          10                15      20        25
Achieving the Structural Deficit Target

Council Regulation 1055/2011:


  The Council, when assessing the adjustment path toward the
  medium-term budgetary objective, shall examine if the
  Member State concerned pursues the annual improvement
  of its cyclically-adjusted balance, net of one-off and other
  temporary measures, required to meet its medium-term
  budgetary objective, with 0,5 % of GDP as a benchmark.
  The Council shall take into account whether a higher
  adjustment effort is made in economic good times,
  whereas the effort may be more limited in economic bad
  times.
The 60% of GDP Debt Limit

From Article 126 of the TFEU:
the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product exceeds
   a reference value, unless the ratio is sufficiently
   diminishing and approaching the reference value at a
   satisfactory pace.
Government Debt in EMU
The Numerical Debt Reduction Benchmark

The Six Pack introduces numerical benchmark for what will we
  deemed a “satisfactory pace” of debt reduction.
The is the “one-twentieth” rule:


Countries should reduce the excess of the debt ratio over the
  reference value at an average of one-twentieth per year as a
  minimum.
Six-Pack, Two-Pack and the Fiscal Compact
Six-Pack, Two-Pack and the Fiscal Compact
Can Ireland comply with the Debt Brake?
What is not in the Fiscal Compact?

1. Government Expenditure Rule:
     - Council Regulation 1175/2011


2. Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure:
     - Council Regulation 1174/2011
     - Council Regulation 1176/2011
Government Expenditure Rule

… “for Member States that have achieved their medium- term
  budgetary objective, annual expenditure growth does not
  exceed a reference medium-term rate of potential GDP
  growth, unless the excess is matched by discretionary
  revenue measures;”
Macroeconomic Imbalance Scorecard
Conclusion
• Six-Pack Directive:
   – Put (some of) the SGP fiscal rules into national law
• Six-Pack Regulations:
   – Increased monitoring of balanced-budget rule and increased
     involvement with EDP countries to correct excessive deficits
   – Allow entry to EDP because of non-reducing debt ratio (1/20th rule)
   – Establish Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure and Government
     Expenditure Rule
• Two-Pack Regulations:
   – Further increased monitoring and surveillance of EDP and „Programme‟
     countries
   – Establish „independent‟ fiscal council
• Fiscal Compact:
   – Introduced because countries would not follow Germany and put „debt
     brake‟ into national constitutions.
   – Would the Fiscal Compact have prevented the crisis?
   – Will the Fiscal Compact solve the crisis?
Aggregate Eurozone Budget Balances

Year         Overall Deficit   Structural Deficit
2007                -0.6%             -1.7%
2008                -0.6%             -2.4%
2009                -6.3%             -4.3%
2010                -6.0%             -4.0%
2011                -4.3%             -3.0%
2012                -3.5%             -2.6%

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Six-Pack, Two-Pack and the Fiscal Compact

  • 1. The Six-Pack, Two-Pack and the Fiscal Compact Some implications for Ireland
  • 2. What are they? Six Pack: • 5 Council Regulations and 1 Directive (In force) Two Pack: • 2 Council Regulations (In draft) Fiscal Compact: • Title III of the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance (In ratification)
  • 3. EU Economic Policy • Articles 120 to 126 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)- Part III Title VII Chapter I • Maastricht Convergence Criteria: The reference values referred to in [.] this Treaty are: – 3% for the ratio of the planned or actual government deficit to gross domestic product at market prices; – 60% for the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product at market prices.
  • 4. The Stability and Growth Pact (1997) Two Council Regulations were agreed in Dublin in early 1997 and they set out the EU approach to fiscal management and how it would operate in the common currency 1. The „Preventative‟ Arm – Council Regulation 1466/1997 2. The „Corrective‟ Arm – Council Regulation 1467/1997
  • 5. The Balanced-Budget Rule From the „Preventative‟ Arm (1997) Countries shall set out: (a) the medium-term objective for the budgetary position of close to balance or in surplus and the adjustment path towards this objective for the general government surplus/deficit
  • 7. Revised Balanced-Budget Rule Council Regulation 1055/2005: Taking these factors into account, for Member States that have adopted the euro and for ERM2 Member States the country-specific medium-term budgetary objectives shall be specified within a defined range between – 1 % of GDP and balance or surplus, in cyclically adjusted terms, net of one-off and temporary measures.
  • 8. Medium Term Budget Objectives • “The underlying (structural) budget balance […] respects the terms of the Stability and Growth Pact, and is consistent with a medium-term objective of keeping the budget close to balance” Ireland, Stability Programme Update, December 2005 • “There is an obligation to make annual improvements of 0.5 per cent of GDP towards structural balance after the excessive deficit has been corrected.” Ireland, Stability Programme Update, December 2009 • “In the Irish case, the findings suggest an MTO of -½ per cent of GDP” Ireland, Stability Programme Update, April 2010
  • 9. The Structural Balance The structural budget balance refers to the general government cyclically adjusted balance adjusted for once-off elements beyond the economic cycle. The cyclically adjusted balance is the fiscal balance adjusted for the effects of the economic cycle. SB = B – CB – OOM CB = a.OG A measure of the difference between the actual output of an economy and the potential output it could achieve when it is most efficient, or at full capacity.
  • 10. Economic Growth Growth in Irish Real GDP 1971 to 2010 .1 .05 0 -.05 -.1 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 Source: CSO
  • 11. Economic Growth Growth in Irish Real GDP 1971 to 2010 .1 .05 0 -.05 -.1 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 Source: CSO
  • 12. Economic Growth Growth in Irish Real GDP 1971 to 2010 .1 .05 0 -.05 -.1 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 Source: CSO
  • 13. Economic Growth Growth in Irish Real GDP 1971 to 2010 .1 .05 0 -.05 -.1 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 Source: CSO
  • 14. Output Gaps Deviations of actual GDP from potential GDP as a per cent of potential GDP 12 OECD 9 IMF EC 6 3 0 -3 -6 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 Source: CSO
  • 15. Structural Balances Structural Budget Balance, % GDP 5 0 -5 -10 IMF 2007 -15 IMF 2011 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook
  • 16. Structural Balances Structural Budget Balance, % GDP 5 0 -5 -10 IMF 2007 -15 IMF 2011 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook
  • 18. Budget Deficits Pattern of Budget Deficits under Structural Deficit Rule .03 0 -.03 Deficit Structural Output Gap -.06 0 5 10 15 20 25
  • 19. Achieving the Structural Deficit Target Council Regulation 1055/2011: The Council, when assessing the adjustment path toward the medium-term budgetary objective, shall examine if the Member State concerned pursues the annual improvement of its cyclically-adjusted balance, net of one-off and other temporary measures, required to meet its medium-term budgetary objective, with 0,5 % of GDP as a benchmark. The Council shall take into account whether a higher adjustment effort is made in economic good times, whereas the effort may be more limited in economic bad times.
  • 20. The 60% of GDP Debt Limit From Article 126 of the TFEU: the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product exceeds a reference value, unless the ratio is sufficiently diminishing and approaching the reference value at a satisfactory pace.
  • 22. The Numerical Debt Reduction Benchmark The Six Pack introduces numerical benchmark for what will we deemed a “satisfactory pace” of debt reduction. The is the “one-twentieth” rule: Countries should reduce the excess of the debt ratio over the reference value at an average of one-twentieth per year as a minimum.
  • 25. Can Ireland comply with the Debt Brake?
  • 26. What is not in the Fiscal Compact? 1. Government Expenditure Rule: - Council Regulation 1175/2011 2. Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure: - Council Regulation 1174/2011 - Council Regulation 1176/2011
  • 27. Government Expenditure Rule … “for Member States that have achieved their medium- term budgetary objective, annual expenditure growth does not exceed a reference medium-term rate of potential GDP growth, unless the excess is matched by discretionary revenue measures;”
  • 29. Conclusion • Six-Pack Directive: – Put (some of) the SGP fiscal rules into national law • Six-Pack Regulations: – Increased monitoring of balanced-budget rule and increased involvement with EDP countries to correct excessive deficits – Allow entry to EDP because of non-reducing debt ratio (1/20th rule) – Establish Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure and Government Expenditure Rule • Two-Pack Regulations: – Further increased monitoring and surveillance of EDP and „Programme‟ countries – Establish „independent‟ fiscal council • Fiscal Compact: – Introduced because countries would not follow Germany and put „debt brake‟ into national constitutions. – Would the Fiscal Compact have prevented the crisis? – Will the Fiscal Compact solve the crisis?
  • 30. Aggregate Eurozone Budget Balances Year Overall Deficit Structural Deficit 2007 -0.6% -1.7% 2008 -0.6% -2.4% 2009 -6.3% -4.3% 2010 -6.0% -4.0% 2011 -4.3% -3.0% 2012 -3.5% -2.6%