2. Humanism
Humanism was a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on
classical studies. It was also a philosophical position that stresses
the autonomy of human reason in contradistinction to the authority
of the Church.
Definitions
1. the denial of any power or moral value superior to that of
humanity; the rejection of religion in favour of a belief in the
advancement of humanity by its own efforts
2. a philosophical position that stresses the autonomy of human
reason in contradistinction to the authority of the Church
3. often capital a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based
on classical studies
3. Principles of Humanism
● Antropocentrism.
● Classical antiquity.
● Knowledge through
reflection and reason.
● Scientific curiosity: learning
through experience and
observation.
4. Science
Nicolaus Copernicus - was a Renaissance mathematician and
astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe
which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center.
5. Science
Andreas Vesalius - was an anatomist,physician, and author of
one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani
corporis fabrica. Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of
modern human anatomy.
6. Science
Miguel Servet - was a Spanish theologian, physician,
cartographer, and Renaissance humanist. He was the first
European to correctly describe the function of pulmonary circulation.
He was a polymath versed in many sciences.
Most copies of his book were burned shortly after its publication in
1553 because of persecution of Servet by religious authorities.
Three copies survived, but these remained hidden for decades.
7. Origin of Humanism
● It started in ITALY in the 14th
century: they had a greater
classical legacy from antiquity.
● 3 main centres:
o FLORENCE
o ROME
o NAPLES
8. Spread of Humanism
● From the late 15th century it spread through Europe.
● One of the reasons was the use of Romance languages.
● Schools and universities also spread.
9. The Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg started the Printing
Revolution that is widely regarded as the
most important event of the modern
period.
Among his many contributions:the
invention of a process for mass-producing
movable type; the use of oil-based ink; and
the use of a wooden printing press.
His truly epochal invention was the
combination of these elements into
a practical system which allowed the
mass production of printed books and
was economically viable for printers and
readers alike.
15. What was the Renaissance ?
Renaissance was the period of European history marking the
decline of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world:
usually considered as beginning in Italy in the 14th century.
With this term we refer to the spirit, culture, art, science, and
thought of this period.
Characteristics of the Renaissance are usually considered to
include intensified classical scholarship, scientific and
geographical discovery, a sense of individual human
potentialities, and the assertion of the active and secular over
the religious and contemplative life.
17. Art and culture
●ARTISTS had
individualistic values
and were more
respected socially.
●CULTURE became
more secular.
18. Renaissance Art
Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of
that period of European history known as the Renaissance,
emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400, in parallel with
developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music and
science. Renaissance art, perceived as a "rebirth" of ancient
traditions, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity.
It can be divided into two main periods:
.Quattrocento - 15th Century
.Cinquecento - 16th Century
19. Main
characteristics
• Ideals of beauty from Antiquity.
• Human anatomy and nature.
• Use of maths to explore
perspective.
• Harmony and clarity of lines.
• Human scale.
• New themes: mythology,
landscapes, portraits…
• Religious themes continued with
a more classical aesthetic.
59. Italian
Cinquecento.
Sculpture.
• Archeological discoveries from
Ancient Rome inspired Italian
sculptors.
• Importance of human body,
proportion and balance.
• They often represented nudes.
• The main sculptor was
Michelangelo, he evolved during
his career from classical serenity
to expressive and dramatic figures,
anticipating a new style.
63. Las Tortugas Ninja son un grupo ficticio de cuatro hermanos tortugas
antropomorfos. Cada una de las tortugas está nombrada en honor de artistas
famosos del Renacimiento italiano: Leonardo (de Leonardo da Vinci) - azul,
Raphael (Rafael Sanzio) - rojo, Michelangelo (Miguel Ángel Buonarroti) -
naranja, Donatello (Donatello).
64. Leonardo da Vinci, prototype of humanist.
Your task is to
watch the video at
home, and write
down in your
notebooks a brief
summary of it,
with the main
achievements of
Leonardo.
80. Spanish Renaissance
The Gothic style continued to predominate in
Spain until the early 16th Century.
Renaissance in Spain had three possibilities:
the Italian tendency or classical, not very
extended, and the Spanish own styles, which
were two: Herrerian, and Plateresque.
96. The Reformation
● It was a 16th-century religious movement for the reform
of abuses in the Roman Church ending in the establishment
of the Protestant Churches.
● They criticised:
● Lifestyle of the clergy.
● Opposition to indulgences.
● Excessive liturgy.
97. The Reformation
● The Reformation is usually thought of as beginning in
1517 when Martin Luther issued 95 theses criticizing
Church doctrine and practice.
● In Switzerland a separate movement was led by
Calvin.
109. The Council of Trent: The Catholic Church Survives the
Reformation
110.
111. Consequences of religious change
-Two religious blocks: Protestants and Catholics.
-Violent religious wars in Europe.
-Intolerance.
-In Spain the Inquisition continued.