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ANATOMY 
Unit 1 Notes: 
Nerve 
Impulses & 
Reflexes
(1) What is a Nerve Impulse? 
• Chain reaction of chemical events, allowing 
your neurons to send “messages”. 
• Synonymous Terms: 
– Neuron Message 
– Nervous System Response 
– Depolarization & Repolarization
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
(2) The Basic Steps 
1. Neurotransmitter binds to neuron. 
2. Depolarization. 
3. Repolarization. 
4. Repeat #2 and 3 until reaching axon terminal. 
5. Release of another neurotransmitter from axon 
terminal. 
6. Regain resting potential.
Neurotransmitter 
Binds 
Depolarization & Repolarization 
Down The Axon 
Release a neurotransmitter 
+ 
Stimulate next move
(3) Resting Potential 
• “Resting Potential”: 
The natural state of a neuron when it’s not 
doing anything. 
• At Rest There is… 
– Potassium (K+) on the inside of axon. 
– Sodium (Na+) on the outside of axon. 
– More cations on the outside than inside. 
*This means that the outside is naturally more 
positive than the inside (making the axon polar).
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
(4) Depolarization 
• De = without 
Polar = uneven charge 
• Depolarization: 
To remove the imbalance of charge. 
• What Happens? 
– Sodium pumps open. 
– Sodium ions fly thru channels into axon. 
– Temporarily increases positive charge inside 
axon, removing polarization.
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
(5) Repolarization 
• Re = repeat 
Polar = uneven charge 
• Repolarization: 
To regain the charge imbalance. 
• What Happens? 
– Potassium pumps open. 
– Potassium ions fly thru channels out of axon. 
– Temporarily increases positive charge back on 
the outside of the axon, regaining polarization.
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
(6) Reaching the Terminals 
• A neurotransmitter will be released. 
• This neurotransmitter will: 
– Bind to another neuron or organ. 
– Make something else happen (muscle 
contraction or another nerve impulse).
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
(7) Regaining Resting Potential 
• Even though the axon is polarized at the 
end, the ions are on the wrong sides of the 
axon. 
• Must actively transport ions: 
– Sodium must go back out. 
– Potassium must go back in. 
• Requires ATP.
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
…Let’s Review All That Again…
(8) Myelin Sheath 
• Where Is It? 
– Covers the outside of the axon. 
– Wraps around Na/K pumps. 
• What Is Its Purpose? 
– Block some of the Na/K pumps. 
– Increases the speed of nerve impulse. 
• How Does It Work? 
– Just like main-roads versus the freeway. 
– Main Roads = Axon without myelin sheath. 
– Freeway = Axon with myelin sheath.
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
(9) Reflexes 
• Automatically programmed response to a 
specific stimulus. 
• All reflexes are involuntary, however do not 
need to travel through the individual 
nervous system divisions. 
• Reflex Arc Path: 
–Stimulus triggers nerve impulse. 
– Impulse sent to CNS, but at spinal cord 
routes directly back out to effector organ.
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
(10) Types of Reflexes 
• Somatic: 
A reflex which stimulates a response in the 
skeletal muscle. 
– Example: Retracting your arm from a hot 
stove. 
• Autonomic: 
A reflex which stimulates a response in smooth 
muscle. 
– Example: Your stomach releasing gastric 
juice and churning once food is dropped in.

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Anatomy Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes

  • 1. ANATOMY Unit 1 Notes: Nerve Impulses & Reflexes
  • 2. (1) What is a Nerve Impulse? • Chain reaction of chemical events, allowing your neurons to send “messages”. • Synonymous Terms: – Neuron Message – Nervous System Response – Depolarization & Repolarization
  • 4. (2) The Basic Steps 1. Neurotransmitter binds to neuron. 2. Depolarization. 3. Repolarization. 4. Repeat #2 and 3 until reaching axon terminal. 5. Release of another neurotransmitter from axon terminal. 6. Regain resting potential.
  • 5. Neurotransmitter Binds Depolarization & Repolarization Down The Axon Release a neurotransmitter + Stimulate next move
  • 6. (3) Resting Potential • “Resting Potential”: The natural state of a neuron when it’s not doing anything. • At Rest There is… – Potassium (K+) on the inside of axon. – Sodium (Na+) on the outside of axon. – More cations on the outside than inside. *This means that the outside is naturally more positive than the inside (making the axon polar).
  • 8. (4) Depolarization • De = without Polar = uneven charge • Depolarization: To remove the imbalance of charge. • What Happens? – Sodium pumps open. – Sodium ions fly thru channels into axon. – Temporarily increases positive charge inside axon, removing polarization.
  • 10. (5) Repolarization • Re = repeat Polar = uneven charge • Repolarization: To regain the charge imbalance. • What Happens? – Potassium pumps open. – Potassium ions fly thru channels out of axon. – Temporarily increases positive charge back on the outside of the axon, regaining polarization.
  • 12. (6) Reaching the Terminals • A neurotransmitter will be released. • This neurotransmitter will: – Bind to another neuron or organ. – Make something else happen (muscle contraction or another nerve impulse).
  • 14. (7) Regaining Resting Potential • Even though the axon is polarized at the end, the ions are on the wrong sides of the axon. • Must actively transport ions: – Sodium must go back out. – Potassium must go back in. • Requires ATP.
  • 16. …Let’s Review All That Again…
  • 17. (8) Myelin Sheath • Where Is It? – Covers the outside of the axon. – Wraps around Na/K pumps. • What Is Its Purpose? – Block some of the Na/K pumps. – Increases the speed of nerve impulse. • How Does It Work? – Just like main-roads versus the freeway. – Main Roads = Axon without myelin sheath. – Freeway = Axon with myelin sheath.
  • 20. (9) Reflexes • Automatically programmed response to a specific stimulus. • All reflexes are involuntary, however do not need to travel through the individual nervous system divisions. • Reflex Arc Path: –Stimulus triggers nerve impulse. – Impulse sent to CNS, but at spinal cord routes directly back out to effector organ.
  • 23. (10) Types of Reflexes • Somatic: A reflex which stimulates a response in the skeletal muscle. – Example: Retracting your arm from a hot stove. • Autonomic: A reflex which stimulates a response in smooth muscle. – Example: Your stomach releasing gastric juice and churning once food is dropped in.