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HEALTH CONCERNS OF
WOMEN IN LATE
ADULTHOOD
Dr. Rosaline Rachel. Ph.D (N)
Principal
MMM College Of Nursing
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Family Is not about blood.
It is about who is willing to hold your hand
when you when you need it most
Begin at about age 65
It is the final stage of physical change
 The skin continues to lose elasticity
 Result is deeper lines and wrinkles
 Eyesight deteriorates
 Low reflex.
Progressive state beginning from conception and
ending with death. Associated with it are certain
physical, social and psychological changes.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
 It is a progressive and generalized
impairment of body functions resulting in,
loss of adaptive responses to stress and
increasing the risk of age-related diseases
 It is inevitable biological phenomenon
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
60 crores of people in the world aged 65
years and over
It is expected to double by 2025 and to
reach 200 crores by 2050.
India is home to 1.04 crores elderly people
(aged 65 years and above), 53 lakhs
women and 51 lakhs men
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
 55% OF WOMEN ABOVE 60 years are
widows
Joint family structure is changing to small
nuclear families
 Without safe , secured dignified position within
the family elderly women find their position
vulnerable
Welfare of elderly women is low priority in recent
days
Over 73 % of elderly women are illiterate
Enhanced life expectancy add fire to their woe.
Indian population
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Health Concerns
Indian perspective
 India has the lowest ranks for health expenditure per capita
 People over the age 65 make up about 12% of the population,
occupy 25% of the hospital beds
 The literacy rates among elderly females (28%) is less than
half of the literacy rate among elderly males (59%).
 More than 2 of 3 adults age 65 and older live in their own
homes
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Genetic theories-
 Somatic mutation of genes.
 Genetically determined life span.
 Cross linkage/loss of important cellular
components and DNA.
 Random damage theories-
 Accumulation of toxic metabolites and
free oxygen radicals.
 Reduced physiological capacity and
wear-n-tear of cells of vital organs.
 Non-enzymatic glycosylation of
proteins.MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Late adult hood
Social
changes
Bio
Physical
changesPsychological
changes
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Psychological changes
 Biophysical changes and challenges
Senescence and health issues
 Pharmaceutical interventions
 Closer monitoring of health and wellness
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
 Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair
 Attitude
 Communication
 Self concept
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
 Internal changes in
 Heart
 Bones Muscles and Joints
 Digestive System
 Kidneys and Urinary Tract
 Brain and Nervous system
 Eyes
 Ears
 Hair ,Skin, Nails, weight
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Reduction of  
brain weight
Loss of gray 
matter
Slower 
Synaptic 
Speed
Decline in 
dendrite 
density 
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Taste Touch 
Smell
 Ability to taste four basic flavors
does not seem to decline with age
 Sense of smell deteriorates with
age
 Skin of elderly adults less
responsive to heat and cold
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Presbyopia (farsightedness) increases
 “Blind spot” and reduction of vision field
 Night vision
 Cataracts
 Glaucoma
 Macular degeneration
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
SLEEPING
• Shifts in sleep patterns
•Wake more frequently at
night
• Show decreases in REM
sleep
EATING
• Loss of feelings of satiety,
thus overeat
• May become rigid in meal
times and food selection to
compensate
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Common health issues
 Heart Disease
 Cancer (ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer).
 Diabetes
 Dementia
 Alzheimer's disease
 Parkinson's disease
 Arthritis
 Falls
 Genito-urinary complaints
 Hearing loss
 Dizziness
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
 Friends and activities
 Environmental changes
 Role changes
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
 Retirement
 Grandparenthood
 Friendship and social net work
 Involvement with community activities
 Transition from provider of care to
recipient of care
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING

 Successful aging theory :
(According to Polmore)1995,
 Survival ( longevity )
 Health (Lack of disability )
 Life satisfaction (happiness
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
 Disengagement theory
Cumming & Henry 1961
 Physical withdrawal
Less physical energy, slower pace
 Psychological withdrawal
 Diminished interest in the world
 Social withdrawal
 Fewer social interactions
Social problems
 Abuse
 Dependency
 Insecurity
 Rehabilitation
Prevention and management of elder
abuse
Assessment of physical and
mental capacity of the elderly.
 Assessment of general quality
of care
 Assessment of relation with
the abuser
 Assessment of abusers for
their problems
 Counseling the abusers
 Institutionalization in old age
homes
The old-age dependency ratio climbed
from 10.9% in 1961 to 14.2% in 2011 for
India as a whole.
For females and males, the value of the
ratio was 14.9% and 13.6% in 2011.
In the age-group of 60-64 years, 76%
persons were married while 22% were
widowed. Remaining 2% were either
never married or divorced.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Psychiatric complaints
8.5% of the old age complaints
 Alzheimer’s disease
 Depression
 Anxiety
 Delirium
 Schizophrenia
 Personality disorder
 Suicide and deliberate self harm
Schizophrenia
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Psychological Symptoms
 Sleep
 Physical discomfort feeling
 Interest
 Guilt (as if a burden to others)
 Energy
 Concentration
 Appetite
 Psychomotor changes
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Changes in Women
 Many of the physical changes in women is the estrogen production. The
vaginal walls lose their elasticity and grow paler and thinner which cause sex
to become painful.
 The vagina also shrinks and when women go through menopause they produce
less vaginal lubrication.
 Women also have fewer orgasms as they get older and they become less
powerful
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer
 The rate of death for women over
the age of 65 from cervical cancer
is higher than that of women
below the age
 Approximately 7.6 per 1,00,000
of elder women die from cervical
cancer, as compared to only
2.1for younger women.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Heart Disease and Strokes
 Cancer is the leading cause of death in women
ages 40 and 79
 The risk of most cancers rises as we age
because our immune system becomes less able
to fight off cancerous cells.
 A study has found that women older than 65
diagnosed with early-stage, hormone-receptor-
positive breast cancer had worse outcomes than
younger women with similar diagnoses
 The risk of recurrence also was greater for the
older women. Compared to women younger
than 65, recurrence was:
 7% more likely among women age 65 to 74
 29% more likely among women 75 or older
 . Feb. 15, 2012 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Heart Disease
 CAD is the leading cause of death
and disability in women after
menopause. In fact, a 50-year-old
woman faces a 46% risk of
developing CAD and a 31% risk
of dying from coronary artery
disease. In contrast, her
probability of contracting and
dying from breast cancer is 10%
and 3%, respectively.
 Heart disease risk
factors for women
 Diabetes. Women with
diabetes are at greater risk of
heart disease than are men
with diabetes.
 Mental stress and
depression
 Inactivity. A lack of physical
activity -research has found
women to be more inactive
than men.
 Menopause. Low levels of
estrogen after menopause
pose a significant risk factor
for developing cardiovascular
disease
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Sleep
 Sleep apnea- is temporary
suspension of breathing while
asleep it is most common in late
adulthood.
 Sleep medications are the most
common treatment for sleep
apnea. Alternatives include
regular sleep schedule, relaxation
techniques, and exercise.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Sexuality
 People do not loose their
sexuality as they age
 But when get older sexual
daydreaming, sex drive, and
sexual activity decreases
 Most older people report that they
like having sex
 People with partners usually
remain sexually active.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Vision and hearing loss
 Approximately one person in three
has some form of vision-reducing
eye disease by the age of 65..
According to the 2012
 Regular screening examinations are
recommended for elderly patients
 The most common causes of vision
loss among the elderly are age-related
macular degeneration, glaucoma,
cataract and diabetic retinopathy
 Age-related macular degeneration is
characterized by the loss of central
vision
 Primary open-angle glaucoma results
in optic nerve damage and visual field
loss
Eating foods with high antioxidant content may be helpful in
reducing vision lossdueto macular degeneration.
And taking vitamin supplementsfor eyehealth may help.
 Causes of age-related
hearing loss
 Changes in the structures of the inner ear
:changes in blood flow to the ear
 Impairment in the nerves responsible for
hearing
 Changes in the way that the brain processes
speech and sound
 Damage to the tiny hairs in the ear that are
responsible for transmitting sound to the
brain
 Age-related hearing loss can also be caused
by other issues, including:
 Diabetes
 Exposure to loud noises
 Use of certain medications
 Family history of hearing loss
Hearing loss takes a toll on
the quality of life and can
lead to depression and
withdrawal from social
activities
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Arthritis
 common forms of arthritis
 Osteoarthritis- is a painful,
degenerative disease
characterized by wear and tear on
joints.
 Rheumatoid arthritis- A painful
disease characterized by chronic
inflammation of the membranes
that line the joints
 Needed: Lifestyle change
better food habits, higher
antioxidant content through green
leafy vegetables, high protein diet
and adequate Vitamin D and
calcium foods
- Leg strengthening exercises
- Cartilage restoring medication
Indian women over the age of 45 are more
prone to arthritis while in the West women
over 60
Arthritis of the hip is common in the West,
whereas in India arthritis of the knee is more
common.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Dementia and
Alzheimer’s Disease
 A total of 3.7 million people in India
are suffering from Alzheimer’s
disease,
 People over the age of 60 are
becoming victim of Alzheimer’s, with
women constituting 70 per cent
 Dementia- a condition characterized
by deterioration of cognitive
functioning.
 Causes of dementia are brain
infections such as meningitis, HIV,
infections, strokes, and tumors.
 Therapies and pharmacologic
treatments that focus on stopping the
brain cell death
 Use of non-pharmacologic behavioral
interventions Participation in
activities, which improve mood
 Behavioral interventions (to help with
common changes, such as aggression,
sleep issues and agitation)
 Education about the disease
 Building a care team for support
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Falls
 According to the Center for
Disease Control and Prevention,
each year, one in every three
adults age 65 and older falls. 
 In a Multi-centric Community
Study, evaluating Health
Problems in the Elderly (Year
2013), in India, the incidence of
falls (History of a single fall in
the last 6 months) was found to be
14%
 . Fractures among females
(26.4%) were reported more
frequently compared with males
(16%) and fracture was seen more
in urban subjects (29.4%)
compared with rural subjects
(13.4%).
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Falls
it is so common
Injury
prevention
 Falls should be
prevented by;-
 Removal of
obstacles
 Keep the floor
dry
 Bright lighting
 Flat shoes
 Railing/holding
bars in bathrooms
 Low level
switches
 Easy and safe
access to water
and rest rooms
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Genito-urinary complaints
 These form about 3.5% of the
old age complaints
 Rates of infection are high in
postmenopausal women because
of bladder or uterine prolapse
causing incomplete bladder
emptying; loss of estrogen with
attendant changes in vaginal flora
(notably, loss of lactobacilli),
 Women are particularly at risk of
developing UTIs because of their
short urethra, and certain behavioral
factors which include delay in
micturition, sexual activity and the use
of diaphragms and spermicides
 women most often results from
perineal or periurethral bacteria that
enter the urethra and ascend into the
bladder, or due to mechanical
instrumentation such as
catheterization.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Wisdom
 Psychologist Lynn Hasher suggest that distractibility can
enable older adults to take a broader view of various
situations.
 They consider not only the present but the past as well as
thecontextsin which theproblemsarise.
 Older people approach life’s problems in a way that address
the meaning of life, this may play a significant role as to
why wethink of older peopleaswiser.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Preventive Health Care in older adulthood
 The role of prevention in geriatrics is to delay the onset of age-
related decompensatory problems of body functions.
It includes-
 Primary prevention.
 Secondary prevention.
 Tertiary prevention.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Primary Prevention
Health habits-
 Inadequate nutrition
 Addiction to smoking & alcohol
 Lack of exercise
 Inadequate sleep
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Immunization-
 Influenza
 Pneumococcal
 Tetanus.
Osteoporosis prevention-
 Calcium and vit-d
supplementation.
 Hip protector devices.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Secondary prevention
 SCREENING
 Screening helps in early detection of modifiable risk factors and
their adequate management.

Hyper/hypotension, diabetes mellitus
 Dental problems
 Drug adverse effects
 Cancers
 Infections
 Nutritional deficiency states
 Eyes /ears
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Tertiary Prevention
 It deals with rehabilitation and caregiver support.
 Rehabilitation is a problem solving process focused
on the patients functional abilities.
 Rehabilitation team includes; a physician, a
physiotherapist, an occupational therapist, a speech
and language therapist, a psychiatrist, a dietitian, a
nurse and a social worker.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Interventions in rehabilitation
Hard interventions-
 Drugs.
 Physiotherapy.
 Occupational therapy.
 Aids and adaptation.
 Speech and language therapist.
Soft interventions-
 Advice.
 Education.
 Counseling.
 Encouragement.
 Listening.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Supporting the caregiver
 Social attitude
 Physicians support
 Organization of “day care centers”
 Hospitalization in case of chronic illness
 Counseling the caregiver
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Conclusion
Growing old is mandatory
 - Chili Davis.
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
Do not regret growing elder , it
is a privilege denied to many
 - Chili Davis.
Thank You
MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING

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Health concerns of women in late adulthood 09012918

  • 1. HEALTH CONCERNS OF WOMEN IN LATE ADULTHOOD Dr. Rosaline Rachel. Ph.D (N) Principal MMM College Of Nursing MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 2. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING Family Is not about blood. It is about who is willing to hold your hand when you when you need it most
  • 3. Begin at about age 65 It is the final stage of physical change  The skin continues to lose elasticity  Result is deeper lines and wrinkles  Eyesight deteriorates  Low reflex. Progressive state beginning from conception and ending with death. Associated with it are certain physical, social and psychological changes. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 4.  It is a progressive and generalized impairment of body functions resulting in, loss of adaptive responses to stress and increasing the risk of age-related diseases  It is inevitable biological phenomenon MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 5. 60 crores of people in the world aged 65 years and over It is expected to double by 2025 and to reach 200 crores by 2050. India is home to 1.04 crores elderly people (aged 65 years and above), 53 lakhs women and 51 lakhs men MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 6.  55% OF WOMEN ABOVE 60 years are widows Joint family structure is changing to small nuclear families  Without safe , secured dignified position within the family elderly women find their position vulnerable Welfare of elderly women is low priority in recent days Over 73 % of elderly women are illiterate Enhanced life expectancy add fire to their woe.
  • 8. Health Concerns Indian perspective  India has the lowest ranks for health expenditure per capita  People over the age 65 make up about 12% of the population, occupy 25% of the hospital beds  The literacy rates among elderly females (28%) is less than half of the literacy rate among elderly males (59%).  More than 2 of 3 adults age 65 and older live in their own homes MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 9. Genetic theories-  Somatic mutation of genes.  Genetically determined life span.  Cross linkage/loss of important cellular components and DNA.  Random damage theories-  Accumulation of toxic metabolites and free oxygen radicals.  Reduced physiological capacity and wear-n-tear of cells of vital organs.  Non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins.MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 11. Psychological changes  Biophysical changes and challenges Senescence and health issues  Pharmaceutical interventions  Closer monitoring of health and wellness MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 12.  Erikson: Integrity vs. Despair  Attitude  Communication  Self concept MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 13.  Internal changes in  Heart  Bones Muscles and Joints  Digestive System  Kidneys and Urinary Tract  Brain and Nervous system  Eyes  Ears  Hair ,Skin, Nails, weight MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 15. Taste Touch  Smell  Ability to taste four basic flavors does not seem to decline with age  Sense of smell deteriorates with age  Skin of elderly adults less responsive to heat and cold MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 16. Presbyopia (farsightedness) increases  “Blind spot” and reduction of vision field  Night vision  Cataracts  Glaucoma  Macular degeneration MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 17. SLEEPING • Shifts in sleep patterns •Wake more frequently at night • Show decreases in REM sleep EATING • Loss of feelings of satiety, thus overeat • May become rigid in meal times and food selection to compensate MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 18. Common health issues  Heart Disease  Cancer (ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer).  Diabetes  Dementia  Alzheimer's disease  Parkinson's disease  Arthritis  Falls  Genito-urinary complaints  Hearing loss  Dizziness MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 19.  Friends and activities  Environmental changes  Role changes MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 20.  Retirement  Grandparenthood  Friendship and social net work  Involvement with community activities  Transition from provider of care to recipient of care MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 21.   Successful aging theory : (According to Polmore)1995,  Survival ( longevity )  Health (Lack of disability )  Life satisfaction (happiness MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING  Disengagement theory Cumming & Henry 1961  Physical withdrawal Less physical energy, slower pace  Psychological withdrawal  Diminished interest in the world  Social withdrawal  Fewer social interactions
  • 22. Social problems  Abuse  Dependency  Insecurity  Rehabilitation Prevention and management of elder abuse Assessment of physical and mental capacity of the elderly.  Assessment of general quality of care  Assessment of relation with the abuser  Assessment of abusers for their problems  Counseling the abusers  Institutionalization in old age homes The old-age dependency ratio climbed from 10.9% in 1961 to 14.2% in 2011 for India as a whole. For females and males, the value of the ratio was 14.9% and 13.6% in 2011. In the age-group of 60-64 years, 76% persons were married while 22% were widowed. Remaining 2% were either never married or divorced. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 23. Psychiatric complaints 8.5% of the old age complaints  Alzheimer’s disease  Depression  Anxiety  Delirium  Schizophrenia  Personality disorder  Suicide and deliberate self harm Schizophrenia MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 24. Psychological Symptoms  Sleep  Physical discomfort feeling  Interest  Guilt (as if a burden to others)  Energy  Concentration  Appetite  Psychomotor changes MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 25. Changes in Women  Many of the physical changes in women is the estrogen production. The vaginal walls lose their elasticity and grow paler and thinner which cause sex to become painful.  The vagina also shrinks and when women go through menopause they produce less vaginal lubrication.  Women also have fewer orgasms as they get older and they become less powerful MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 26. Ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer  The rate of death for women over the age of 65 from cervical cancer is higher than that of women below the age  Approximately 7.6 per 1,00,000 of elder women die from cervical cancer, as compared to only 2.1for younger women. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 27. Heart Disease and Strokes  Cancer is the leading cause of death in women ages 40 and 79  The risk of most cancers rises as we age because our immune system becomes less able to fight off cancerous cells.  A study has found that women older than 65 diagnosed with early-stage, hormone-receptor- positive breast cancer had worse outcomes than younger women with similar diagnoses  The risk of recurrence also was greater for the older women. Compared to women younger than 65, recurrence was:  7% more likely among women age 65 to 74  29% more likely among women 75 or older  . Feb. 15, 2012 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 28. Heart Disease  CAD is the leading cause of death and disability in women after menopause. In fact, a 50-year-old woman faces a 46% risk of developing CAD and a 31% risk of dying from coronary artery disease. In contrast, her probability of contracting and dying from breast cancer is 10% and 3%, respectively.  Heart disease risk factors for women  Diabetes. Women with diabetes are at greater risk of heart disease than are men with diabetes.  Mental stress and depression  Inactivity. A lack of physical activity -research has found women to be more inactive than men.  Menopause. Low levels of estrogen after menopause pose a significant risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 29. Sleep  Sleep apnea- is temporary suspension of breathing while asleep it is most common in late adulthood.  Sleep medications are the most common treatment for sleep apnea. Alternatives include regular sleep schedule, relaxation techniques, and exercise. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 30. Sexuality  People do not loose their sexuality as they age  But when get older sexual daydreaming, sex drive, and sexual activity decreases  Most older people report that they like having sex  People with partners usually remain sexually active. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 31. Vision and hearing loss  Approximately one person in three has some form of vision-reducing eye disease by the age of 65.. According to the 2012  Regular screening examinations are recommended for elderly patients  The most common causes of vision loss among the elderly are age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataract and diabetic retinopathy  Age-related macular degeneration is characterized by the loss of central vision  Primary open-angle glaucoma results in optic nerve damage and visual field loss Eating foods with high antioxidant content may be helpful in reducing vision lossdueto macular degeneration. And taking vitamin supplementsfor eyehealth may help.
  • 32.  Causes of age-related hearing loss  Changes in the structures of the inner ear :changes in blood flow to the ear  Impairment in the nerves responsible for hearing  Changes in the way that the brain processes speech and sound  Damage to the tiny hairs in the ear that are responsible for transmitting sound to the brain  Age-related hearing loss can also be caused by other issues, including:  Diabetes  Exposure to loud noises  Use of certain medications  Family history of hearing loss Hearing loss takes a toll on the quality of life and can lead to depression and withdrawal from social activities MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 33. Arthritis  common forms of arthritis  Osteoarthritis- is a painful, degenerative disease characterized by wear and tear on joints.  Rheumatoid arthritis- A painful disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the membranes that line the joints  Needed: Lifestyle change better food habits, higher antioxidant content through green leafy vegetables, high protein diet and adequate Vitamin D and calcium foods - Leg strengthening exercises - Cartilage restoring medication Indian women over the age of 45 are more prone to arthritis while in the West women over 60 Arthritis of the hip is common in the West, whereas in India arthritis of the knee is more common. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 34. Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease  A total of 3.7 million people in India are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease,  People over the age of 60 are becoming victim of Alzheimer’s, with women constituting 70 per cent  Dementia- a condition characterized by deterioration of cognitive functioning.  Causes of dementia are brain infections such as meningitis, HIV, infections, strokes, and tumors.  Therapies and pharmacologic treatments that focus on stopping the brain cell death  Use of non-pharmacologic behavioral interventions Participation in activities, which improve mood  Behavioral interventions (to help with common changes, such as aggression, sleep issues and agitation)  Education about the disease  Building a care team for support MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 35. Falls  According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, each year, one in every three adults age 65 and older falls.   In a Multi-centric Community Study, evaluating Health Problems in the Elderly (Year 2013), in India, the incidence of falls (History of a single fall in the last 6 months) was found to be 14%  . Fractures among females (26.4%) were reported more frequently compared with males (16%) and fracture was seen more in urban subjects (29.4%) compared with rural subjects (13.4%). MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 36. Falls it is so common Injury prevention  Falls should be prevented by;-  Removal of obstacles  Keep the floor dry  Bright lighting  Flat shoes  Railing/holding bars in bathrooms  Low level switches  Easy and safe access to water and rest rooms MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 37. Genito-urinary complaints  These form about 3.5% of the old age complaints  Rates of infection are high in postmenopausal women because of bladder or uterine prolapse causing incomplete bladder emptying; loss of estrogen with attendant changes in vaginal flora (notably, loss of lactobacilli),  Women are particularly at risk of developing UTIs because of their short urethra, and certain behavioral factors which include delay in micturition, sexual activity and the use of diaphragms and spermicides  women most often results from perineal or periurethral bacteria that enter the urethra and ascend into the bladder, or due to mechanical instrumentation such as catheterization. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 38. Wisdom  Psychologist Lynn Hasher suggest that distractibility can enable older adults to take a broader view of various situations.  They consider not only the present but the past as well as thecontextsin which theproblemsarise.  Older people approach life’s problems in a way that address the meaning of life, this may play a significant role as to why wethink of older peopleaswiser. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 39. Preventive Health Care in older adulthood  The role of prevention in geriatrics is to delay the onset of age- related decompensatory problems of body functions. It includes-  Primary prevention.  Secondary prevention.  Tertiary prevention. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 40. Primary Prevention Health habits-  Inadequate nutrition  Addiction to smoking & alcohol  Lack of exercise  Inadequate sleep MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 41. Immunization-  Influenza  Pneumococcal  Tetanus. Osteoporosis prevention-  Calcium and vit-d supplementation.  Hip protector devices. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 42. Secondary prevention  SCREENING  Screening helps in early detection of modifiable risk factors and their adequate management.  Hyper/hypotension, diabetes mellitus  Dental problems  Drug adverse effects  Cancers  Infections  Nutritional deficiency states  Eyes /ears MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 43. Tertiary Prevention  It deals with rehabilitation and caregiver support.  Rehabilitation is a problem solving process focused on the patients functional abilities.  Rehabilitation team includes; a physician, a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist, a speech and language therapist, a psychiatrist, a dietitian, a nurse and a social worker. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 44. Interventions in rehabilitation Hard interventions-  Drugs.  Physiotherapy.  Occupational therapy.  Aids and adaptation.  Speech and language therapist. Soft interventions-  Advice.  Education.  Counseling.  Encouragement.  Listening. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 45. Supporting the caregiver  Social attitude  Physicians support  Organization of “day care centers”  Hospitalization in case of chronic illness  Counseling the caregiver MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING
  • 46. Conclusion Growing old is mandatory  - Chili Davis. MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING Do not regret growing elder , it is a privilege denied to many  - Chili Davis.
  • 47. Thank You MMM COLLEGE OF NURSING

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