3. ELECTRICITY
• The main source of Energy worldwide
• Fourth necessity next to Roti, Kapada aur
Makan.
• Wheel to Progress
• Backbone for economical growth
• Coal base gen. 54%
• 5L ton/100MW/Year
• 2000 ton CO2/Day
4. • SECTOR WISE ENERGY DEMAND (IN MW)
• DEMAND AVAILABILITY SHORTAGE %
• NORTH 29344 25062 -4282 -14.6%
• WEST 35451 26336 -9115 -25.7%
• SOUTH 24344 22800 -1544 -06.7%
• EAST 9923 9446 - 477 -04.8%
• NORTH-EAST 1176 1054 - 122 -10.4%
• TOTAL 100238 84698 -15540 -15.5%
PERIOD- JANUARY 2007
5. Power Shortage
• According to the World Bank, roughly 40 %
Indians are without electricity
• Further compounding the situation is that
total demand for electricity in the country
continues to rise and is outpacing increases in
capacity
• Additional capacity has failed to materialize in
India in light of market regulations,
insufficient investment in the sector, and
difficulty in obtaining environmental approval
and funding for hydropower projects. In
addition, coal shortages are further straining
power generation capabilities.
6. 6
A Major Renewable source today
Hydro Power Generation
Koradi Training Centre
Mahagenco
7. Measures
1. In July of 2010, India and Bangladesh signed a 35 year
power import deal whereby India will import up to
500MW beginning in late 2012.
2. Some electricity from Bhutan and Nepal.
3. However, these electricity imports are not likely to prove
sufficient to make up for India’s lack of electric generation
capacity.
4. India’s 11th
Plan set an ambitious goal of adding nearly
79,000 MW by 2012.
5. Improve efficiency standards, the Energy Conservation Act
2002, which established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency
and has sought to promote efficient use of energy and
labeling of energy-intensive products
India Perspective
8.
9. OUR INDIA AT GLANCE
• Installed generating Capacity 159000MW
• Energy Generated 761000MUs
• Conventional thermal sources 80 %
• Hydro electricity 16 %
• Nuclear energy produced roughly 2%
• Renewable, [Geothermal & other] sources 2%
(All above fig are approximate for 2007)
10. Nearly all electric power in India is
generated with coal, oil, or gas. percent of
electricity in 2007. Hydroelectricity, a
seasonally dependent power source in
India, accounted for nearly 16 percent of
power generated in 2007. Finally, nuclear
energy produced roughly 2 percent of
electricity during the same year, while
geothermal and other renewable sources
accounted for approximately 2 percent.
16. Cost of Energy: Oil vs. Renewable
Top 10 Exotic Free Energy Technologies
17. Crackpot?
""When you're one stepWhen you're one step
ahead of the crowd you're aahead of the crowd you're a
genius.genius.
When you're two stepsWhen you're two steps
ahead, you're a crackpot.“ahead, you're a crackpot.“
18. All truth passesAll truth passes
through three stages:through three stages:
First, it is ridiculed;First, it is ridiculed;
Second, it is violentlySecond, it is violently
opposed;opposed; andand
Third, it is acceptedThird, it is accepted
as self-evidentas self-evident
19. Free Energy Genres that Work
• Vortex
• Cavitation
• Ball Lighting
• Joe Cell / Orgone
• Electrostatic
• Zero Point Energy
Exotic Energy Sources
• Cold Fusion
• Magnet Motors
• Electromagnetic
“Over Unity”
• Super Efficient
Water Electrolysis
• Brown’s Gas
• GEET Reactor
20. 20
Type of Power
Conventional
Renewable
Hydro Power
Wind Energy
Oceanic Energy
Solar Power
Geothermal
Biomass
Hydrogen & Fuel
Cells
Nuclear
Fossil Fuel Innovation
Exotic Technologies
34. 34
Terminology
Head
Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one
to release its stored energy.
The difference between these elevations (the water
levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head
Dams: three categories
high-head (800 or more feet)
medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
low-head (less than 100 feet)
Power is proportional to the product of
head x flow
35. 35
Scale of Hydropower Projects
Large-hydro
More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
Medium-hydro
15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
Small-hydro
1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
Mini-hydro
Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
Micro-hydro
From 5kW up to 100 kW
Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry
in remote areas away from the grid.
Pico-hydro
From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
Remote areas away from the grid.
37. 37
Peak Demands
Hydroelectric plants:
Start easily and quickly and change power
output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and
nuclear), which are most efficient in serving
base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
38. 38
Types of Systems
Storage Main Dam Systems
Diversion or run-of-river systems
Pumped Storage
Two way flow
Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned
to a lower elevation for power generation
A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy
production
47. 47
Example
Ghatghar HPS Pumped Hydro
Completed -2007
Capacity – 250 MW
Two 125 MW units
Purpose – energy storage
Water pumped uphill at night
Low usage – excess base load capacity
Water flows downhill during day/peak periods
Helps Xcel to meet surge demand
E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days
Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%
50. 50
Classification of Hydro Turbines
Reaction Turbines
Derive power from pressure drop across turbine
Totally immersed in water
Angular & linear motion converted to shaft
power
Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
Impulse Turbines
Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting
buckets
No pressure drop across turbines
Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines
68. 68
Efficiency of Hydropower Plants
Hydropower is very efficient
Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the
“busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head
water)
Typical losses are due to
Frictional drag and turbulence of flow
Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &
generator
Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%
69. 69
Hydropower Calculations
P = power in kilowatts (kW)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2
)
η = turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1)
Q = quantity of water flowing (m3
/sec)
H = effective head (m)
HQP
HQgP
×××≅
×××=
η
η
10
70. 70
Hydropower Calculations
P = No. of poles on rotor
F = Frequency(50Hz.in India)
Ν = R.P.M. speed.
NP
NFP
/6000
/120
≅
=
76. POPHALI HYDRO POWER
STATION
IT IS HAVING 4 STAGES ALONG WITH
ONE FOOT POWER HOUSE
STAGE 1::4 UNITS X 70 MW
STAGE 2::4 UNITS X 80 MW
STAGE 3::4UNITS X 80 MW
STAGE 4:: 4UNITS X 250 MW
Efficiency losses from water evaporation at upper reservoir and usual mechanical efficiency losses http://www.xcelenergy.com/XLWEB/CDA/0,3080,1-1-1_1875_4797_4010-3663-2_209_376-0,00.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity
