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Chapter 16
 Leading, Organizing,
 and Controlling the
Global Marketing Effort



                          1
Leadership
Leadership is not about hierarchy or title or status:
     It is about having influence and mastering
  change. Leadership is not about bragging rights
 or battles or even the accumulation of wealth; it’s
     about connecting and engaging at multiple
   levels. ….Leaders can no longer view strategy
    and execution as abstract concepts, but must
   realize that both elements are ultimately about
             people.”        - Carly Fiorina

                                                    2
Leadership
• The leader’s task is to articulate
  – Beliefs
  – Values
  – Policies
  – Intended geographical scope of activities




                                                3
Top Management Nationality
“Companies are realizing that they have a
  portfolio of human resources worldwide,
     that their brightest technical person
  might come from Germany, or their best
   financial manager from England. They
      are starting to tap their worldwide
  human resources. And as they do, it will
  not be surprising to see non-Americans
                 rise to the top.”
- Christopher Bartlett, Harvard Business School
                                             4
Top Management Nationality




                             5
Leadership and Core Competence
• Executives were judged on their ability to
  identify, nurture, and exploit the
  organization’s core competencies in the
  1990’s
• Core competencies must
  – Provide potential access to a wide variety of
    markets
  – Make a significant contribution to the
    perceived customer benefits
  – Be difficult to imitate

                                                    6
Organization
• The goal is to find a structure that:
  – Enables the company to respond to relevant
    market environment differences
  – Ensures the diffusion of corporate knowledge
    and experience throughout the entire system
• Organization’s must balance:
  – The value of centralized knowledge and
    control
  – The need for individualized response to local
    markets
                                                    7
Organization
• In global marketing there is not a single best
  structure
• Leading-edge global competitors share one key
  organizational design characteristic:
   – Structure is flat and simple
• In the 21st century corporations will have to find
  new, more creative ways to organize
   – Must be flexible, efficient, and responsive to meet the
     demands of globalizing markets

                                                               8
Patterns of International
    Organizational Development
• Organizations vary in:
  – Size
  – Potential of targeted global markets
  – Local management competence
• Conflicting pressures may arise
  – For product and technical knowledge
  – Functional area expertise
  – Area and country knowledge


                                           9
International Division Structure




                                   10
International Division Structure
• Four factors that lead to this structure
   – Top management’s commitment to global operations
     has increased enough to justify the position
   – Complexity of international operations requires a
     single organizational unity
   – The firm has recognized the need for internal
     specialists to deal with the demands of global
     operations
   – Management recognizes the importance of
     proactively scanning the global horizon for
     opportunities and threats
                                                         11
Regional Management
      Centers




                      12
Geographical and Product Division
          Structures




                                13
The Matrix Design
• Product or business, function, area, and
  customer know-how are simultaneously
  focused on the organization’s worldwide
  marketing objectives
• Management must achieve organizational
  balance that brings together different
  perspectives and skills to accomplish
  organizational objectives

                                         14
The Matrix Design
• Geographic knowledge – understanding of
  economic, social, political, and
  governmental market and competitive
  dimensions
• Product knowledge and know-how –
  Product managers that have a worldwide
  responsibility can achieve new levels of
  product competency

                                         15
The Matrix Design
• Functional competence – corporate staff with
  worldwide responsibility contributes toward the
  development of functional competence on a
  global basis
• Knowledge of customer or industry and its needs
  – staff with responsibility for serving industries
  on a global basis assist organizations in their
  efforts to penetrate specific customer markets


                                                  16
The Matrix Design




                    17
Lean Production: Organizing the
          Japanese Way
• Compares craft production, mass production,
  and lean production
  – Craft production meant one worker created one
    product
  – Mass production gained advantages because one
    worker could do far more specialized work do to the
    moving assembly line
  – Lean production uses less factory space, smaller
    inventories, and quality control methods, increased
    efficiency by 50% over typical mass production

                                                          18
Global Management Control
• Control is defined as the process by which
  managers ensure that resources are used
  effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment
  of organizational objectives
• Planning process can be divided into two phases
  – Strategic planning is selection of product and market
    opportunities
  – Operational planning is the process in which strategic
    product or market objectives are translated into
    specific projects and programs


                                                         19
Global Management Control




                            20
Formal Control Methods
• Planning                 • Budgeting
  – Determines desired       – Expresses the
    sales and profit           objectives and
    objectives and             expenditures of
    projected marketing        planning in a formal
    program expenditures       document
    in unit and money
    terms




                                                      21
Influences on Marketing
             Budgets
• Market Potential – how large is the
  potential market
• Competition – what is the level of
  competition in the market
• Impact of Substitute Products – are there
  substitute products available in the market
• Process – how are performance objectives
  determined

                                           22
The Global Marketing Audit
• A comprehensive, systematic examination of the
  marketing environment and company objectives,
  strategies, programs, policies, and activities
  – Tool for evaluating and improving company or
    business unit operations
• Characteristics:
  – Formal and systematic
  – Conducted periodically



                                                   23
The Global Marketing Audit
• Internal                  • Independent
  – Conducted in-house        – Conducted by person
  – Provides critical           or firm free of
    understanding of firm       influence from
    and industry, but may       organization being
    lack objectivity            audited
                              – Provides objectivity
                                but may lack industry
                                expertise



                                                        24
Setting Objectives and Scope of
             the Audit
• One of the major tasks is data collection, a
  detailed plan is needed for
  – Interviews
  – Secondary research
  – Review of internal documents




                                             25
Conducting the Audit
• Meet with company executives and auditor
  to determine objectives, coverage, depth,
  data sources, report format, and time
  period
• Gather data
• Prepare and present the report



                                          26
Components of a Marketing Audit
•   The marketing environment audit
•   The marketing strategy audit
•   The marketing organization audit
•   The marketing system audit
•   The marketing productivity audit
•   The marketing function audit


                                       27

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Session 14 gm

  • 1. Chapter 16 Leading, Organizing, and Controlling the Global Marketing Effort 1
  • 2. Leadership Leadership is not about hierarchy or title or status: It is about having influence and mastering change. Leadership is not about bragging rights or battles or even the accumulation of wealth; it’s about connecting and engaging at multiple levels. ….Leaders can no longer view strategy and execution as abstract concepts, but must realize that both elements are ultimately about people.” - Carly Fiorina 2
  • 3. Leadership • The leader’s task is to articulate – Beliefs – Values – Policies – Intended geographical scope of activities 3
  • 4. Top Management Nationality “Companies are realizing that they have a portfolio of human resources worldwide, that their brightest technical person might come from Germany, or their best financial manager from England. They are starting to tap their worldwide human resources. And as they do, it will not be surprising to see non-Americans rise to the top.” - Christopher Bartlett, Harvard Business School 4
  • 6. Leadership and Core Competence • Executives were judged on their ability to identify, nurture, and exploit the organization’s core competencies in the 1990’s • Core competencies must – Provide potential access to a wide variety of markets – Make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits – Be difficult to imitate 6
  • 7. Organization • The goal is to find a structure that: – Enables the company to respond to relevant market environment differences – Ensures the diffusion of corporate knowledge and experience throughout the entire system • Organization’s must balance: – The value of centralized knowledge and control – The need for individualized response to local markets 7
  • 8. Organization • In global marketing there is not a single best structure • Leading-edge global competitors share one key organizational design characteristic: – Structure is flat and simple • In the 21st century corporations will have to find new, more creative ways to organize – Must be flexible, efficient, and responsive to meet the demands of globalizing markets 8
  • 9. Patterns of International Organizational Development • Organizations vary in: – Size – Potential of targeted global markets – Local management competence • Conflicting pressures may arise – For product and technical knowledge – Functional area expertise – Area and country knowledge 9
  • 11. International Division Structure • Four factors that lead to this structure – Top management’s commitment to global operations has increased enough to justify the position – Complexity of international operations requires a single organizational unity – The firm has recognized the need for internal specialists to deal with the demands of global operations – Management recognizes the importance of proactively scanning the global horizon for opportunities and threats 11
  • 12. Regional Management Centers 12
  • 13. Geographical and Product Division Structures 13
  • 14. The Matrix Design • Product or business, function, area, and customer know-how are simultaneously focused on the organization’s worldwide marketing objectives • Management must achieve organizational balance that brings together different perspectives and skills to accomplish organizational objectives 14
  • 15. The Matrix Design • Geographic knowledge – understanding of economic, social, political, and governmental market and competitive dimensions • Product knowledge and know-how – Product managers that have a worldwide responsibility can achieve new levels of product competency 15
  • 16. The Matrix Design • Functional competence – corporate staff with worldwide responsibility contributes toward the development of functional competence on a global basis • Knowledge of customer or industry and its needs – staff with responsibility for serving industries on a global basis assist organizations in their efforts to penetrate specific customer markets 16
  • 18. Lean Production: Organizing the Japanese Way • Compares craft production, mass production, and lean production – Craft production meant one worker created one product – Mass production gained advantages because one worker could do far more specialized work do to the moving assembly line – Lean production uses less factory space, smaller inventories, and quality control methods, increased efficiency by 50% over typical mass production 18
  • 19. Global Management Control • Control is defined as the process by which managers ensure that resources are used effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of organizational objectives • Planning process can be divided into two phases – Strategic planning is selection of product and market opportunities – Operational planning is the process in which strategic product or market objectives are translated into specific projects and programs 19
  • 21. Formal Control Methods • Planning • Budgeting – Determines desired – Expresses the sales and profit objectives and objectives and expenditures of projected marketing planning in a formal program expenditures document in unit and money terms 21
  • 22. Influences on Marketing Budgets • Market Potential – how large is the potential market • Competition – what is the level of competition in the market • Impact of Substitute Products – are there substitute products available in the market • Process – how are performance objectives determined 22
  • 23. The Global Marketing Audit • A comprehensive, systematic examination of the marketing environment and company objectives, strategies, programs, policies, and activities – Tool for evaluating and improving company or business unit operations • Characteristics: – Formal and systematic – Conducted periodically 23
  • 24. The Global Marketing Audit • Internal • Independent – Conducted in-house – Conducted by person – Provides critical or firm free of understanding of firm influence from and industry, but may organization being lack objectivity audited – Provides objectivity but may lack industry expertise 24
  • 25. Setting Objectives and Scope of the Audit • One of the major tasks is data collection, a detailed plan is needed for – Interviews – Secondary research – Review of internal documents 25
  • 26. Conducting the Audit • Meet with company executives and auditor to determine objectives, coverage, depth, data sources, report format, and time period • Gather data • Prepare and present the report 26
  • 27. Components of a Marketing Audit • The marketing environment audit • The marketing strategy audit • The marketing organization audit • The marketing system audit • The marketing productivity audit • The marketing function audit 27

Editor's Notes

  1. Global marketing demands exceptional leadership. The hallmark of a global company is the capacity to formulate and implement global strategies that leverage worldwide learning, respond fully to local needs and wants, and draw on the talent and energy of every member of the organization. This heroic task requires global vision and sensitivity to local needs. Overall, the leader’s challenge is to direct the efforts and creativity of everyone in the company toward a global effort that best utilizes organizational resources to exploit global opportunities.
  2. Corporate leaders and their national background.
  3. Few companies are likely to build world leadership in more than five or six fundamental competencies. In the long run, an organization will derive its global competitiveness from its ability to bring high-quality, low-cost products to market faster than its competitors. To do this, an organization must be viewed as a portfolio of competencies rather than a portfolio of businesses.
  4. A key issue in global organization is how to achieve balance between autonomy and integration. Subsidiaries need autonomy to adapt to their local environment, but the business as a whole needs integration to implement global strategy.
  5. Recently, several authors have described new organization designs that represent responses to today’s the competitive environment. These designs acknowledge the need to find more responsive and flexible structures, to flatten the organization, and to employ teams. There is the recognition of the need to develop networks, to develop stronger relationships among participants, and to exploit technology. These designs also reflect an evolution in approaches to organizational effectiveness. At the turn of the century, Frederick Taylor claimed that all managers had to see the world the same way. Then came the contingency theorists who said that effective organizations design themselves to match their conditions. These two basic theories are reflected in today’s popular management writings. As Henry Mintzberg has observed, “To Michael Porter, effectiveness resides in strategy, while to Tom Peters it is the operations that count—executing any strategy with excellence.”
  6. Because the constellation of pressures that shape organizations is never exactly the same, no two organizations pass through organizational stages in exactly the same way, nor do they arrive at precisely the same organizational pattern. Nevertheless, some general patterns hold. These will be discussed in the next few slides.
  7. As a company’s international business grows, the complexity of coordinating and directing this activity extends beyond the scope of a single person. Pressure is created to assemble a staff that will take responsibility for coordination and direction of the growing international activities of the organization. Eventually, this pressure leads to the creation of the international division. The executive in charge of the international division typically has a direct reporting relationship to corporate staff and thus ranks at the same level as the executives in charge of finance, marketing, operations, and other functional areas.
  8. When business is conducted in a single region that is characterized by similarities in economic, social, geographical, and political conditions, there is both justification and need for a management center. This stage of organizational evolution is the emergence of an area or regional headquarters as a management layer between the country organization and the international division headquarters. A regional center typically coordinates decisions on pricing, sourcing, and other matters. Executives at the regional center also participate in the planning and control of each country’s operations with an eye toward applying company knowledge on a regional basis and optimally utilizing corporate resources on a regional basis.
  9. As a company becomes more global, management frequently faces the dilemma of whether to organize by geography or by product lines. The geographical structure involves the assignment of operational responsibility for geographic areas of the world to line managers. The corporate headquarters retains responsibility for worldwide planning and control, and each area of the world—including the “home” or base market—is organizationally equal. When an organization assigns regional or worldwide product responsibility to its product divisions, manufacturing standardization can result in significant economies.
  10. Professor John Hunt of the London Business School suggests four considerations regarding the matrix organizational design. First, the matrix is appropriate when the market is demanding and dynamic. Second, employees must accept higher levels of ambiguity and understand that policy manuals cannot cover every eventuality. Third, in country markets where the command-and-control model persists, it is best to overlay matrices on only small portions of the workforce. Finally, management must be able to clearly state what each axis of the matrix can and cannot do. However, this must be accomplished without creating a bureaucracy
  11. Having established that the matrix is appropriate, management can expect the matrix to integrate four basic competencies on a worldwide basis:
  12. This organization chart starts with a bottom section that represents a single-country responsibility level, moves to representing the area or international level, and finally moves to representing global responsibility from the product divisions to the corporate staff, to the chief executive at the top of the structure.
  13. Global marketing presents formidable problems to managers responsible for marketing control. Each national market is different from every other market. Distance and differences in language, custom, and practice create communications problems. As noted earlier in the chapter, in larger companies, the size of operations and number of country subsidiaries often result in the creation of an intermediate headquarters. This adds an organizational level to the control system.
  14. This slide illustrates the relationship of strategic planning, operational planning and the control process.
  15. Planning and budgeting are two basic tools of formal marketing control. Planning is determining desired sales and profit objectives and projected marketing program expenditures in unit and money terms. The formal document in which these objectives and expenditures are expressed is a budget. Control consists of measuring actual sales and expenditures. In the case of no variance (or a favorable variance) between actual and budget, no action is usually taken. An unfavorable variance—lower unit sales than planned, for example—acts as a red flag that attracts the attention of line and staff executives at regional and international headquarters. They will investigate and attempt to determine the cause of the unfavorable variance and what might be done to improve performance.
  16. In preparing a budget or plan, these factors are important.
  17. The objective of periodic audits is to identify existing and potential problems and opportunities in a company’s marketing performance and to recommend a plan of action for improving that performance. In other words, the global marketing audit is a tool for evaluating and improving a company’s (or business unit’s) global marketing operations.
  18. The first step of an audit is a meeting between company executives and the auditor to agree on objectives, coverage, depth, data sources, report format, and time period for the audit.