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2º ESO
IES Camilo José Cela
Teacher: Rocío Bautista
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
1st Millennium BC
PRE-ROMAN PEOPLE:
- 1st) Colonisers
(Phoenicians, Greeks,
Carthaginians) &
Tartessians.
- 2nd) Iberians & Celts.
218 BC – 476 AD
ROMAN
HISPANIA
476 – 711
VISIGOTH
KINGDOM
711 – 1492
Coexistence of:
- AL-ANDALUS
(south)
- CHRISTIAN
KINGDOMS (north)
 711 - 1492: some parts of the Iberian Peninsula were
ruled by the Muslims and other parts by the Christians.
The territories ruled by each of them varied along history:
 711-722: The Muslims conquered
most of the Iberian Peninsula.
The territory under their control
is known as Al-Andalus.
 722-1492: Christian kingdoms of
the north of the Iberian Peninsula
fought to regain control over the
territories ruled by the Moors.
This historical process which
lasted over 7 centuries is known
as the “Reconquista”.
ACTIVITY 1:
Explain with your own words
the political situation in the
Iberian Peninsula between
711 and 1492.
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
EUROPE
IBERIAN.PEN.
(Al-Andalus area)
8th Century 9th Century 10th Century 11th Century
MOORSBEGINCONQUEST700
800
900
1000
1100
711 1031
DESINTEGRATIONOFTHECALIPHATE.
1stTAIFAS
756
ABDERRAMANI.BEINNINGOF
INDEPENDENTEMIRATE
CALIPHATEOFCORDOBA
929
INDEPENDENT
EMIRATE
CALIPHATE
OF
CORDOBA
DEPENDENT
EMIRATE
732
BATTLEOFPOITIERS
(MuslimsVSFranks,withCharles
MartelasMayorofPalace.
STARTCAROLINGIAN
DINASTY(PepintheShort)
751 768
CHARLEMAGNE
CHARLEMAGNEDIES
814 843
TREATYOFVERDUN.UNITY
LOSS
FEUDALISM
CAROLINGIANSMEROVINGIANS
11th Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century 15th Century
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1031
DISINTEGRATIONOFTHECALIPHATE.1STTAIFAS
CAPTUREOFTOLEDO.ARRIVALOFTHEALMORAVIDS
1085
ALMORAVID
EMPIRE
1stTAIFAS
1145
DISINTIGRATIONOFTHEEMPIRE.2NDTAIFAS
2ndTAIFAS
ALMOHAD
EMPIRE
ALMOHADSUNIFYAL-ANDALUS
1172 1212
BATTLENAVASDETOLOSA.
3rdTAIFAS
1265
NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA
1492
CAPTUREOFGRANADABYTHECATHOLICMONARCHS
CHRISTIANCONQUERALLTHETAIFASEXCEPTGRANADA
HIGH MIDDLE AGES (Renaissance of cities) LATE MIDDLE AGES
Instead of studying these units chronologically (as in the
book), we are going to study them territorially. So…
 1st  We’ll study the Muslim area: AL-ANDALUS:
 Unit 4: pages 68 - 75
 Unit 6: pages 112 - 113
 Unit 7: pages 134 - 135
 2nd  We’ll study the Christian area: CHRISTIAN
KINGDOMS:
 Unit 4: pages 76 - 83
 Unit 6: pages 114 - 125
 Unit 7: pages 136 - 139
‫األندلس‬
Unit 4: pages 68-75
Unit 6: pages 112-113
Unit 7: pages 134 - 135
DEPENDENT
EMIRATE
711-756
INDEPENDENT
EMIRATE
756-929
CALIPHATE OF
CORDOBA
929-1031
TAIFAS &
NORTH-
AFRICAN
RULERS
1031 - 1265
NASRID
KINGDOM OF
GRANADA
1265 - 1492
 Early 8th century: Muslims conquered most of the
Iberian Pen. They called this territory Al-Andalus.
 We can distinguish different periods in the history
of Al-Andalus:
CALIPHATE
CHRON
OLOGY
WHO
WHERE
THE
CALIPHS?
CAPITAL
CONQUESTS / EXTENSION
ORTHODOX
632
-
661
Family and
closest
friends of
Muhammad.
Medina
(Saudi
Arabia)
Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa,
Mesopotamia and Persia (Irak and
Iran).
UMAYYAD
661
-
750
Ummayad
family
Damascus
(Syria)
Biggest extension of the empire:
WEST  North of Africa, Iberian
Pen.
EAST  India and border of China.
ABBASID
750
-
1258
Abbasid
family
Baghdad
(Iraq)
The expansion ended (only some
minor conquests: Crete and Sicily).
In 1258 the Mongolians conquered
Baghdad.
Remembering the Islamic Empire
VIDEO
ABOUT THE
CONQUEST
ACTIVITY 2: VIDEO
Answer the questions as you
watch the video about the
Muslim conquest of the
Iberian peninsula
a) What tribe of indigenous people from Northern Africa did the Islamic Empire convert?
b) What soldiers of the Islamic Empire were sent to invade the Iberian Peninsula: the
Berbers, the Arabs, or both?
c) What Berber lead the Islamic Army in the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula?
d) When did Islam crossed the Strait of Gibraltar? How many years had passed since the
birth of this religion?
e) What civilization did the Islamic Army defeat in their first battle in the Iberian Peninsula?
Who was the leader of this civilization? What is the name of the battle?
In 711 a Muslim army led by the general Tarik crossed the
Strait of Gibraltar to plunder the area.
 Army formed by Arabs but mostly Berbers.
 Visigoth King Don Rodrigo was defeated at the battle of Guadalete.
 Easy victory  encouraged them to advance further
Don Rodrigo, the last Visigoth king, died in the Battle of Guadalete (711)
711: Battle of Guadalete.
The Muslim army, led by Tarik, defeated the Visigoth King Don Rodrigo and began the
conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
Umayyads
In just about a century, the Muslims had expanded their empire from the Arabian
Peninsula up to the Pyrenees.
In few years the Muslims occupied most of the Peninsula. Causes for this quick
conquest:
 Superiority of the Muslim army
 Internal conflicts of the Visigoths
 Support that Muslims received from some Jews and Visigoth nobles who agreed to
surrender in exchange for keeping their properties.
VIDEO
ABOUT THE
CONQUEST
711
712
715
Umayyads
Umayyads
Umayyads
The Muslim invasion was halted in the mountainous region of
Asturias, when a group of Christians led by Don Pelayo (Visigoth
noble) defeated the Muslims in the battle of Covadonga (722).
This battle is taken as the beginning of “La Reconquista”.
Monument to
Don Pelayo in
Covadonga
(Asturias)
The KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS
was the first Christian Kingdom
of the North of Spain after
the beginning of “LA
RECONQUISTA”
711 712
715 Asturias
722
Umayyads
Umayyads
Umayyads
Umayyads
The Muslims also attacked the south of France, but they were
defeated by the Franks at the Battle of Poitiers (732), so they
retreated to the Iberian Peninsula.
VIDEO
ABOUT THE
CONQUEST
 The Muslims called the conquered region AL-ANDALUS. Between
711-756 it was a DEPENDENT EMIRATE: a province that
depended politically & religiously on the Umayyad Caliphate
of Damascus. The capital of Al-Andalus was Córdoba.
VIDEO
ABOUT THE
CONQUEST
ACTIVITY 3:
Answer to the following questions
a) Define:
 Tarik
 Berbers
 Don Rodrigo
 Don Pelayo
 Emirate
b) Explain the beginning of “La Reconquista”.
Do you remember…??
In Arabia, in 750, the
Abbasid dynasty deposed
the Umayyads, killing all
of them. But one of them
achieved to escape:
ABDERRAMAN I!!!
 756: the Umayyad prince Abderraman I
arrived in the Iberian Peninsula after escaping
from the assassination of his family by the
Abbasids. Taking advantage of the local
tensions between Arabs & Berbers he deposed
the emir of Al-Andalus and established an
INDEPENDENT EMIRATE.
 Politically independent
 But it still recognized the religious authority
of the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad.
 During this period Al-Andalus suffered several problems:
The Christian
Kingdoms
advanced from
the North and
took Zamora.
The Franks conquered Girona &
Barcelona, and established the
Spanish March.
Rebellion of the Muladi
(Christians converted to
Islam), who felt
discriminated.
929: Abderraman III proclaimed himself Caliph, leading to a
political & religious independence from the Abbasid Caliphate of
Baghdad.
In 929 Al-Andalus gained total independence from the Islamic Empire
(Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad). Abderraman III no longer recognized
political nor religious dependence on Baghdad.
The reign of Abderraman III was the period of greatest splendour of
Al-Andalus:
 He reorganized the army and ended internal revolts
 He launched punitive expeditions against the Christian kingdoms to stop
their expansion, and forced them to pay taxes to the Muslims (so they
wouldn't be attacked)
 Cordoba became the most important capital in the West
The prosperity continued under other caliphs like Hisham II. He
was only 10 years old when he became caliph, so he delegated
government to Almanzor, a military leader who achieved great
successes over the Christians (eg: plunders of Santiago,
Barcelona…).
When Almanzor died (1002) the caliphate fell into crisis due to a
civil war between...
Followers of
Almanzor’s son
Followers of
Hisham II
V.S.
From 1031 onwards,
Al-Andalus suffered a
great instability
 1031: the governors of the
provinces declared their
independence  the Caliphate of
Cordoba was disintegrated into
28 small independent Muslim
kingdoms called “Taifas”.
ACTIVITY 4: Answer to the following
questions
a) Define:
 Abderraman I
 Abderraman III
 Almanzor
 Caliphate
 Spanish March
b) Explain what happened to the Caliphate of
Cordoba in 1031 and why.
After the end of the caliphate
of Cordoba (1031) Al-Andalus
began a progressive decline…
 The Taifas competed among themselves for territorial & cultural
prestige. This made them very weak.
1031: the Caliphate of Cordoba had disintegrated into 28 TAIFAS
 small independent Muslim kingdoms.
This conquest was seen by the Muslims as the
“beginning of the end” of Al-Andalus  to avoid
it, the Taifas asked for help to THE ALMORAVIDS
(a Muslim Empire that was ruling in the North of
Africa).
 The Christian Kingdoms took
advantage of this weakness:
 Charged them taxes (“parias”)
in exchange of peace.
 Despite the parias, the
Reconquista continued. In
1085 the king of Leon,
Alfonso VI, conquered the
Taifa of Toledo.
 In 1085 the Almoravids came to
the Peninsula to help the Taifa
kings, and defeated the Christians
at the Battle of Sagrajas (1086).
 The Almoravids reunified Al-Andalus
and incorporated it into their
empire.
 The Almoravids implemented a
strong religious radicalism,
persecuting Mozarabs & Jews. Their
rigidness led them to an internal
crisis that caused…:
 The disintegration of Al-Andalus
again into Taifas in 1145.
 In N. Africa the Almoravids were
replaced by a new dynasty, the
Almohads (1147).
 The 2nd Taifas remained independent until 1172, when they
were conquered by the THE ALMOHADS (the dynasty that had
replaced the Almoravids in North Africa).
THE ALMOHAD
EMPIRE
In 1172 the Almohads reunified Al-Andalus again and incorporated
into their empire.
 First the Almohads stopped the Reconquista for a while (e.g.:
Battle of Alarcos, 1195)
 However, the Almohads were defeated by the Christians in
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1212. After this battle:
 The Almohads
retreated to north
Africa and Al-Andalus
was disintegrated
again into the 3rd
TAIFAS.
 Christians reached the
Valley of Guadalquivir.
BATTLE OF
LAS NAVAS
DE TOLOSA
(JAEN, 1212)
It was a decisive turning point in the Reconquista,
since it enabled the Christians to reach the Valley
of Guadalquivir. In the following 50 years they were
able to reduce Al-Andalus to Granada.
The 3rd Taifas were gradually conquered by the Christians.
In 1238 Al-Andalus had been reduced to the Nasrid Kingdom of
Granada.
Iberian Peninsula
in 1238
The Crown
of Castilla
conquered
the taifas of
Córdoba,
Jaen,
Sevilla,
Cadiz &
Murcia.
The Crown
of Aragon
conquered
the taifas of
Mallorca,
Valencia.
It survived for more than 200 years due to:
 Their geographical location:
 The mountains (Sierra Nevada) acted as a natural defensive barrier.
 The access to the Mediterranean enabled them to receive support
of Muslims from North Africa & develop a rich trade.
 Payment of “parias” to the Kings of Castilla.
 1492: after a 10-years war, the
Catholic Monarchs captured Granada.
“La Reconquista” had finished!!
BOABDIL EL CHICO,
the last Mulsim king of
Al-Andalus.
Scenes of the series
“Isabel” (RTVE):
• Surrender of Granada.
• El suspiro del moro.
ACTIVITY 5: Answer to the following
questions
a) Define:
 Parias
 Almoravids
 Almohads
b) Explain why in 1085 the kings of the Taifas
asked for help to the Almoravids.
c) Explain the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, why
was it important and what happened to Al-
Andalus after it.
d) Why was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada able
to resist the Christians for over 200 years?
Who was the last Muslim king of Al-Andalus?
ACTIVITY 6: fill in the
timeline of Al-Andalus
including the events
that took place in the
following years:
 711
 722
 756
 929
 1031
 1085
 1086
 1145
 1172
 1195
 1212
 1238
 1492
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
Government &
administration
The government of al-Andalus changed from being an
emirate to a caliphate.
EMIRATE
Ruled by an emir
who had political
power:
 Administration
 Justice
 Army
 Foreign policy
CALIPHATE
Ruled by a caliph
who had political
& religious power.
Al-Andalus was divided
into provinces called
“koras”. Each kora had
a:
 “wali”  governor
(political
administrator)
 “kadi”  judge
An army made up of
essentially
mercenaries was key to
controlling the territory.
Government &
administration
Trade was very
profitable due to
the strategic
location of al-
Andalus, lying
between Africa
and Europe.
The basis of
the economy
was
agriculture.
The climate was very dry. The products that the Muslims
brought with them from the East (oranges, cotton, rice,
sugar cane, saffron…) required more water.
So they had to build good irrigation systems. They built waterwheels in
the rivers that dumped the water into channels, which carried the water
to the town and fields. This made agriculture much more productive.
Economy
What
groups
existed
in their
diverse
society?
Society in Al-Andalus
The Arabs
The Arabs in al-Andalus...
• Were Muslims (like the Berbers).
• Were the minority. There were not many Arabs, but they had
most of the privileges.
• Were given the best land.
• Occupied the highest positions in administration and the army.
• Were the aristocracy.
The
Berbers
The Berbers in al-Andalus...
• Were Muslims (like the Arabs). They were a Muslim group from
Northern Africa.
• Were the majority. There were many Berbers, but they had few
privileges.
• Were the ordinary soldiers in the Muslim Army. The Berbers
were the soldiers who led the conquest.
Muladies
The Muladies in al-Andalus...
• Were Christian converts to Islam.
• Many people converted so they eventually became the
majority of the population.
• Some converted because Muslims paid less taxes than
non-Muslims.
The Mozarabs in al-Andalus...
• Were Christians who kept their religion and culture.
• At first, some Christians had important jobs in the
government, but gradually they lost influence.
Mozarabs
The Jews in al-Andalus...
• Were mostly merchants.
• They played an important role in the economy
of al-Andalus.
Jews
In the beginning, the Muslim rulers treated the Christians and Jews
quite well, so most of them stayed in al-Andalus. The conflicts that
took place were not just between Muslims and Christians: sometimes
the Berbers rebelled against the Arabs.
Later, there was less tolerance of non-Muslims so Christians and
Jews escaped to the Christian kingdoms in the north.
ACTIVITY 7: Answer to the following
questions
a) Page 70, exercises: 1a / 1c / 2
b) Why was foreign trade an important activity
in Al-Andalus?
c) What social groups in al-Andalus were
Muslims?
d) Draw a social pyramid to represent the
society of al-Andalus. Make sure your
pyramid illustrates the power of the group and
the size of the group.
Unit 4: pages 76-83
Unit 6: pages 114-125
Unit 7: pages 136 - 139
 Early 8th century: some Christians resisted the
Muslim conquest in mountainous areas in the
north (Cantabrian Mts. & Pyrenees).
 Gradually these areas developed into independent
kingdoms known as the CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS.
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
Evolution of the Christian kingdoms
 We can distinguish two areas where independent
Christian Kingdoms appeared:
 CANTABRIAN AREA:
 Kingdom of Asturias (later Kingdom of Leon)
 County of Castilla (later Kingdom of Castilla)
 PYRENEAN AREA:
 Kingdom of Pamplona (later Kingdom of Navarra)
 County of Aragón (later Kingdom of Aragón)
 Catalan Counties
1037: unified 
Kingdom of
Castilla y León
REMEMBER!!!!
 722: Don Pelayo defeated the Muslims at the battle of
Covadonga., establishing the first Christian Kingdom:
 Kingdom of Asturias.
 Later on, one of its counties became independent:
 Kingdom of Castilla
 It was created after the battle of Covadonga (722),
when Don Pelayo and the local inhabitants (Astures)
defeated the Muslims. The capital was established
in Oviedo.
 Early 10th Century: the kingdom had expanded until
the Duero River, so to have a better control over the
territory the capital was moved to León. From then
on it was known as the Kingdom of León.
 End 10th century the expansion stopped due to
Almanzor’s plunder campaigns.
Asturias
722
(Don Pelayo & Alfonso I)
 The Kingdom of Asturias was frequently attacked by the Muslims
through its eastern border. For that reason, they established
several counties to defend the kingdom. They were ruled by
counts, and many castles where built.
Can you guess why is it
called “Castilla”!!?!?!
 10th Century: these counties where unified by the count Fernán
Gonzalez.
 1030: Castilla was unified with the Kingdom of Pamplona.
(marriage: Sancho III el Mayor of Pamplona & Fernan Gonzalez’s great-granddaughter)
 1035: Castilla was inherited by Fernando I, so it became an
independent kingdom.
 1037: Fernando I defeated the king of León (Bermudo III) and
formed the Kingdom of Castilla y León.
The Kingdom of
Castilla has its origin
in a group of counties
created in the eastern
border of the Kingdom
of Asturias to prevent
Muslim’s attacks.
Fernán González
unified them in 931.
1035: when Sancho III el Mayor died, he
divided the territories of the Kingdom of
Pamplona among his sons. The county of
Castilla was inherited by Fernando I.
1037: Fernando I unified Castilla & León
(Kingdom of Castilla & León) by defeating
the king of Leon (Bermudo III).
REMEMBER!!!!
 732: Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of
Poitiers.
 By the beginning of the 9th Century Charlemagne had
conquered Girona (785) & Barcelona (801), so all along the
Pyrenees he established the Spanish March, which was formed by
several counties that were the origin of three Christian Kingdoms:
 Kingdom of Pamplona
 Kingdom of Aragón
 Catalan Counties
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
 9th Century: a Vascon family (the Aristas), gained independence
both from the Muslims (711-799) & the Franks (799-810), and
established the Kingdom of Pamplona.
 11th Century: the kingdom was at its peak under Sancho III el
Mayor, who ruled over Pamplona, Aragón & Castilla. He died in
1035 and divided his territory among his sons:
 Pamplona  for García III
 Castilla  for Fernando I
 Aragón  for Ramiro I
Now they become independent kingdoms
 9th Century: it was a county under control of the Franks, but it
soon became independent. (810, Aznar I Galíndez).
 10th Century: it was made part of the Kingdom of Pamplona.
(marriage of the daughter of the count of Aragón with the king of Pamplona -García Sánchez I)
 1035: Sancho III el Mayor died and his son Ramiro I inherited
the territories of Aragon and made it an independent kingdom.
 End 8th Century: the area was conquered by the Franks (785,
Girona - 801, BCN) and became part of the Spanish March.
 End 9th Century (878): Wilfredo el Velloso unified all the Catalan
Counties.
 End 10th Century (988): they become independent from the
Franks, since they didn’t help the Count of Barcelona (Borrell II)
when the city was plundered by Almanzor (985).
Iberian peninsula
(8th-11th century)
AL-ANDALUS
(SOUTH)
Dependent
Emirate of
Damascus
(711-756)
Independent
Emirate
(756-929)
Caliphate of
Córdoba
(929-1031)
CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
(NORTH)
KINGDOM OF
ASTURIAS
Origin: battle of
Covadonga (722), Don
Pelayo & the Astures
defeated the Muslims.
Capital established in
Oviedo.
Early 10th Century:
kingdom had
expanded until to the
Duero River. Capital
moved to Leon to
control the territory
better  Kingdom of
León.
End 10th Century:
expansion stopped
due to Almanzor’s
plunder campaigns.
COUNTY OF CASTILLA
Origin: as a group of
counties in the Eastern
border of the Kingdom of
Asturias to stop Muslim’s
attacks. Ruled by counts;
many castles.
10th Century: these counties
where unified by the count
Fernán Gonzalez
1030: annexed to the
Kingdom of Pamplona
(marriage).
1035: Castilla was inherited
by Fernando I (son of Sancho
III el Mayor of Pamplona); it
became an independent
kingdom.
1037: Fernando I defeated
the king of León  Kingdom
of Castilla y León.
KINGDOM OF
PAMPLONA
9th Century: a Vascon
family gained
independence both from
the Muslims & the Franks
(Spanish March), and
established the Kingdom
of Pamplona.
11th Century: the kingdom
was at its peak under
Sancho III el Mayor, who
ruled over Pamplona,
Aragón & Castilla. He died
in 1035 and divided his
territory among his sons:
- Pamplona  Garcia III
- Castilla  Fernando I
- Aragón  Ramiro I
KINGDOM OF
ARAGÓN
9th Century: it began
as a county under
control of the Franks
(Spanish March), but
it soon became
independent.
10th Century:
annexed to the
Kingdom of
Pamplona
(marriage).
1035: Aragon was
inherited by Ramiro I
(son of Sancho III el
Mayor of Pamplona);
it became an
independent
kingdom.
CATALAN COUNTIES
End of the 8th Century:
conquered by the Franks
and became part of the
Spanish March.
End of the 9th Century:
Wilfredo el Velloso
unified all the Catalan
Counties.
End 10th Century: they
become independent
from the Franks, since
they didn’t help the
Count of Barcelona when
the city was plundered
by Almanzor.
ACTIVITY 1: fill in a blank map with the situation of
the Iberian Peninsula in 1035.
IBERIAN PENINSULA
IN 1035
KINGDOM
OF LEON
KINGDOM OF
PAMPLONA
IBERIAN PENINSULA
IN 1035
ACTIVITY 2: answer to the following questions.
a) Which was the first Christian Kingdom in the
Iberian Peninsula?
b) Explain the origin of the Kingdom of Castilla.
c) What’s the common origin of the Kingdom of
Pamplona, the Kingdom of Aragon, and the
Catalan Counties?
d) Who was Sancho III el Mayor? What happened
to his kingdom when he died?
e) How many independent “Christian Kingdoms”
existed in the Iberian Peninsula in 1035? And in
1037?
Evolution of the Christian kingdoms
 Between the 11th – 15th centuries, the Christian
Kingdoms evolved until only 4 remained by the end of
the 15th Century:
 Kingdom of Portugal
 Crown of Castilla
 Kingdom of Navarra
 Crown of Aragon
 By the early 16th century (1512), there were only 2
kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula:
 Spain
 Portugal
1479: unification of Castilla & Aragon.
1512: annexation of Navarra)
 11th Century: it was a county of the Kingdom of
Castilla & León (1096).
 1143: it became an independent kingdom, when the
count of Portugal (Alfonso Enríquez) and the King of
Castilla y Leon (Alfonso VII) signed the Treaty of
Zamora.
 11th -12th Century: Castilla & León, that had been unified by
Fernando I in 1037, went through several unifications & divisions.
 1143: the county of Portugal became an independent kingdom.
 1230: Fernando III definitely unifies Castilla & León. It becomes the
CROWN OF CASTILLA.
 1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón
(Fernando): Catholic Monarchs.
 Territorial conquests:
IN AL-ANDALUS:
 1085: Toledo by Alfonso VI
 12th century: Cuenca
 13th century: after Las Navas de Tolosa (1212):
 Cordoba, Jaen & Sevilla by Fernando III
 Cádiz & Murcia by Alfonso X
 1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs
IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN: Canary Islands, Melilla, America…
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
 1035: Sancho III el Mayor divided it between his
sons:
 Pamplona  Garcia III
 Castilla  Fernando I
 Aragón  Ramiro I
 1512: annexed to Spain.
Territorial conquests: Navarra
wasn’t able to expand due to
the expansion of the Crowns of
Castilla and Aragon.
 1035: Aragon became an independent kingdom under
Ramiro I.
 1137: Petronila (heiress of Aragon) married Ramón de
Berenguer IV (count of Barcelona). This marriage meant
the unification of the Kingdom of Aragón and the Catalan
Counties, that became the CROWN OF ARAGÓN.
 1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of Castilla (Isabel) &
Aragón (Fernando): Catholic Monarchs.
Territorial conquests:
 IN AL-ANDALUS:
 1118: Zaragoza
 12th Century: Lleida by Ramón de Berenguer IV
 13th Century: Mallorca, Valencia by Jaime I
 IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: Sicily, Sardinia, Naples…
 Dynastic union: union of several kingdoms
that are governed by the same king. However,
each kingdom is independent and keeps its
own institutions and laws.
INTERACTIVE MAP OF THE CROWN
OF ARAGON
http://www.explorethemed.com/AragonMed.asp?c=1
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
Iberian peninsula
(11th-15th century)
AL-ANDALUS
(SOUTH)
1st Taifas
(1031-1085)
Almoravid
Empire
(1085-1145)
2nd Taifas
(1145-1172)
Almohad
Empire
(1172-1212)
3rd Taifas
(1212-1265)
Nasrid
Kingdom of
Granada
(1265-1492)
CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
(NORTH)
KINGDOM OF
PORTUGAL
11th Century: it was a
county of the
Kingdom of Castilla &
León.
1143: it became an
independent
kingdom, when the
count of Portugal
(Alfonso Enríquez)
and the King of
Castilla y Leon signed
the Treaty of Zamora.
CROWN OF CASTILLA
11th -12th Century: Castilla & León, that had
been unified by Fernando I in 1037, went
through several unifications & divisions.
1143: the county of Portugal became an
independent kingdom.
1230: Fernando III definitely unifies Castilla
& León. It becomes the CROWN OF
CASTILLA.
1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of
Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón (Fernando):
Catholic Monarchs.
Territorial conquests:
IN AL-ANDALUS:
1085: Toledo by Alfonso VI
12th Century: Cuenca
13th Century: after Las Navas de Tolosa
(1212):
- Fernando III: Córdoba, Jaen, Sevilla.
- Alfonso X: Cadiz, Murcia
1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the
Catholic Monarchs
IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN: Canary Islands,
Melilla, America.
KINGDOM OF
NAVARRA
1035: Sancho III en
Mayor divided it between
his sons:
- Pamplona  Garcia III
- Castilla  Fernando I
- Aragón  Ramiro
1512: it was annexed to
Spain.
Territorial conquests:
Wasn’t able to expand
due to the expansion of
the Crowns of Castilla and
Aragon.
CROWN OF ARAGÓN
1035: Aragon became an independent
kingdom under Ramiro I.
1137: Petronila (heiress of Aragón) married
Ramón de Berenguer IV (count of
Barcelona, unifying the Kingdom of Aragon
and the Catalan Counties, becoming the
CROWN OF ARAGÓN.
1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of
Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón (Fernando):
Catholic Monarchs.
Territorial conquests:
IN AL-ANDALUS:
1118: Zaragoza
12th Century: Lleida by Ramón de
Berenguer IV
13th Century: Mallorca, Valencia by Jaime I
1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the
Catholic Monarchs
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: Sicily, Sardinia,
Naples.
ACTIVITY 3: answer to the following questions.
a) What’s the origin of Portugal? When was it made
independent?
b) When did the Catalan counties & Aragon unified?
c) Explain the unification of the territories of the Iberian
Peninsula (except Portugal): steps & type of union.
d) What way did the foreign expansion of Castilla &
Aragón directed?
e) Put the following territories in the corresponding
column: America, Sevilla, Valencia, Sardinia, Cordoba,
Naples, Lleida, Murcia, Toledo, Cuenca, Zaragoza,
Jaen, Sicily, Canary Islands, Mallorca, Melilla, Cadiz,
Crown of Castilla Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Castilla &
the Crown of Aragon
had different political
organizations.
 The Christian kingdoms were governed by kings, but
the extent of power was different in each territory:
UNITARIAN
MONARCHY:
territory was a
single entity, all
power was
centralised in the
king. It was
characterized by
the principle of
authoritarianism.
Crown
of
Castilla FEDERAL MONARCHY:
territory was composed of
several kingdoms (Aragon,
Catalonia, Mallorca &
Valencia) which had certain
independence (own
institutions, laws…). It was
characterized by the
principle of pactism (the
central government had to
reach agreements with the
regional “Cortes”).
Crown
of
Aragon
 Kings were helped in government by…
 Beginning: the Royal Council (Curia Regis)  assembly of
nobles & clergy.
 Late 12th Century onwards: the Cortes  assembly of nobles,
clergy & city representatives (bourgeoisie).
FUNCTION OF THE “CORTES”:
 IN CASTILLA: the main function was to impose taxes. They
didn’t have power to approve laws, they only gave advice to
the king.
 IN ARAGÓN: each kingdom had its own Cortes. They had
power to approve the laws that the king gave to them. They
created the Generalitat, a permanent institution that
supervised the agreements between the king and the Cortes,
and controlled the army.
The “Cortes”,
presided by
the king
ACTIVITY 4: answer to the following questions.
 Page 105:
 Exercise 1-a
 Exercise 2
 Explain the differences between the
Cortes of Castilla and the ones of Aragon.
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
As the Reconquista
captured lands from
the Muslims,
different methods of
repopulating the land
were used.
 COUNCIL
REPOPULATION
 REPOPULATION BY
MILITARY ORDERS
 REPOPULATION BY
DISTRIBUTION
REPOPULATION = occupation of conquered territories.
Characteristics:
 Occupied territory was divided into councils formed
by a fortified town.
 Since these territories were threatened by Muslim’s
attacks, the king gave “fueros” (charters) with
important privileges to people that moved to this
areas.
COUNCIL REPOPULATION:
 Between the Duero & the Tajo;
Ebro valley.
FUERO OF SEPULVEDA (Segovia):
http://breviariocastellano.blogspot.com.es/2006/01/texto-de-fuero-de-seplveda-traducido-y.html
Characteristics:
 Used in dangerous scarcely populated frontier
areas.
 Depended on military orders composed of warrior-
monks, that in exchange received large manors
called maestrazgos.
REPOPULATION BY MILITARY
ORDERS
 Between the Tajo & Sierra
Morena; Valleys of Turia & Jucar.
Can you guess which military order repopulated the
area around present-day Ciudad Real?
The 4 main military orders:
• In Castilla: Calatrava,
Santiago y Alcántara.
• In Aragón: Montesa.
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
Characteristics:
 Land was distributed according to the contribution
made to the conquest of the territory:
 Nobles received large territories (latifundia).
 Peasants received small portions of land.
REPOPULATION BY DISTRIBUTION
 Guadalquivir valley; Murcia;
Levante; Balearic Islands.
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
 Most activity: agriculture
 In dry lands: cereals, olive trees and vines
(Mediterranean triad)
 In irrigated areas: fruits and vegetables
 In Castilla, sheep herding was also very important
 In the cities:
 Castilla: wool textiles
 Crown of Aragon: linen & cotton textiles
Mediterranean
triad in drier lands
Fruits & vegetables
in irrigated areas
Sheep herding
in Castilla
The trade fair of Medina del
Campo (Valladolid) was key in
the international wool trade
KING
• Privileged groups: special
laws, no taxes, access to
important positions in
administration…
HIGH
NOBILITY &
HIGH CLERGY
LOW NOBILITY &
LOW CLERGY
•THE
COMMONS
 non-
privileged
groups
NON-CHRISTIANS (JEWS, MUDEJARES,
JUDEOCONVERSOS & MORISCOS)
CITIES
(11th century onwards)
-URBAN OLIGARCHY
(wealthy merchants,
bankers…)
-SMALLER MERCHANTS
& CRAFTSPEOPLE
-POOR PEOPLE (begged
or worked for very little
wages)
COUNTRYSIDE
-FREE
PEASANTS
-SERFS THAT
WORKED IN
NOBLES’
FIEFS
Social Divisions
__________________________________________
Had special privileges like legal rights, exemption from
taxes, and access to important positions in
administration.
First strata...
__________________________________________
Had special privileges like legal rights, exemption from
taxes, and access to important positions in
administration.
First strata...
Clergy and Nobility
The ruling class of
wealthy merchants,
bankers & guilds’
masters.
The middle
class of smaller
merchants and
craftspeople
A class of poor
people without
a trade that
either begged
or worked for
very little wages
Second strata...
Social Divisions
The ruling class of
wealthy merchants,
bankers & guilds’
masters.
The middle
class of smaller
merchants and
craftspeople
A class of poor
people without
a trade that
either begged
or worked for
very little wages
Thecommons
Urbansociety
Peasants
The ruling class of
wealthy merchants,
bankers & guilds’
masters.
The middle
class of smaller
merchants and
craftspeople
A class of poor
people without
a trade that
either begged
or worked for
very little wages
Thecommons
Urbansociety
Peasants
Urban oligarchy
Social Divisions
Second strata...Third strata...
Those who lived in
the special quartersMudejares: were the
Muslims who kept their
religion. They worked as
craftspeople or as
farmers.
Those who lived in
the special quartersJews: were the Jews that
kept their religion. They
worked as lawyers,
doctors, craftspeople or
moneylenders.
Those who lived in
the special quarters
Moriscos: were the
Muslims that converted to
Christians (most were
forced to convert or leave
in 1502 by the Catholic
Monarchs.
Those who lived in
the special quarters
Judeoconversos: were the
Jews that converted to
Christians (most were
forced to convert or leave
in 1492 by the Catholic
Monarchs
Medieval
quarters in
Alcalá de
Henares
The cities had separate areas for Muslims
(morerías) and Jews (juderías).
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula
During the Middle Ages
what three cultures
coexisted in the Iberian
Peninsula?
Difficulties
Benefits...
1st period (12th century)
• The greatest works of the
Arabic-speaking world were
translated into Latin.
2nd period (13th century)
• Alfonso X el Sabio wanted the common people to be
able to read the works being translated, so he
promoted the translations into Castellano rather than
Latin. This fact boosted Castellano as a higher learning
language both in science and literature.
Toledo School of Translators
 Toledo was re-conquered in 1085, and it became an important
center of cultural exchange: “The City of the Three Cultures“.
 Instead of destroying all the Muslim books & libraries, the
kings of Castilla promoted the collaboration of Christians, Jews
& Muslims, who worked together translating Classical Greek
and Arab texts into Latin & Castellano.
 The school was most well-known for its translations of works
about philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine…
 The work done in Toledo transmitted the classical culture to
the rest of Western Europe, bringing a cultural renaissance.
 It had two periods of splendor:
The TOLEDO SCHOOL OF TRANSLATORS enabled the
transmission of Ancient Greek & Arab knowledge into Western
Europe, that had suffered a lack of cultural output during the
Early Middle Ages (“Dark Ages”).

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U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsula

  • 1. 2º ESO IES Camilo José Cela Teacher: Rocío Bautista
  • 3. 1st Millennium BC PRE-ROMAN PEOPLE: - 1st) Colonisers (Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians) & Tartessians. - 2nd) Iberians & Celts. 218 BC – 476 AD ROMAN HISPANIA 476 – 711 VISIGOTH KINGDOM 711 – 1492 Coexistence of: - AL-ANDALUS (south) - CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS (north)
  • 4.  711 - 1492: some parts of the Iberian Peninsula were ruled by the Muslims and other parts by the Christians. The territories ruled by each of them varied along history:
  • 5.  711-722: The Muslims conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula. The territory under their control is known as Al-Andalus.  722-1492: Christian kingdoms of the north of the Iberian Peninsula fought to regain control over the territories ruled by the Moors. This historical process which lasted over 7 centuries is known as the “Reconquista”.
  • 6. ACTIVITY 1: Explain with your own words the political situation in the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492.
  • 8. EUROPE IBERIAN.PEN. (Al-Andalus area) 8th Century 9th Century 10th Century 11th Century MOORSBEGINCONQUEST700 800 900 1000 1100 711 1031 DESINTEGRATIONOFTHECALIPHATE. 1stTAIFAS 756 ABDERRAMANI.BEINNINGOF INDEPENDENTEMIRATE CALIPHATEOFCORDOBA 929 INDEPENDENT EMIRATE CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA DEPENDENT EMIRATE 732 BATTLEOFPOITIERS (MuslimsVSFranks,withCharles MartelasMayorofPalace. STARTCAROLINGIAN DINASTY(PepintheShort) 751 768 CHARLEMAGNE CHARLEMAGNEDIES 814 843 TREATYOFVERDUN.UNITY LOSS FEUDALISM CAROLINGIANSMEROVINGIANS
  • 9. 11th Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century 15th Century 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1031 DISINTEGRATIONOFTHECALIPHATE.1STTAIFAS CAPTUREOFTOLEDO.ARRIVALOFTHEALMORAVIDS 1085 ALMORAVID EMPIRE 1stTAIFAS 1145 DISINTIGRATIONOFTHEEMPIRE.2NDTAIFAS 2ndTAIFAS ALMOHAD EMPIRE ALMOHADSUNIFYAL-ANDALUS 1172 1212 BATTLENAVASDETOLOSA. 3rdTAIFAS 1265 NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA 1492 CAPTUREOFGRANADABYTHECATHOLICMONARCHS CHRISTIANCONQUERALLTHETAIFASEXCEPTGRANADA HIGH MIDDLE AGES (Renaissance of cities) LATE MIDDLE AGES
  • 10. Instead of studying these units chronologically (as in the book), we are going to study them territorially. So…  1st  We’ll study the Muslim area: AL-ANDALUS:  Unit 4: pages 68 - 75  Unit 6: pages 112 - 113  Unit 7: pages 134 - 135  2nd  We’ll study the Christian area: CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS:  Unit 4: pages 76 - 83  Unit 6: pages 114 - 125  Unit 7: pages 136 - 139
  • 11. ‫األندلس‬ Unit 4: pages 68-75 Unit 6: pages 112-113 Unit 7: pages 134 - 135
  • 12. DEPENDENT EMIRATE 711-756 INDEPENDENT EMIRATE 756-929 CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA 929-1031 TAIFAS & NORTH- AFRICAN RULERS 1031 - 1265 NASRID KINGDOM OF GRANADA 1265 - 1492  Early 8th century: Muslims conquered most of the Iberian Pen. They called this territory Al-Andalus.  We can distinguish different periods in the history of Al-Andalus:
  • 13. CALIPHATE CHRON OLOGY WHO WHERE THE CALIPHS? CAPITAL CONQUESTS / EXTENSION ORTHODOX 632 - 661 Family and closest friends of Muhammad. Medina (Saudi Arabia) Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, Mesopotamia and Persia (Irak and Iran). UMAYYAD 661 - 750 Ummayad family Damascus (Syria) Biggest extension of the empire: WEST  North of Africa, Iberian Pen. EAST  India and border of China. ABBASID 750 - 1258 Abbasid family Baghdad (Iraq) The expansion ended (only some minor conquests: Crete and Sicily). In 1258 the Mongolians conquered Baghdad. Remembering the Islamic Empire
  • 14. VIDEO ABOUT THE CONQUEST ACTIVITY 2: VIDEO Answer the questions as you watch the video about the Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula a) What tribe of indigenous people from Northern Africa did the Islamic Empire convert? b) What soldiers of the Islamic Empire were sent to invade the Iberian Peninsula: the Berbers, the Arabs, or both? c) What Berber lead the Islamic Army in the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula? d) When did Islam crossed the Strait of Gibraltar? How many years had passed since the birth of this religion? e) What civilization did the Islamic Army defeat in their first battle in the Iberian Peninsula? Who was the leader of this civilization? What is the name of the battle?
  • 15. In 711 a Muslim army led by the general Tarik crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to plunder the area.  Army formed by Arabs but mostly Berbers.  Visigoth King Don Rodrigo was defeated at the battle of Guadalete.  Easy victory  encouraged them to advance further Don Rodrigo, the last Visigoth king, died in the Battle of Guadalete (711)
  • 16. 711: Battle of Guadalete. The Muslim army, led by Tarik, defeated the Visigoth King Don Rodrigo and began the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Umayyads
  • 17. In just about a century, the Muslims had expanded their empire from the Arabian Peninsula up to the Pyrenees.
  • 18. In few years the Muslims occupied most of the Peninsula. Causes for this quick conquest:  Superiority of the Muslim army  Internal conflicts of the Visigoths  Support that Muslims received from some Jews and Visigoth nobles who agreed to surrender in exchange for keeping their properties. VIDEO ABOUT THE CONQUEST 711 712 715 Umayyads Umayyads Umayyads
  • 19. The Muslim invasion was halted in the mountainous region of Asturias, when a group of Christians led by Don Pelayo (Visigoth noble) defeated the Muslims in the battle of Covadonga (722). This battle is taken as the beginning of “La Reconquista”.
  • 20. Monument to Don Pelayo in Covadonga (Asturias) The KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS was the first Christian Kingdom of the North of Spain after the beginning of “LA RECONQUISTA”
  • 22. The Muslims also attacked the south of France, but they were defeated by the Franks at the Battle of Poitiers (732), so they retreated to the Iberian Peninsula. VIDEO ABOUT THE CONQUEST
  • 23.  The Muslims called the conquered region AL-ANDALUS. Between 711-756 it was a DEPENDENT EMIRATE: a province that depended politically & religiously on the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus. The capital of Al-Andalus was Córdoba. VIDEO ABOUT THE CONQUEST
  • 24. ACTIVITY 3: Answer to the following questions a) Define:  Tarik  Berbers  Don Rodrigo  Don Pelayo  Emirate b) Explain the beginning of “La Reconquista”.
  • 25. Do you remember…?? In Arabia, in 750, the Abbasid dynasty deposed the Umayyads, killing all of them. But one of them achieved to escape: ABDERRAMAN I!!!
  • 26.  756: the Umayyad prince Abderraman I arrived in the Iberian Peninsula after escaping from the assassination of his family by the Abbasids. Taking advantage of the local tensions between Arabs & Berbers he deposed the emir of Al-Andalus and established an INDEPENDENT EMIRATE.  Politically independent  But it still recognized the religious authority of the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad.
  • 27.  During this period Al-Andalus suffered several problems: The Christian Kingdoms advanced from the North and took Zamora. The Franks conquered Girona & Barcelona, and established the Spanish March. Rebellion of the Muladi (Christians converted to Islam), who felt discriminated.
  • 28. 929: Abderraman III proclaimed himself Caliph, leading to a political & religious independence from the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad. In 929 Al-Andalus gained total independence from the Islamic Empire (Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad). Abderraman III no longer recognized political nor religious dependence on Baghdad.
  • 29. The reign of Abderraman III was the period of greatest splendour of Al-Andalus:  He reorganized the army and ended internal revolts  He launched punitive expeditions against the Christian kingdoms to stop their expansion, and forced them to pay taxes to the Muslims (so they wouldn't be attacked)  Cordoba became the most important capital in the West
  • 30. The prosperity continued under other caliphs like Hisham II. He was only 10 years old when he became caliph, so he delegated government to Almanzor, a military leader who achieved great successes over the Christians (eg: plunders of Santiago, Barcelona…).
  • 31. When Almanzor died (1002) the caliphate fell into crisis due to a civil war between... Followers of Almanzor’s son Followers of Hisham II V.S. From 1031 onwards, Al-Andalus suffered a great instability  1031: the governors of the provinces declared their independence  the Caliphate of Cordoba was disintegrated into 28 small independent Muslim kingdoms called “Taifas”.
  • 32. ACTIVITY 4: Answer to the following questions a) Define:  Abderraman I  Abderraman III  Almanzor  Caliphate  Spanish March b) Explain what happened to the Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031 and why.
  • 33. After the end of the caliphate of Cordoba (1031) Al-Andalus began a progressive decline…
  • 34.  The Taifas competed among themselves for territorial & cultural prestige. This made them very weak. 1031: the Caliphate of Cordoba had disintegrated into 28 TAIFAS  small independent Muslim kingdoms.
  • 35. This conquest was seen by the Muslims as the “beginning of the end” of Al-Andalus  to avoid it, the Taifas asked for help to THE ALMORAVIDS (a Muslim Empire that was ruling in the North of Africa).  The Christian Kingdoms took advantage of this weakness:  Charged them taxes (“parias”) in exchange of peace.  Despite the parias, the Reconquista continued. In 1085 the king of Leon, Alfonso VI, conquered the Taifa of Toledo.
  • 36.  In 1085 the Almoravids came to the Peninsula to help the Taifa kings, and defeated the Christians at the Battle of Sagrajas (1086).  The Almoravids reunified Al-Andalus and incorporated it into their empire.
  • 37.  The Almoravids implemented a strong religious radicalism, persecuting Mozarabs & Jews. Their rigidness led them to an internal crisis that caused…:  The disintegration of Al-Andalus again into Taifas in 1145.  In N. Africa the Almoravids were replaced by a new dynasty, the Almohads (1147).
  • 38.  The 2nd Taifas remained independent until 1172, when they were conquered by the THE ALMOHADS (the dynasty that had replaced the Almoravids in North Africa). THE ALMOHAD EMPIRE
  • 39. In 1172 the Almohads reunified Al-Andalus again and incorporated into their empire.  First the Almohads stopped the Reconquista for a while (e.g.: Battle of Alarcos, 1195)
  • 40.  However, the Almohads were defeated by the Christians in Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1212. After this battle:  The Almohads retreated to north Africa and Al-Andalus was disintegrated again into the 3rd TAIFAS.  Christians reached the Valley of Guadalquivir.
  • 41. BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA (JAEN, 1212) It was a decisive turning point in the Reconquista, since it enabled the Christians to reach the Valley of Guadalquivir. In the following 50 years they were able to reduce Al-Andalus to Granada.
  • 42. The 3rd Taifas were gradually conquered by the Christians. In 1238 Al-Andalus had been reduced to the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. Iberian Peninsula in 1238 The Crown of Castilla conquered the taifas of Córdoba, Jaen, Sevilla, Cadiz & Murcia. The Crown of Aragon conquered the taifas of Mallorca, Valencia.
  • 43. It survived for more than 200 years due to:  Their geographical location:  The mountains (Sierra Nevada) acted as a natural defensive barrier.  The access to the Mediterranean enabled them to receive support of Muslims from North Africa & develop a rich trade.  Payment of “parias” to the Kings of Castilla.
  • 44.  1492: after a 10-years war, the Catholic Monarchs captured Granada. “La Reconquista” had finished!!
  • 45. BOABDIL EL CHICO, the last Mulsim king of Al-Andalus. Scenes of the series “Isabel” (RTVE): • Surrender of Granada. • El suspiro del moro.
  • 46. ACTIVITY 5: Answer to the following questions a) Define:  Parias  Almoravids  Almohads b) Explain why in 1085 the kings of the Taifas asked for help to the Almoravids. c) Explain the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, why was it important and what happened to Al- Andalus after it. d) Why was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada able to resist the Christians for over 200 years? Who was the last Muslim king of Al-Andalus?
  • 47. ACTIVITY 6: fill in the timeline of Al-Andalus including the events that took place in the following years:  711  722  756  929  1031  1085  1086  1145  1172  1195  1212  1238  1492
  • 49. Government & administration The government of al-Andalus changed from being an emirate to a caliphate. EMIRATE Ruled by an emir who had political power:  Administration  Justice  Army  Foreign policy CALIPHATE Ruled by a caliph who had political & religious power.
  • 50. Al-Andalus was divided into provinces called “koras”. Each kora had a:  “wali”  governor (political administrator)  “kadi”  judge An army made up of essentially mercenaries was key to controlling the territory. Government & administration
  • 51. Trade was very profitable due to the strategic location of al- Andalus, lying between Africa and Europe. The basis of the economy was agriculture. The climate was very dry. The products that the Muslims brought with them from the East (oranges, cotton, rice, sugar cane, saffron…) required more water. So they had to build good irrigation systems. They built waterwheels in the rivers that dumped the water into channels, which carried the water to the town and fields. This made agriculture much more productive. Economy
  • 53. The Arabs The Arabs in al-Andalus... • Were Muslims (like the Berbers). • Were the minority. There were not many Arabs, but they had most of the privileges. • Were given the best land. • Occupied the highest positions in administration and the army. • Were the aristocracy.
  • 54. The Berbers The Berbers in al-Andalus... • Were Muslims (like the Arabs). They were a Muslim group from Northern Africa. • Were the majority. There were many Berbers, but they had few privileges. • Were the ordinary soldiers in the Muslim Army. The Berbers were the soldiers who led the conquest.
  • 55. Muladies The Muladies in al-Andalus... • Were Christian converts to Islam. • Many people converted so they eventually became the majority of the population. • Some converted because Muslims paid less taxes than non-Muslims.
  • 56. The Mozarabs in al-Andalus... • Were Christians who kept their religion and culture. • At first, some Christians had important jobs in the government, but gradually they lost influence. Mozarabs
  • 57. The Jews in al-Andalus... • Were mostly merchants. • They played an important role in the economy of al-Andalus. Jews
  • 58. In the beginning, the Muslim rulers treated the Christians and Jews quite well, so most of them stayed in al-Andalus. The conflicts that took place were not just between Muslims and Christians: sometimes the Berbers rebelled against the Arabs. Later, there was less tolerance of non-Muslims so Christians and Jews escaped to the Christian kingdoms in the north.
  • 59. ACTIVITY 7: Answer to the following questions a) Page 70, exercises: 1a / 1c / 2 b) Why was foreign trade an important activity in Al-Andalus? c) What social groups in al-Andalus were Muslims? d) Draw a social pyramid to represent the society of al-Andalus. Make sure your pyramid illustrates the power of the group and the size of the group.
  • 60. Unit 4: pages 76-83 Unit 6: pages 114-125 Unit 7: pages 136 - 139
  • 61.  Early 8th century: some Christians resisted the Muslim conquest in mountainous areas in the north (Cantabrian Mts. & Pyrenees).  Gradually these areas developed into independent kingdoms known as the CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS.
  • 63. Evolution of the Christian kingdoms
  • 64.  We can distinguish two areas where independent Christian Kingdoms appeared:  CANTABRIAN AREA:  Kingdom of Asturias (later Kingdom of Leon)  County of Castilla (later Kingdom of Castilla)  PYRENEAN AREA:  Kingdom of Pamplona (later Kingdom of Navarra)  County of Aragón (later Kingdom of Aragón)  Catalan Counties 1037: unified  Kingdom of Castilla y León
  • 65. REMEMBER!!!!  722: Don Pelayo defeated the Muslims at the battle of Covadonga., establishing the first Christian Kingdom:  Kingdom of Asturias.  Later on, one of its counties became independent:  Kingdom of Castilla
  • 66.  It was created after the battle of Covadonga (722), when Don Pelayo and the local inhabitants (Astures) defeated the Muslims. The capital was established in Oviedo.  Early 10th Century: the kingdom had expanded until the Duero River, so to have a better control over the territory the capital was moved to León. From then on it was known as the Kingdom of León.  End 10th century the expansion stopped due to Almanzor’s plunder campaigns. Asturias 722
  • 67. (Don Pelayo & Alfonso I)
  • 68.  The Kingdom of Asturias was frequently attacked by the Muslims through its eastern border. For that reason, they established several counties to defend the kingdom. They were ruled by counts, and many castles where built. Can you guess why is it called “Castilla”!!?!?!  10th Century: these counties where unified by the count Fernán Gonzalez.  1030: Castilla was unified with the Kingdom of Pamplona. (marriage: Sancho III el Mayor of Pamplona & Fernan Gonzalez’s great-granddaughter)  1035: Castilla was inherited by Fernando I, so it became an independent kingdom.  1037: Fernando I defeated the king of León (Bermudo III) and formed the Kingdom of Castilla y León.
  • 69. The Kingdom of Castilla has its origin in a group of counties created in the eastern border of the Kingdom of Asturias to prevent Muslim’s attacks. Fernán González unified them in 931.
  • 70. 1035: when Sancho III el Mayor died, he divided the territories of the Kingdom of Pamplona among his sons. The county of Castilla was inherited by Fernando I. 1037: Fernando I unified Castilla & León (Kingdom of Castilla & León) by defeating the king of Leon (Bermudo III).
  • 71. REMEMBER!!!!  732: Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of Poitiers.  By the beginning of the 9th Century Charlemagne had conquered Girona (785) & Barcelona (801), so all along the Pyrenees he established the Spanish March, which was formed by several counties that were the origin of three Christian Kingdoms:  Kingdom of Pamplona  Kingdom of Aragón  Catalan Counties
  • 73.  9th Century: a Vascon family (the Aristas), gained independence both from the Muslims (711-799) & the Franks (799-810), and established the Kingdom of Pamplona.  11th Century: the kingdom was at its peak under Sancho III el Mayor, who ruled over Pamplona, Aragón & Castilla. He died in 1035 and divided his territory among his sons:  Pamplona  for García III  Castilla  for Fernando I  Aragón  for Ramiro I Now they become independent kingdoms
  • 74.  9th Century: it was a county under control of the Franks, but it soon became independent. (810, Aznar I Galíndez).  10th Century: it was made part of the Kingdom of Pamplona. (marriage of the daughter of the count of Aragón with the king of Pamplona -García Sánchez I)  1035: Sancho III el Mayor died and his son Ramiro I inherited the territories of Aragon and made it an independent kingdom.
  • 75.  End 8th Century: the area was conquered by the Franks (785, Girona - 801, BCN) and became part of the Spanish March.  End 9th Century (878): Wilfredo el Velloso unified all the Catalan Counties.  End 10th Century (988): they become independent from the Franks, since they didn’t help the Count of Barcelona (Borrell II) when the city was plundered by Almanzor (985).
  • 76. Iberian peninsula (8th-11th century) AL-ANDALUS (SOUTH) Dependent Emirate of Damascus (711-756) Independent Emirate (756-929) Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031) CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS (NORTH) KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS Origin: battle of Covadonga (722), Don Pelayo & the Astures defeated the Muslims. Capital established in Oviedo. Early 10th Century: kingdom had expanded until to the Duero River. Capital moved to Leon to control the territory better  Kingdom of León. End 10th Century: expansion stopped due to Almanzor’s plunder campaigns. COUNTY OF CASTILLA Origin: as a group of counties in the Eastern border of the Kingdom of Asturias to stop Muslim’s attacks. Ruled by counts; many castles. 10th Century: these counties where unified by the count Fernán Gonzalez 1030: annexed to the Kingdom of Pamplona (marriage). 1035: Castilla was inherited by Fernando I (son of Sancho III el Mayor of Pamplona); it became an independent kingdom. 1037: Fernando I defeated the king of León  Kingdom of Castilla y León. KINGDOM OF PAMPLONA 9th Century: a Vascon family gained independence both from the Muslims & the Franks (Spanish March), and established the Kingdom of Pamplona. 11th Century: the kingdom was at its peak under Sancho III el Mayor, who ruled over Pamplona, Aragón & Castilla. He died in 1035 and divided his territory among his sons: - Pamplona  Garcia III - Castilla  Fernando I - Aragón  Ramiro I KINGDOM OF ARAGÓN 9th Century: it began as a county under control of the Franks (Spanish March), but it soon became independent. 10th Century: annexed to the Kingdom of Pamplona (marriage). 1035: Aragon was inherited by Ramiro I (son of Sancho III el Mayor of Pamplona); it became an independent kingdom. CATALAN COUNTIES End of the 8th Century: conquered by the Franks and became part of the Spanish March. End of the 9th Century: Wilfredo el Velloso unified all the Catalan Counties. End 10th Century: they become independent from the Franks, since they didn’t help the Count of Barcelona when the city was plundered by Almanzor.
  • 77. ACTIVITY 1: fill in a blank map with the situation of the Iberian Peninsula in 1035. IBERIAN PENINSULA IN 1035
  • 79. ACTIVITY 2: answer to the following questions. a) Which was the first Christian Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula? b) Explain the origin of the Kingdom of Castilla. c) What’s the common origin of the Kingdom of Pamplona, the Kingdom of Aragon, and the Catalan Counties? d) Who was Sancho III el Mayor? What happened to his kingdom when he died? e) How many independent “Christian Kingdoms” existed in the Iberian Peninsula in 1035? And in 1037?
  • 80. Evolution of the Christian kingdoms
  • 81.  Between the 11th – 15th centuries, the Christian Kingdoms evolved until only 4 remained by the end of the 15th Century:  Kingdom of Portugal  Crown of Castilla  Kingdom of Navarra  Crown of Aragon  By the early 16th century (1512), there were only 2 kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula:  Spain  Portugal 1479: unification of Castilla & Aragon. 1512: annexation of Navarra)
  • 82.  11th Century: it was a county of the Kingdom of Castilla & León (1096).  1143: it became an independent kingdom, when the count of Portugal (Alfonso Enríquez) and the King of Castilla y Leon (Alfonso VII) signed the Treaty of Zamora.
  • 83.  11th -12th Century: Castilla & León, that had been unified by Fernando I in 1037, went through several unifications & divisions.  1143: the county of Portugal became an independent kingdom.  1230: Fernando III definitely unifies Castilla & León. It becomes the CROWN OF CASTILLA.  1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón (Fernando): Catholic Monarchs.  Territorial conquests: IN AL-ANDALUS:  1085: Toledo by Alfonso VI  12th century: Cuenca  13th century: after Las Navas de Tolosa (1212):  Cordoba, Jaen & Sevilla by Fernando III  Cádiz & Murcia by Alfonso X  1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN: Canary Islands, Melilla, America…
  • 85.  1035: Sancho III el Mayor divided it between his sons:  Pamplona  Garcia III  Castilla  Fernando I  Aragón  Ramiro I  1512: annexed to Spain. Territorial conquests: Navarra wasn’t able to expand due to the expansion of the Crowns of Castilla and Aragon.
  • 86.  1035: Aragon became an independent kingdom under Ramiro I.  1137: Petronila (heiress of Aragon) married Ramón de Berenguer IV (count of Barcelona). This marriage meant the unification of the Kingdom of Aragón and the Catalan Counties, that became the CROWN OF ARAGÓN.  1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón (Fernando): Catholic Monarchs. Territorial conquests:  IN AL-ANDALUS:  1118: Zaragoza  12th Century: Lleida by Ramón de Berenguer IV  13th Century: Mallorca, Valencia by Jaime I  IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: Sicily, Sardinia, Naples…
  • 87.  Dynastic union: union of several kingdoms that are governed by the same king. However, each kingdom is independent and keeps its own institutions and laws.
  • 88. INTERACTIVE MAP OF THE CROWN OF ARAGON http://www.explorethemed.com/AragonMed.asp?c=1
  • 91. Iberian peninsula (11th-15th century) AL-ANDALUS (SOUTH) 1st Taifas (1031-1085) Almoravid Empire (1085-1145) 2nd Taifas (1145-1172) Almohad Empire (1172-1212) 3rd Taifas (1212-1265) Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1265-1492) CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS (NORTH) KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL 11th Century: it was a county of the Kingdom of Castilla & León. 1143: it became an independent kingdom, when the count of Portugal (Alfonso Enríquez) and the King of Castilla y Leon signed the Treaty of Zamora. CROWN OF CASTILLA 11th -12th Century: Castilla & León, that had been unified by Fernando I in 1037, went through several unifications & divisions. 1143: the county of Portugal became an independent kingdom. 1230: Fernando III definitely unifies Castilla & León. It becomes the CROWN OF CASTILLA. 1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón (Fernando): Catholic Monarchs. Territorial conquests: IN AL-ANDALUS: 1085: Toledo by Alfonso VI 12th Century: Cuenca 13th Century: after Las Navas de Tolosa (1212): - Fernando III: Córdoba, Jaen, Sevilla. - Alfonso X: Cadiz, Murcia 1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN: Canary Islands, Melilla, America. KINGDOM OF NAVARRA 1035: Sancho III en Mayor divided it between his sons: - Pamplona  Garcia III - Castilla  Fernando I - Aragón  Ramiro 1512: it was annexed to Spain. Territorial conquests: Wasn’t able to expand due to the expansion of the Crowns of Castilla and Aragon. CROWN OF ARAGÓN 1035: Aragon became an independent kingdom under Ramiro I. 1137: Petronila (heiress of Aragón) married Ramón de Berenguer IV (count of Barcelona, unifying the Kingdom of Aragon and the Catalan Counties, becoming the CROWN OF ARAGÓN. 1479: dynastic union of the Crowns of Castilla (Isabel) & Aragón (Fernando): Catholic Monarchs. Territorial conquests: IN AL-ANDALUS: 1118: Zaragoza 12th Century: Lleida by Ramón de Berenguer IV 13th Century: Mallorca, Valencia by Jaime I 1492: Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: Sicily, Sardinia, Naples.
  • 92. ACTIVITY 3: answer to the following questions. a) What’s the origin of Portugal? When was it made independent? b) When did the Catalan counties & Aragon unified? c) Explain the unification of the territories of the Iberian Peninsula (except Portugal): steps & type of union. d) What way did the foreign expansion of Castilla & Aragón directed? e) Put the following territories in the corresponding column: America, Sevilla, Valencia, Sardinia, Cordoba, Naples, Lleida, Murcia, Toledo, Cuenca, Zaragoza, Jaen, Sicily, Canary Islands, Mallorca, Melilla, Cadiz, Crown of Castilla Crown of Aragon
  • 93. The Crown of Castilla & the Crown of Aragon had different political organizations.
  • 94.  The Christian kingdoms were governed by kings, but the extent of power was different in each territory: UNITARIAN MONARCHY: territory was a single entity, all power was centralised in the king. It was characterized by the principle of authoritarianism. Crown of Castilla FEDERAL MONARCHY: territory was composed of several kingdoms (Aragon, Catalonia, Mallorca & Valencia) which had certain independence (own institutions, laws…). It was characterized by the principle of pactism (the central government had to reach agreements with the regional “Cortes”). Crown of Aragon
  • 95.  Kings were helped in government by…  Beginning: the Royal Council (Curia Regis)  assembly of nobles & clergy.  Late 12th Century onwards: the Cortes  assembly of nobles, clergy & city representatives (bourgeoisie). FUNCTION OF THE “CORTES”:  IN CASTILLA: the main function was to impose taxes. They didn’t have power to approve laws, they only gave advice to the king.  IN ARAGÓN: each kingdom had its own Cortes. They had power to approve the laws that the king gave to them. They created the Generalitat, a permanent institution that supervised the agreements between the king and the Cortes, and controlled the army.
  • 97. ACTIVITY 4: answer to the following questions.  Page 105:  Exercise 1-a  Exercise 2  Explain the differences between the Cortes of Castilla and the ones of Aragon.
  • 99. As the Reconquista captured lands from the Muslims, different methods of repopulating the land were used.  COUNCIL REPOPULATION  REPOPULATION BY MILITARY ORDERS  REPOPULATION BY DISTRIBUTION REPOPULATION = occupation of conquered territories.
  • 100. Characteristics:  Occupied territory was divided into councils formed by a fortified town.  Since these territories were threatened by Muslim’s attacks, the king gave “fueros” (charters) with important privileges to people that moved to this areas. COUNCIL REPOPULATION:  Between the Duero & the Tajo; Ebro valley.
  • 101. FUERO OF SEPULVEDA (Segovia): http://breviariocastellano.blogspot.com.es/2006/01/texto-de-fuero-de-seplveda-traducido-y.html
  • 102. Characteristics:  Used in dangerous scarcely populated frontier areas.  Depended on military orders composed of warrior- monks, that in exchange received large manors called maestrazgos. REPOPULATION BY MILITARY ORDERS  Between the Tajo & Sierra Morena; Valleys of Turia & Jucar.
  • 103. Can you guess which military order repopulated the area around present-day Ciudad Real? The 4 main military orders: • In Castilla: Calatrava, Santiago y Alcántara. • In Aragón: Montesa.
  • 105. Characteristics:  Land was distributed according to the contribution made to the conquest of the territory:  Nobles received large territories (latifundia).  Peasants received small portions of land. REPOPULATION BY DISTRIBUTION  Guadalquivir valley; Murcia; Levante; Balearic Islands.
  • 107.  Most activity: agriculture  In dry lands: cereals, olive trees and vines (Mediterranean triad)  In irrigated areas: fruits and vegetables  In Castilla, sheep herding was also very important  In the cities:  Castilla: wool textiles  Crown of Aragon: linen & cotton textiles
  • 108. Mediterranean triad in drier lands Fruits & vegetables in irrigated areas
  • 109. Sheep herding in Castilla The trade fair of Medina del Campo (Valladolid) was key in the international wool trade
  • 110. KING • Privileged groups: special laws, no taxes, access to important positions in administration… HIGH NOBILITY & HIGH CLERGY LOW NOBILITY & LOW CLERGY •THE COMMONS  non- privileged groups NON-CHRISTIANS (JEWS, MUDEJARES, JUDEOCONVERSOS & MORISCOS) CITIES (11th century onwards) -URBAN OLIGARCHY (wealthy merchants, bankers…) -SMALLER MERCHANTS & CRAFTSPEOPLE -POOR PEOPLE (begged or worked for very little wages) COUNTRYSIDE -FREE PEASANTS -SERFS THAT WORKED IN NOBLES’ FIEFS
  • 111. Social Divisions __________________________________________ Had special privileges like legal rights, exemption from taxes, and access to important positions in administration. First strata...
  • 112. __________________________________________ Had special privileges like legal rights, exemption from taxes, and access to important positions in administration. First strata... Clergy and Nobility
  • 113. The ruling class of wealthy merchants, bankers & guilds’ masters. The middle class of smaller merchants and craftspeople A class of poor people without a trade that either begged or worked for very little wages Second strata... Social Divisions
  • 114. The ruling class of wealthy merchants, bankers & guilds’ masters. The middle class of smaller merchants and craftspeople A class of poor people without a trade that either begged or worked for very little wages Thecommons Urbansociety Peasants
  • 115. The ruling class of wealthy merchants, bankers & guilds’ masters. The middle class of smaller merchants and craftspeople A class of poor people without a trade that either begged or worked for very little wages Thecommons Urbansociety Peasants Urban oligarchy
  • 117. Those who lived in the special quartersMudejares: were the Muslims who kept their religion. They worked as craftspeople or as farmers.
  • 118. Those who lived in the special quartersJews: were the Jews that kept their religion. They worked as lawyers, doctors, craftspeople or moneylenders.
  • 119. Those who lived in the special quarters Moriscos: were the Muslims that converted to Christians (most were forced to convert or leave in 1502 by the Catholic Monarchs.
  • 120. Those who lived in the special quarters Judeoconversos: were the Jews that converted to Christians (most were forced to convert or leave in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs
  • 121. Medieval quarters in Alcalá de Henares The cities had separate areas for Muslims (morerías) and Jews (juderías).
  • 124. During the Middle Ages what three cultures coexisted in the Iberian Peninsula? Difficulties Benefits...
  • 125. 1st period (12th century) • The greatest works of the Arabic-speaking world were translated into Latin. 2nd period (13th century) • Alfonso X el Sabio wanted the common people to be able to read the works being translated, so he promoted the translations into Castellano rather than Latin. This fact boosted Castellano as a higher learning language both in science and literature. Toledo School of Translators  Toledo was re-conquered in 1085, and it became an important center of cultural exchange: “The City of the Three Cultures“.  Instead of destroying all the Muslim books & libraries, the kings of Castilla promoted the collaboration of Christians, Jews & Muslims, who worked together translating Classical Greek and Arab texts into Latin & Castellano.  The school was most well-known for its translations of works about philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine…  The work done in Toledo transmitted the classical culture to the rest of Western Europe, bringing a cultural renaissance.  It had two periods of splendor:
  • 126. The TOLEDO SCHOOL OF TRANSLATORS enabled the transmission of Ancient Greek & Arab knowledge into Western Europe, that had suffered a lack of cultural output during the Early Middle Ages (“Dark Ages”).