2. Contraceptives
• What are contraceptives?
• Contraceptive vs. Family Planning
• Advantages of Contraceptives
• Disadvantages of Contraceptives
• Effectiveness of Contraceptives
• Parts of the Male Reproductive Organ
• Parts of the Female Reproductive Organ
• How does fertilization occur?
3. • Factors to consider in Choosing the right
contraceptive
• Types and Methods of Contraceptives
• Side Effects of Contraceptives
• The RH Bill : An Overview
4. What are Contraceptives?
• device preventing fertilization
• deliberate prevention of pregnancy using any of
several methods
• Birth control prevents a female sex cell (egg) from
being fertilized by a male sex cell (sperm) and
implanting in the uterus
• also known as Birth Control Methods
• tending or serving to prevent conception
• prevents impregnation
• fertility control
5. Contraceptives vs. Family Planning
• Family Planning refers to the provision of birth
control or the expectation of the gap of years
between each birth of a mother for her child
• Contraceptives is the process or way to control
fertility. It is used to make Family Planning
possible.
6. Advantages of Contraceptives
• Avoidance of unplanned pregnancy
• Protection from STI’s or Sexually Transmitted
Infections
• Most contraceptives are reversible
• Couples can decide the gap between each
child in a family and the number of children to
have in a family
7. Disadvantages of Contraceptives
• Some of the process, especially surgical
contraception is irreversible
• Some women complains of simple to harmful
side effects like irregular bleeding,
development of cancer cells, weight loss or
gain and much more.
• No contraception, other than abstinence is
100% safe.
8. Effectiveness of Contraceptives
• No Birth Control Method, other than
abstinence from sex, is 100% effective in
preventing pregnancy
• Some methods are more effective than others
• In the absence of Birth Control Population,
85% of the sexually active couple will be
expected to bear a child in a year
13. How does Fertilization Occur?
• What is Fertilization?
– starting reproduction: the act or process of
enabling reproduction by insemination or
pollination
– union of male and female cells: the union of
male and female reproductive cells gametes to
produce a fertilized reproductive cell zygote.
– Fertilization can take place inside the female's
body, as in humans
15. Types and Methods of Contraceptives
• Barrier Method
– physically block sperm from entering the uterus to
unite with an egg
– they are easy to use
– some people feel barrier methods are
inconvenient because they interfere with sexual
spontaneity.
– barrier methods include male and female
condoms, the diaphragm, the cervical cap, and
spermicides
16. Male Condoms
• The male condom is a thin sheath made of latex,
polyurethane, or less commonly, animal membrane,
that fits over an erect penis
• During ejaculation (when semen ejects from the
penis), the condom catches and holds sperm before it
can travel into a woman’s uterus
• After each act of sexual intercourse the condom is
removed and thrown away
• The condom is inexpensive, easy to use, and does not
require a prescription. It has no known side effects,
although those people who are sensitive or allergic to
latex should use polyurethane condoms.
17. Male Condom
• Male condoms made of latex or polyurethane also
protect users against many STIs, including human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• With typical use, male condoms are 86 percent
effective in preventing pregnancy.
• Condoms may also be used with other types of birth
control, such as a spermicide (chemical that kills
sperm) or withdrawal (removing the penis from the
vagina just before ejaculation) greatly improves
condom effectiveness.
18. How to use Male Condom
Store the condom in a
cool, dark place away from
heat and petroleum fumes.
These can damage the
condom so it is not an
effective birth control
method.
19. How to use Male Condom
When you go to use
the condom, first
check the expiration
date. If the condom
is expired, crinkly or
dry, do not use it!
20. How to use Male Condom
If it is within its
expiration date, open
the condom without
using sharp instruments
(like scissors) or teeth.
Open the package
without ripping or
tearing the condom.
21. How to use Male Condom
Apply lubricant to the
inside tip of condom,
which helps avoid
breakage and enhances
the pleasure for the
male.
22. How to use Male Condom
Place the condom
on the tip of the
penis so it will
unroll correctly (the
condom should
unroll outwards).
23. How to use Male Condom
Lightly squeeze the
tip of the condom
(to remove air) as
you apply the
condom to the head
of the penis.
24. How to use Male Condom
Unroll the condom all the
way down to the base of
the penis. If you put it on
the wrong way, so it won’t
unroll, take it off and use
another condom.
DO NOT TRY TO REUSE THE
UNROLLED CONDOM.
25. How to use Male Condom
Then apply lubricant to
the outside of the
condom (especially if
you are using a non-
lubricated condom).
This will enhance the
female’s pleasure
26. How to use Male Condom
Make sure the condom is free of rips, tears, holes
and air bubbles when you are finished putting on
the condom. You can run your hand gently down
the penis to do this.
Then check that the condom makes contact with
the head of the penis just below the reservoir tip
(There should be no more than 1.5cm between
the condom and the head of the penis.)
27. How to use Male Condom
After the male ejaculates (comes) during intercourse,
the male should remove his condomed penis from his
partner by holding the condom at the base of the
penis.
To remove the condom, grasp the condom at the base
of the penis and gently rolled off.
28. How to use Male Condom
The used condom should be tied shut,
wrapped in tissue and thrown away in the
trash. It should not be flushed down the
toilet—serious plumbing problems can occur.
DO NOT WASH AND REUSE CONDOM!
29. Female Condom
• The female condom is a sleeve-like device
made of polyurethane. It has a small closed
end, and a larger open end. Each end contains
a flexible ring. Use this simple step-by-step
guide to using female condoms to assure that
you are using them properly during vaginal
and/or rectal intercourse.
30. Female Condom
• The female condom, like the male condom, is
available without a prescription
• It is an elongated polyurethane sac
• A woman inserts the closed end of the sac
into the vagina to cover the cervix (the
opening of the uterus) and prevent sperm
from entering the uterus. The open end of the
sac remains outside the vagina for the penis to
enter.
31. Female Condom
• The female condom must be thrown away
after use and a new one used for each act of
intercourse
• With typical use, the female condom is 79
percent effective in preventing pregnancy
• It also reduces the risk of many STIs
• Some people experience genital irritation
from the female condom
33. Spermicides
• Spermicides are jellies, creams, foams,
suppositories, tablets, or films that block the
entrance to the cervix and contain a sperm-
killing chemical
• They can be purchased without a prescription
• This type of contraceptive always come with
other contraceptive devices
35. Diaphragm
• The diaphragm is a shallow, molded cup of
thin rubber with a flexible rim
• Before intercourse, spermicide must be placed
inside the cup and around the inside of the
rim of the diaphragm
• The woman then inserts the diaphragm into
her vagina so that it covers the cervix,
preventing the passage of sperm from the
vagina to the uterus
36. Diaphragms
• Diaphragms come in various sizes to fit the
cervix
• They are available only from health-care
professionals who ensure that the device fits
properly
• With typical use, the diaphragm is about 80
percent effective in preventing pregnancy
37. Cervical Cap
• The cervical cap is made of flexible latex
rubber and shaped like a thimble.
• It is smaller than a diaphragm and fits more
tightly onto the cervix, where it is held in
place by suction.
• Like the diaphragm, the cervical cap must be
fitted by a health-care professional and it
should also be used with a spermicide.
38. Cervical Cap
• With typical use, the cervical cap is about 80
percent effective in preventing pregnancy in
women who have not given birth, and about
60 percent effective in those who have given
birth.
39. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
• The intrauterine device (IUD)
– is a small plastic device inserted into a woman’s
uterus to prevent pregnancy.
– IUDs prevent pregnancies through a number of
mechanisms:
• they interfere with the movement of sperm and egg,
• they decrease the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg,
• they prevent a fertilized egg from implanting in the
lining of the uterus.
40. Intrauterine Device (UID)
– An IUD must be inserted and removed by a
health-care professional. Depending on the
device, it must be replaced every one to ten years
– A plastic string attached to the IUD hangs down
through the cervix, enabling a woman to check
regularly that the IUD is properly positioned
– With typical use, the IUD is about 96 percent
effective in preventing pregnancy.
41. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
– The device may increase menstrual bleeding or cause
irregular bleeding or cramping. The IUD has also been
associated with an increased risk for pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the
reproductive tract.
– Other possible problems associated with IUD use
include perforation of the uterus and embedding of
the IUD in the uterus.
– In rare cases an ectopic pregnancy occurs, a serious
medical complication in which a fertilized egg
implants outside of the uterus.
42. Hormonal Contraceptives
• Hormonal Contraceptives
– Hormonal contraceptives deliver doses of female sex
hormones that alter a woman’s reproductive cycle in
one or more ways.
– When absorbed by the body, these hormones may :
• interfere with ovulation to prevent the maturation and
release of an egg from the ovaries;
• thicken the cervical mucus, which interferes with sperm
movement;
• alter the rate at which the egg moves through the fallopian
tubes to prevent sperm from meeting the egg;
• change the condition of the uterine lining to prevent
fertilized eggs from implanting in it.
43. Hormonal Contraceptives
• Available only by prescription.
• hormonal contraceptives are extremely effective
in preventing pregnancy when used properly.
• Many people prefer them because their use does
not interfere with sexual spontaneity.
• Among the drawbacks are reduced effectiveness
when used in conjunction with some medications
and lack of protection against STIs.
44. Hormonal Contraceptives
• Hormonal contraceptives may be
administered by :
– pill form
– Implant
– Injection
– through vaginal rings
– skin patches.
45. Birth Control Pill
• The birth control pill, or oral contraceptive,
was first approved for use in the United States
in 1960.
• These early pills contained high doses of
female sex hormones that have since been
found to cause long-term health problems,
such as blood clotting.
• The birth control pills available today have
much lower doses of hormones.
46. Birth Control Pills
• Types of birth control pills :
– Combination pill - contains low doses of both
estrogen and progestin (a synthetic form of
progesterone).
– Control pill which contains only progestin.
• To prevent pregnancy a woman takes one birth
control pill each day for 21 days, after which she
takes no pill or a placebo (a pill containing no active
ingredients) for 7 days.
• With typical use, the pill is 95 percent effective in
preventing pregnancy.
47. Birth Control Pills
• Benefits :
– relieve menstrual pain and reduce menstrual
bleeding.
– It may also offer some protection against PID,
– endometrial and ovarian cancer,
– endometriosis (growth of uterine tissue outside
the uterus)
– uterine fibroid tumors (benign growths).
48. Birth Control Pills
• Adverse side effects :
– breakthrough bleeding (bleeding between periods)
– Headache
– Hypertension
– weight gain
– mood change
– decreased sexual desire
– blood clotting disorders
– cardiac complications
– breast tenderness
– galactorrhea (discharge of milk from the breast).
49. Hormonal Implant
• With typical use, hormonal implants are the most
highly effective form of birth control except for
continuous abstinence and surgical sterilization.
• A health-care professional implants a matchstick-
sized tube filled with a synthetic progesterone-
like hormone called etonogestrel (progestin) just
under the skin of a woman’s upper arm. The
implants can remain in place up to three years.
50. Hormonal Implant
• Adverse side effects include
– irregular intervals between menstrual periods
– breakthrough bleeding
– headache
– Acne
– Weight gain or loss
– Depression
– breast tenderness
– infection or skin discoloration at the implant insertion
point
– The only long-term hormonal implant approved for use in
the United States is sold under the brand name Implanon.
51. Contraceptive Injection
• Contraceptive Injection
– Contraceptive injections contain synthetic
hormones that a health-care professional injects
into the muscles of a woman’s buttocks or arm.
– This form of birth control requires regular visits to
a clinic so that a health-care professional can
administer the injection.
– With typical use, contraceptive injections are
about 99 percent effective in preventing
pregnancy.
52. Contraceptive Injection
• There are two types of contraceptive
injections:
– Depo-Provera contains the synthetic hormone
progestin and protects against pregnancy for 12
weeks.
– Lunelle contains a combination of estrogen and
progestin and must be injected once a month.
53. Contraceptive Injection
• Side effects :
– irregular bleeding.
– For most women periods become lighter and less
frequent and may stop altogether
– Some women may develop heavier and longer
periods.
54. Contraceptive Injection
• Other adverse side effects :
• breakthrough bleeding
• weight gain
• headache
• sore breasts
• Depression
• nausea
• vaginal dryness
• acne
55. Contraceptive Ring
• The contraceptive ring is a small flexible ring containing
a combination of estrogen and progestin.
• Each month a woman inserts a new ring deep into the
vagina, leaving it in place for three out of four weeks.
• It does not require fitting by a health-care professional
or the addition of spermicide.
• With typical use, the contraceptive ring is 95 to 99
percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
• Adverse effects include increased vaginal discharge
and vaginal irritation or infection.
56. Contraceptive Patch
• Contraceptive Patch
– The contraceptive patch is a thin, plastic patch
containing a combination of estrogen and progestin.
– A woman applies the patch to the skin of the buttocks,
stomach, upper arm, or upper torso once a week for
three out of four weeks.
– The skin absorbs the hormones, which alter the
woman’s reproductive cycle to prevent pregnancy.
– Some adverse reactions from the patch include a skin
reaction at the application site
– The patch is effective in preventing pregnancy 95 to
99 percent of the time with typical use.
57. Contraceptive Patch Issue
• In February 2006 the United States Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) advised women using
the patch to consult with their physicians after
preliminary results from a study found that
women using the patch had a higher risk for
blood clots than women taking the pill. Current
warning labels on the Ortho Evra patch note that
women using the patch receive 60 percent more
estrogen than those who use birth control pills.
Women who smoke should not use the patch
because of increased risk of stroke and heart
attack, according to health officials.
58. Widthrawal
• Withdrawal is the deliberate removal of the penis from
the vagina before ejaculation so that sperm is not
deposited in or near the vagina.
• This method of contraception is not recommended,
because drops of fluid secreted by the penis when it
first becomes erect can contain enough sperm to cause
pregnancy.
• In addition, a man may not withdraw in time.
• With typical use, withdrawal is effective in preventing
pregnancy 81 percent of the time.
• Withdrawal does not protect against STIs.
59. Continuous Abstinence
• Abstinence is the avoidance of any sexual
activity that could cause pregnancy.
• This includes intercourse and other sexual
activities in which semen may come in contact
with the vulva (external female genitals) or
vagina.
• Abstinence is completely effective in
preventing pregnancy as well as STIs, and it
poses no health risks.
60. Fertility Awareness Methhods
• Fertility awareness methods are a collection of
practices that help a woman know which days of
the month she is most likely to get pregnant.
• A woman is most fertile during a period that
ranges from five days before ovulation to two
days after ovulation.
• A woman can learn when she is ovulating by
observing her body and charting physical
changes.
61. Fertility Awareness Methods
• Fertility awareness methods are most reliable
for women with regular menstrual cycles.
• As a woman becomes more familiar with the
signs of ovulation and the pattern of her
menstrual cycle, fertility awareness methods
become more effective.
62. Fertility Awareness Methods
• During the days surrounding ovulation, she
can then abstain from sexual intercourse
(known as periodic abstinence or natural
family planning) or use a barrier method of
contraception during intercourse.
• With typical use, fertility awareness methods
are generally about 80 percent effective in
preventing pregnancy.
63. Fertility Awareness Methods
• Fertility awareness methods require a high level
of commitment to consistently and accurately
monitor ovulation. Most experts recommend
using more than one method to more accurately
determine a woman’s fertile period.
• Some couples find abstinence from sexual
intercourse during the fertile period
inconvenient.
• In addition, fertility awareness methods do not
provide protection against STIs.
64. Fertility Awareness Methods
• Methods that can help predict ovulation
include monitoring the lengths of menstrual
cycles, measuring basal body temperature,
and observing changes in cervical mucus:
1. Calendar Charting
2. Basal Body Temperature Measurement
3. Cervical Mucus Monitoring
65. Calendar Charting
Calendar Charting
– In calendar charting a woman uses past menstrual
cycles as a guide to predict ovulation dates. Over a
period of 8 to 12 months she keeps a record of the
dates of her first day of menstruation. From this
record she can calculate the average number of
days in her menstrual cycle, and estimate the day
in her cycle when she is most likely ovulating.
66. Basal Body Temperature Measurement
Basal Body Temperature Measurement
– In the basal body temperature method a woman
takes her temperature at the same time each
morning before getting out of bed.
– In most women, body temperature rises about
one degree on the day of ovulation and stays
raised for several days.
67. Basal Body Temperature Measurement
– A woman can keep a record of her basal body
temperature over a period of 8 to 12 consecutive
months to determine the time in her cycle when
she ovulates.
– The primary drawback of using this method by
itself is that many factors can raise body
temperature, including illness, lack of sleep, and
alcohol or drug use.
68. Cervical Mucus Monitoring
Cervical Mucus Monitoring
– The cervical mucus method of determining fertility
requires a woman to monitor the consistency of her
cervical mucus.
– Cervical mucus changes consistency during the
menstrual cycle and plays a vital role in fertilization of
the egg. Mucus that is clear, wet, and sticky or elastic
appears in the days preceding ovulation and aids in
drawing sperm into the fallopian tubes where
fertilization usually takes place.
69. Cervical Mucus Monitoring
– It also helps maintain the survival of sperm inside
the woman's body.
– Cervical mucus that is dry, cloudy, or yellowish
indicates that ovulation is not occurring.
– One drawback of this method is that the
consistency of cervical mucus can be altered by
the use of douches or spermicides, making it
difficult for a woman to identify changes.
70. Surgical Sterilization
• Surgical Sterilization
– An extremely safe method of birth control,
surgical sterilization.
– It permanent.
– Two types of Surgical Sterilization :
– Vasectomy
• Sterilization done on males
• Both the vas deferens are severed, preventing sperm
from reaching the penis.
71. Surgical Sterilization
– Tubal Ligation
• Female sterilization
• The fallopian tubes are cut so that mature eggs cannot
come into contact with sperm.
• Side Effects are extremely rare.
• Permanent and is irreversible.
73. The RH Bill : An Overview
• The Reproductive Health Bill, informally
known as the RH Bill, are proposed laws in the
Republic of the Philippines aiming to
guarantee universal access to methods on
contraception, abortion, fertility control,
sexual education, and maternal care.
74. The RH Bill : An Overview
• Present bill that pertains to the goal of RH Bill:
– House Bill # 4244 ─ An Act Providing for a
Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood,
Reproductive Health, and Population and
Development, and For Other Purposes
– Senate Bill # 2378 ─ An Act Providing For a
National Policy on Reproductive Health and
Population and Development
75. The RH Bill : An Overview
• Goals of RH Bill
– Have planned child birth to ease poverty
– Make contraceptives available for every couply in
the health centers nationwode
– Educate Filipino people about the proper family
planning
– Lower the rate of infant death
– Protect women and children’s health
76. The RH Bill : An Overview
• Issues about RH Bill
– The bill is highly divisive, with experts, academics,
religious institutions, and major political figures
supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the
government and each other in the process.
– Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills,
with tens of thousands of opposition particularly
those endorsed by the bishops of the Roman Catholic
Church and various other conservative groups, have
been happening nationwide.
77. The RH Bill : An Overview
• Class Activity : Debate about the RH Bill. Shall
it be passed or not? Why? Why not?
78. Prepared by :
Riziel Joanne Mercado
and
Merlyn Millado