F E R T I L I Z E R I N D U S T R Y L E C T U R E 1

INTRODUCTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Manufacturing Process Nitrogen fertilizers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The NPK Manufacturing Process Nitrogen fertilizers (contd.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The NPK Manufacturing Process Phosphatic fertilizer: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1) Superphosphate:

The NPK Manufacturing Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Composite fertilizer manufacture:

The NPK Manufacturing Process ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

AMMONIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ammonia (mol%) in equilibrium synthesis gas; H 2 /N 2 =3mol/mol

AMMONIA SYNTHESIS REACTORS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

ICI quench reactor Temperature-Concentration profile

Kellogg a) Vertical (left fig.) b) Horizontal (right fig.) quench reactors

Haldor Topsoe radial flow reactors

Multi-bed converter with indirect cooling; (a) catalyst, (b) feed-effluent heat exchanger, (c) cold bypass, (f) product.

Specific energy requirements of various ammonia processes *Lower heating value Process GJ (LHV)*/t ammonia Classical Haber-Bosch (coke) 80-90 Reformer pressure 5-10 bar (1953-1955) 47-53 Reformer pressure 30-35 bar (1965-1975) 33-42 Low-energy concepts (1975-1984) 27-33 State of the art (since 1991) 24-26

F E R T I L I Z E R I N D U S T R Y L E C T U R E 1

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