a presentation created for General Psychology project

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PhysiologicalBasisofBehavior
1.NervousSystem 2.LeftBrain-Right…
RenedictDeLeon
AbigailAgapito,ChrischelleBaduel…

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Physiological Basis of Beha…

5. Nervous System
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Nervous Autonomic
System Nervous
System
Forebrain, midbrain SYMPATHETIC &
and hindbrain PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
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6. Nervous system – complex network of nerve cells that regulates our
bodily functions and permits us to reach the external world.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Spinal cord
1. causes sensory information to the brain via: afferent nerves and
efferent nerves).
2. it plays a key role in various reflexes.
P. N. system (Peripheral Nervous System) – consist of nerves, bundles
of axons from many neurons connects C.N.S with sense organs and
muscles and glands throughout the body. Nerves are attached to the
spinal cord (spinal nerve) to serve all of the body below the neck.
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7. Division of Peripheral Nervous System
1. Somatic Nervous System – connect the Nervous system to voluntary
muscle throughout the body.
2. Autonomic Nervous system – connects the C.N.S to internal organs
and glands and to muscles over which we have little voluntary center.
Division of Autonomic Nervous system
1. Sympathetic - stimulates the body only for using energy
2. Parasympathetic – stimulate the body processes that conserve
energy.
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8. Three Basic Functions of Nervous System
1. Receiving sensory input can be manifested in various forms,
including pressure, taste, sound, light, or hormone levels,
which are converted to a signal and then sent to the brain
or spinal cord.
2. Integrating the input through the sensory centers of the
brain or in the spinal cord.
3. Responding to stimuli then converted to action.
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9. BASIC STRUCTURAL UNIT: The Neuron
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------ THREE MAIN PARTS OF A NEURON -----
1. Dendrites - receive the information from another cell and are the
one to transmit the message to the cell body.
2. Cell body - serves as the center of nourishment
3. Axon - conducts messages away from the cell body.
------ THREE TYPES OF NEURON -------
1. Sensory neurons as classified into its appearance typically possess a
long dendrite and short axon, and its role is that they carry
messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
2. Motor neurons based into appearance, have a long axon and short
dendrites and responsible to transmit messages from the central
nervous system to the muscles or even to the glands.
3. Inter-neurons are located only in the central nervous system where
there is a connection of neuron-to-neuron.
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SYNAPTIC VESSICLES CONTAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES
*Acetylcholine *Serotonin
*Endorphin *Nor epinephrine
*Gamma-amino butyric acid *Dopamine
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
BRAIN
the largest part of the nervous system that is protected by the skull.
It weighs 3 pounds and contains 90% of the body neurons
Spinal cord runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain
to the rest of the body.
4 LOBES
1. Parietal lobe located in in the central fissure from the frontal lobe.
function: information to the skin senses (touch, temperature and
pressure).
If left hemisphere is damage may lose ability to read/ write and
difficulty of knowing the parts of the body.
If right hemisphere : difficulty of recognizing the left part of the body.

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2. Frontal lobe – nearest to the face ( motor cortex) Function: controls
the body movement.
3. Occipital lobe – near the back of the head.
Function: sensory area for awareness ( visual)
Damage in the right hemisphere – loss of vision in the left.
If in the left – loss vision ion the right.
4. Temporal lobe - along the side of each hemisphere. Function:
concern with hearing
Damage in left hemisphere – inability to understand spoken words.
If in the right – can recognize speech but unable to recognize other
organizations of sounds.

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HINDBRAIN – INCLUDES
Medulla
controls respiration, digestion, and circulation;
Cerebellum
Governs body balance, posture and muscular coordination
Pons
Contain nerve fibers from both sides of the cerebellum as well as
the tracts of sensory and motor nerve fibers that connect upper
brain to the spinal cord
MIDBRAIN
> Tracts between the cerebrum and the spinal cord and functions as
part of the overall impulse conduction system.
> It also controls some auditory and visual responses such as
regulation of the size of the pupil of the eye.

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FOREBRAIN
> Occupies the largest of the three divisions of the brain and occupies
the entire upper portion of the skull.
Cerebrum
> The main area of the forebrain, governs emotion, learning, thinking,
remembering and sense perception.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
• The outer layer of the cerebrum, directs the activities directs the
activities of the entire nervous system
Thalamus
• Interprets and sorts the sensory and motor impulses that travel to
and from the cerebrum
Hypothalamus
• Controls body temperature, metabolism, hunger and thirsts

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RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
• A group of neurons that occupy a portion of the hindbrain and
midbrain that serves as an arousal system
Corpus Callosum
• Connects two brain hemisphere

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
Autonomic nervous system
• It connects the glands and organs of your body that are involuntary
in nature. It has two subsystems:
• the sympathetic nervous system and
• the parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System
• involved in the “fight or flight” response during emergency situation
or in high emotion.
• It increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body for
quick responses to unusual situations. activities, such as digestion.
Parasympathetic nervous system
• that is involved in “rest or repose” system as it quiets the body and
returns it to a lower intensity of arousal.
• It is involved in relaxation. It conserves energy and controls
sedentary

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HOMEOSTASIS - Tendency of the body to maintain a balance among
internal physiological conditions.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These
hormones regulate the body’s growth, metabolism, and sexual
development and function.
HORMONES
Directly released on the bloodstream because they have no ducts or
structured passageways to the organs that they serve.

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ENDOCRIN GLANDS
• Secrete special messengers known as hormones that are directly
released into bloodstream because they have no ducts.
Pituitary Glands
• Has been called the “master gland”, influences growth, metabolism
and regeneration
Oxytocin
• Influence the contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the
reflexive reaction of milk from the mammary glands.
VASOPRESSIN
• Regulates the amount of water in the body cells and thus directly
controls blood pressure
Anterior pituitary hormones – include control of timings and
amount of body growth
• Too little can lead to condition called DWARFISM
• Over secretion can produce GIANTISM

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ANDRENAL GLANDS
• Located just above the kidneys
• Important in neural functioning and in the ability to cope with stress
• The inner core of the adrenal gland secretes EPINEPHRINE also called
ADRENALIN and NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALIN)
GOITER
The swelling of the thyroid gland brought about by the glands
overworking, hence the inability to secrete enough hormones.

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PARATHYROID GLANDS
• These are two small pea-shaped glands close to the thyroid glands
• Hormones called PARATHORMONE
PARATHORMONE
• Regulates utilization of calcium and phosphorous in the body
• Under secretion of this hormone results in condition known as tetany
PANCREAS
• Located near the stomach secretes two hormones which control the
level of blood sugar or glucose in the bloodstream
Glucagon
• Releases glucose into the bloodstream from the glycogen stored in
the liver
Insulin
• Enables glucose to move out of the blood into the cells of muscles
and tissues

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GONADS
The sex or puberty glands which produce the sperm and egg cells for
reproduction
TESTES – testosterone
Stimulates development and maintenance of male secondary sexual
characteristics and behavior
OVARIES – estrogen and progesterone
ESTROGEN – stimulates development and maintenance of female
secondary sex characteristics and behavior
PROGESTERONE
Stimulates female secondary sex characteristics and behavior and
maintains pregnancy
REFERENCE
Physiological Basis of Behavior. (June 23 2010). Retrieved February 28 2015,
from http://www.slideshare.net/mypzi/physiological-basis-of-behavior

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