Arab Region Progress in Sustainable Energy Challenges and Opportunities
Background on solar and windpower plants-eng.maged_mahmoud_rcreee
1. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
About RCREEE…..
• RCREEE stands for « Regional Centre for Renewable Energies
and Energy Efficiency »
• RCREEE is an independent regional policy think tank,
dedicated to the promotion of RE&EE in the MENA region,
• RCREEE has 13 Arab member states from the MENA region.
• The set up is sponsored by Egypt (also the host country),
Prepared by:
Germany, Denmark and the EU.
Eng. Maged K. Mahmoud
Technical Expert, Regional Centre for Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE)
maged.mahmoud@rcreee.org or maged_mahmoud@hotmail.com
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2. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
About RCREEE…
RCREEE 13 Member States:
Mission Statement : What we want to achieve
RCREEE has the ambition to
.....become the leading regional policy think-tank in renewable energies and
energy efficiency,
.....which is recognized as a leading centre of excellence on the international
level.
RCREEE, its member states, staff and sponsors are jointly working towards
achieving that goal.
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3. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Renewable energy
Renewable
Energy
Solar Energy
“Speed is irrelevant if we are going in the wrong
Wind Energy
direction.” Biomass
Hydropower
Mahatma Gandhi
Tidal
Wave
Ocean thermal
energy
Conversion
Geothermal
Energy
Source: Boyle, G. 2004
Hydrogen
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4. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
RE Opportunities
• The Arab region is endowed with:
• Abundant solar radiation with long duration of sunshine.
• Good to excellent wind speed. Wind Energy
• Significant hydro power.
• Reasonable quantities of biomass energy.
Economic potentials of renewable energies for electricity generation in some RCREEE member states (TWh
/a )
Wind Power Plants= Wind
Farms= Wind Parks
Source: DLR (2005)
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5. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Wind Energy
Wind Energy
Horizontal axis wind turbines
Vetical axis wind turbines
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6. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Power in the Wind Energy Production Terms
Power Coefficient (factor)
= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3 • Power in the Wind = 1/2AV3 P
Cp
A V3 1 ρ A V 3
2 1
• Betz Limit - 59% Max
C 16 0.593
Pmax 27
• Power Coefficient - Cp
• Rated Power – Maximum power
Density = P/(RxT) generator can produce.
P - pressure (Pa) Area = r2 Instantaneous Speed
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) (not mean speed)
T - air temperature (K) • Cut-in wind speed where energy
kg/m3 m2 m/s production begins
• Cut-out wind speed where energy
Knowledge of local wind speed is critical production ends.
to evaluating the available power
Typical Power Curve
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7. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Power control
“Pitch” versus “stall” and speed control
On average, good wind turbines extract about half of the theoretical
maximum or 30% of the power in the airstream that passes through the
www.windpower.org
b
rotor.
PW Pel
vw
Gear-
AG Net.
w
box
Total power input
P/A= 0.5xxV3
fn
Usable power • Power is a function of torque and speed: P = T · w
P/A= 0.5xxV3x 16/27 • Turbine speed is determined by grid frequency, gear ratio and slip of
induction generator.
Turbine power • ”STALL”: Passive torque regulation, determined by the turbine’s
P/A= 0.5xxV3x 16/27x aerodynamic properties.
• ”PITCH”: Active torque control through pitching of rotor blades (applied for
both optimization and power output limitation)
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8. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Wind Shear
The change in horizontal wind
Power versus windspeed curves speed with height
h= 80 m
U (h) = 7.7 m/s
120
m
Pitch regulated h
100 U ( h ) U ( hr ) U(hr) = 7.0 m/s
hr
hr= 50 m
Wind
80 Shear
h Profile
Stall regulated ln z
Power (%)
0
60 U ( h) U ( hr )
h
ln r
z0 r
40
hr : “reference height”
20 m: A function of wind speed, surface roughness (may
vary with wind direction), and atmospheric stability
0 (changes from day to night)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Z0 is the “roughness length” i.e. the height above ground
Wind speed (m/s) level where the wind speed is theoretically zero.
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9. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Development of HAWT
• Rules-of-the-thumb
If the average wind speed increases by factor two
HEIGHT [M]
the energy in the wind will increase by a factor eight.
In case the rotor diameter increases with a factor two
the energy produced will increase with a factor four.
Increasing the hub-height with one meter
will increase mostly the energy production with one per cent.
For a site similar to Zafarana, each kilometer
five to eight megawatts installed capacity using medium size turbines.
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SPEED
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The Arab Sustainable Energy Platform
5 – 15 3 – 10 rpm
Eng. Maged K. Mahmoud
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10. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Detailed technical assessment Wind Resource at Site
For proper analysis we need
Analyze site wind data to determine
Extreme wind speed VE and
Orography
Mean wind speed VM.
According to IEC standards, the turbine designs are classified based on
design loads to 5 classes: Roughness
Class I II III IV S WAsP WAsP
Extrapolate Extrapolate
VE [m/s] 50 42 37.7 30 site specific above at ground
VM [m/s] 10 8.5 7.5 6 and
Clean up
and
local effect
Obstacles re-introduce
local effect
Select wind turbine class suitable for site: (I for
Zafarana).
Local Wind Climate
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11. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Detailed technical assessment
Detailed technical assessment
For proper analysis we need
Project site layout
Determination of project
Determination of borders The following should be considered:
location and area using Photographing the site.
and surroundings.
available maps Number of turbines.
The prevailing wind direction.
The change of wind energy in through the site.
The obstacles and prohibited areas.
Select a WT type (size and
Show mean wind speed Long-term meteorological The park effect (distance between turbines in the prevailing wind direction and
height, control type, etc.)
values on the contour measurements of wind
based on market survey, perpendicular).
map for better potential at the candidate
economical, technical and
micrositing. site
other constrains.
Cost optimization for civil and electrical works.
60-MW wind farm at Zafarana, Egypt Mean wind speed 45 m a.g.l.
721000
720500 10.6
10.4
720000
Environmental concerns (noise & birds migration, etc).
10.2
Northing [m]
10.0
719500
9.8
719000 9.6
9.4
718500
9.2
718000
769500 770000 770500 771000 771500 772000 772500 773000 773500 774000
Thus, several scenarios are proposed (WTs, layouts, etc.)
Easting [m]
Estimate available energy
on site through analysis
of wind data.
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12. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Typical Wind Energy Project Components and Layout
Ref.:WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW, 2005, available at www.powernaturally.org
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13. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
• Capacity Factor CF
• Wind turbine power
• “Load Factor!!”
70 0
The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this
60 0
theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor; CF.
50 0
G
Generated electricity 40 0 Power curve for 26
kW
Capacity factor = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ V47 at Zafarana 25
30 0
Installed capacity x No. of hours of the year (8760h) 24
20 0
10 0
Typical capacity factors are 20- 40%,
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
m /s
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14. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Graph Source: GSR 2011, REN21
A dream coming true
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15. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Wind Energy in MENA
Potential of wind energy
• Many locations have very good wind regimes superb for electricity production. These
include countries such as Egypt, Morocco, and Oman which have high average annual Full load hours per year
Capacity
Country Factor
wind speed (9-11 m/s in some locations) together with relatively high capacity factors. (h/y)
(%)
Algeria 1,789 20
• Other several locations have moderate wind speed (6-8 m/s) that is also sufficient for Bahrain 1,360 16
generating electricity. Egypt 3,015 34
Iraq 1,789 20
Jordan 1,483 17
Kuwait 1,605 18
Lebanon 1,176 13
Libya 1,912 22
Morocco 2,708 31
Oman 2,463 28
Qatar 1,421 16
Saudi Arabia 1,789 20
Syria 1,789 20
Tunisia 1,789 20
UAE 1,176 13
Yemen 1,483 17
Source: Al-Karaghouli A."Current Status of Renewable Energies in the
Middle East – North African Region", UNEP/ROWA, June 2007. Capacity
factor refers to the percentage of average annual full load hours to total
annual number of hours (8760 h/y).
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16. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
If we fail to plan, Solar Energy
we plan to fail
Solar Power Plants
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17. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Solar Energy Overview
The Milky Way Galaxy
I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy.
What a source of power! I hope we don't have it is still not known
to wait until oil and coal run out before we if our galaxy is a
normal spiral like
tackle that. our neighbor
Thomas Alva Edison (1931) Andromeda (left),
or a barred spiral
...سأضع مالى فى الطاقة الشمسية... يالها مه مصدر للطاقة like shown to the
right!!!!!
آمل أال وحتاج إلى اإلوتظار حتى وهاية البترول والفحم قبل أن
وتجه إليها
)1931( تىماس أديسىن The Sombrero
Galaxy, M104,
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-02-11 – 1931-10-18) was an American inventor and businessman who
developed many devices which greatly influenced life worldwide into the 21st century. NASA Hubble
توماس ألفا إديسون (7481 – 1391م) مخترع أمريكي ولد في مدينة ميالن بوالية أوهايو األمريكية، ولم يتعلم في مدارس الدولة إال ثالثة Space Telescope
أشهر فقط، فقد وجده ناظر المدرسة طفال بليدا متخلفا عقليا ! وظهرت عبقريته في اإلختراع وإقامة مشغله الخاص حيث أظهر سيرته The milky way is a spiral
المدهشة كمخترع، ومن إختراعاته مسجالت اإلقتراع والتلغراف الطابع والتليفون والمكرفون والفونوغراف أو الجرامافون وأعظم image, released
اختراعاته المصباح الكهربي، والكثير وأنتج في السنوات األخيرة من حياته الصور المتحركة الناطقة، وعمل خالل الحرب العالمية األولى galaxy consisting of over 400 10/2/2003
لصالح الحكومة األمريكية، وقد سجل إديسون باسمه أكثر من ألف اختراع وهو عدد ال يصدقه العقل، وتزوج إديسون مرتين، وكان له ثالثة billion stars , plus gas and
.أوالد من كل زوجة، أما هو فقد مات في نيوجرسي سنة 1391م
dust
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18. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
The Solar System
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19. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Solar Energy Overview
Global solar radiation Global Radiation Diffused Radiation
Global solar radiation = Direct (beam) solar radiation
Pyranometer Ring-shadowed
+ Diffuse (sky) solar radiation
Pyranometer
Direct Normal Radiation
Reference PV Cell Pyrheliometer
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20. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Applications depending on direct radiation
The Solar Resource
Central Tower Parabolic
Central Receiver Systems
Troughs
Linear receiver systems
Irradiance: radiant flux density incident on a surface in W/m2
Irradiation: energy incident on a surface over a specifies period in
J/m2/day or Wh/m2/day or langleys (kWh/m2 = 86 langley)
Parabolic Dish Linear
& Stirling Engine Fresnel
Reflectors
World solar radiation map [DLR,2002]
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21. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
First Solar Thermal Plant, Egypt-1913
Parabolic trough concentrator
...” إوىن على يقني مه شئ واحد (1-axis tracking)
” إن البشرية البد أن تتحول الستخدام الطاقة الشمسية أو أن ترتد إىل الرببرية
.)1914 - (فراوك شومان
“One thing I feel sure of, and that is
that the human race must finally utilize direct solar
power or return to barbarism.”
(Frank Shuman ,1914)
North-south horizontal
orientation, east-west tracking
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22. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Integrated solar combined cycle
Stack Exhaust
Typical plant configuration 100°C
395°C
Steam
540°C, 100bar
Solar HX HRSG
Steam
Storage turbine G~
55 MW
295°C Condenser
220’000 m² Exhaust
Parabolic 600°C
Trough Field
G
Electricity
~
to the grid
Gas turbine 60 MW
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23. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Kuraymat Solar Thermal Power
Plant 140 MW Solar thermal power plant
Summary of Technical Parameters
Capacity of solar portion (MWe) 20
Nameplate capacity of gas turbine (MWe) 79
Nameplate capacity of steam turbine (MWe) 76.5
Net electric energy (GWhe/a) 852
Solar electric energy (GWhe/a) 33
Solar share(%) 4%
Fuel saving due to the solar portion (T.O.E / a) 10000
CO2 reduction (T/a) 20000
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24. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
CENTRAL RECEIVER TECHNOLOGY Receiver concept
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25. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Typical plant configuration
Solar two
ISTCCS PHOEBUS
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26. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
DISH/STIRLING POWER PLANTS
DISH/STIRLING POWER PLANTS
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27. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Linear Fresnel Technology
Parabolic Trough Tower with heliostats
Fresnel linear reflectors Parabolic dishes wit Stirling motors
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28. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Each technology has its own
value proposition
First Projects in the MENA Region
Source: ESTELA ATKearney 150 MW ISCC at Hassi R’Mel 140 MW ISCC at Kuraymat
470 MW ISCC at Ain Beni Mathar 100 MW in Abu Dhabi
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29. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Operational plants in USA
Project Pipeline in USA
Kimberlina 5 MW
Bakersfild, California
Nevada Solar One 64 MW
Boulder City, Nevada
Sierra Sun Tower 5 MW
Lancaster, California
ISCC 75 MW equiv.
Martin County Florida
SEGS Plants (Total 354 MW)
Mojave desert, California
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30. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Breakdown of the operative, under
construction and registered plants in Spain ANDASOL 1 & 2, Andalusia
Total: 2423 + 80 MW (In operation by the end of 2013)
94%
Parabolic trough
38 % With
Storage
62 %
Without
~ Storage
Relative to power installed
2% Tower 3% Stirling
1% Fresnel
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31. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
SOLNOVA 1, 3 & 4 / PS 10 & PS 20, Andalusia GEMASOLAR, Andalusia
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32. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
PUERTO ERRADO 1 & 2, Murcia Casa de los Pinos, Castilla la Mancha
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33. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Forecast in European countries
Archimede, Sicillia by 2020 (NAP’s)
France
540 MW
Italy
600 MW
Spain
Portugal 5079 MW Greece
500 MW 250 MW
Cyprus 75 MW
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34. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
FORECAST BY COUNTRIES 2009-2014
STE Cost Roadmap
LCOE reduction
is the main goal
The long
and dark Source:
ESTELA / ATKearney
solar thermal
electric Different approaches are being followed:
night
System level:
- Increasing efficiency (New concepts, new cycles, new fluids, …)
- Reducing cost (Storage, hybridization, larger plants, …)
Component level:
- Increasing performances
- Reducing manufacturing cost (new materials & processes, larger sizes, …)
SOURCE: “Global Concentrated Solar Power Markets and Strategies: 2010-2025,” IHS Emerging Energy Research, April 2010 - Scale factor
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35. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
A very fruitful period in Spain:
From the first large plants connected in 2008 Photovoltaics
till the new ones
Photovoltaics (PV) convert
Spanish Foreing 2008 situation 2011 Capabilities
directly the solar energy into
Technology Development electricity in a solid- state
Component manufacturing device made from silicon.
Basic Engineering
Site Development
It is based on the photovoltaic
Project development
effect.
EPC
Detailed engineering
Construction
Operation and Maintenance
TOTAL LOCAL CONTENT 50% 80%
Source: Luis Crespo, “Overview of STE plants”, Training Course organized RCREEE, Euro-Arab Foundation & LAS, Spain, May 2011
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36. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
Tecnologies
x-Si value chain
MG-Si poly-Si x-Si Wafer Cell Module System
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37. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
No connected to the grid: GRID-OFF Grid-Tied PV System
1.- Stand alone PV systems
1.1.- Stand alone PV systems with battery and AC Load.
Charge Electrical
Inverter/ Protections
• Electricity PV array Controller
(DC/AC)
• Lights DC
AC
• Pumps DC
• Motors
• Small power…
Battery
Load
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38. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
PV PLANTS (100 kW-10 MW)
PV PLANT
LIMIT with company 3-5 MW
LIMIT with comapny 10 MW
Transformer
CT AC/AC >100 kW
CON E.D
CT
SUBSTATION
Source: M.Art
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39. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
GRID-ON PV SYSTEM ON THE ROOF
Pv array, ~50 m2
INVERTER,
5 kW
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40. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
ROOF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES
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41. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
PV PLANTS (ARRAY FIXED)
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42. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
PV PLANTS (TRACKING ONE AXIS)
PV PLANTS (TRACKING TWO AXIS)
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43. Progress and Achievements Jan-Oct 2010 10/23/2011
PV Power Plants
4.6 MW USA 10 MW Germany
Graph Source: GSR 2011, REN21
1MW USA 3.3MW Italy
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