1.
Biology 142 Lab
Practical #1

2.
Phylum Porifera
• Sponges
• Simple animals
• No systems, organs, or tissues
• Have specialized cells
• Live in seas; Live in freshwater
• Sessile – Can not move independently, anchored to
the ground
• Spicules – Long thin structures that support and
shape sponges
• Usually inorganic; can be organic (in Demospongiae)

3.
Phylum Porifera
• Placed in classes based on composition of spicules
• In some cases spicules are on outside (bristly defense)
• Reproduce asexually by budding
• Special reproductive cells carry out sexual
reproduction
• Monoecious – Contain both male and female
gamete producing cells
• Male and female gametes produced at different times to
reduce risk of self-fertilization

4.
Phylum Porifera
• Filter-Feeders
• Sponge body riddled with canals
• This delivers water and food to each cell
• Dermal Ostium – External opening where water enters on
(sides of sponge)
• Water flows from Dermal Ostium into the Incurrent Canal
• Incurrent Canal dead-ends half-way through sponge
body
• Prosopyle Cells – Line Internal Canal; water transports
through these cells into a parallel canal called the Radial
• Radial – Begins half-way through cells and ends at hollow
center called the Spongocoel

5.
Phylum Porifera
• Osculum – Opening at top of sponge through which water
exits
• Choanocyte Cells – Maintain flow of water through the
canal system by rigorously beating their flagella; line Radial
Canals
• Unique to Phylum Porifera ; diagnostic characteristic of
this Phylum
• Waste products are excreted by cells into this system of
canals and exit the sponge through the Osculum

6.
Scypha, Atlas (c.s)
7
8
9
10

7.
Scypha (Fig 7.1-7.4, 7.5, 7.7)

8.
Scypha (Sponge)

9.
Sponge (Scypha)

10.
Hexactinellida (Glass
Sponge)

11.
Demospongiae (Natural
Sponges)(Fig. 7.5 ; 7.7)

12.
Phylum Cnidaria
(Cnidarians have tissues)
• Class Hydrozoa
• Spend most of their lives as Polyps
• Polyps – Body form like open brown paper bag with
Tentacles around opening of bag (go Karen)
• Found singly or in colonies
• Motile but move very slowly
• Attached to surface by Basal Disc at Aboral End
• Medusa stage is usually brief and reserved for sexual
reproduction
• Medusa – Like paper bag with Tentacles around opening;
paper bag is squashed so the bottom of the bag is
flattened against open tentacle end of bag

13.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Found singly and always motile (move under their own
power)
• Hydrozoans maintain shape through Hydrostatic
Skeleton
• When there’s no hard material to give the animal its
shape, it fills with water and the water provides the
stiffening
• Have 3 distinct body layers: Epidermis, Mesoglea,
Gastrodermis
• Epidermis – Contains nerve and muscle cells
• Gastrodermis – Contains digestive cells
• Mesoglea – Inbetween Epidermis and Gastrodermis
and is an acellular mix of their compositions

14.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Coelenteron – Hollow center of the Polyp
(gastrovascular cavity)
• Carnivores; Oral End contains mouth surrounded by
fringe of Tentacles
• Feed by waving their tentacles in the water currents
• Surface of Tentacles is imbedded with Cnidocyte
Cells
• Cnidocyte Cells – Specialized cells that contain
harpoon or lasso-like organelles called Cnidae
• When a Cnidocyte is triggered the Cnidae shoots out and
either wraps around the prey or barbs it and captures it
• Some barbs are tipped with toxin that stings the prey to kill
or paralyze it

15.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Stinging Cnidae are called Nematocysts
• Tentacles then move into the Hydrozoan’s mouth
• The prey is scraped into the Coelenteron
• There Gastrodermal Cells secrete digestive enzymes
• After digestion the molecules remaining are absorbed by
the cells as nutrients
• Tentacles extend out back into ocean currents to capture
prey
• Hydra
• Have Testis and Ovaries that can be found on both
sides of their bodies

16.
Phylum Cnidaria
• These produce gametes that are used in sexual reproduction
• The resulting embryo grows to be another Polyp
• In asexual reproduction a new Popyl (Bud) grows out the side of a
mature Polyp
• When the new Polyp is fully grown it breaks off the parent
• It then attached to the surface and begins its own life
• Obelia
• Some Polyps in the colony are Feeding Polyps
• Complete with Tentacles for capturing food
• Others are Reproductive Polyps without Tentacles
• Form Medusae liberated from the Polyp
• They produce gametes that fuse to form embryos
• The embryos attach to a surface and grow to become new Obelia
colonies

17.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Class Scyphozoa
• Jellyfish
• Spend majority of their lives in Medusa stage
• Have Epidermis, Mesoglea, and Gastrodermis
• Tentacles are found around perimeter on Oral End
• Have Cnidocytes and Cnidae

18.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Aurelia
• Tentacles are too short to put food in mouth
• Have Oral Arms instead
• Oral Arms – Carry food from tentacles and carry it to the mouth
(four of them)
• Food moves from the mouth to the Gastric Pouches
where digestive enzymes break down the food
• Molecules circulate from Gastric Pouches to edge of
animal through Radial Canals
• From there molecules move around through the Ring
Canal
• Molecules move back towards the mouth through the
Periradial Canal

19.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Excessive nutrition and waste products then exit out the
mouth
• This circulation gives each cell nutrients
• Reproduce sexually with four horseshoe shaped Gonads
• Gonads can be seen from Aboral End and are very close to
the Gastric Pouches
• Release gametes into ocean
• Gametes fuse and become Sessile and grow into small
polyps
• Polyps mature and begin producing Medusae which grow
into jellyfish
• Both Polyp and Medusae stages
• Move slowly by contracting muscle cells
• Have primitive Sense Organs found along perimeter of
Medusae that help the animal navigate the ocean

20.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Class Anthozoa
• Sea Anemones and Coral
• Exist in Polyp form only
• Sea Anemones are found from cold northern waters to
warmer southern ocean waters
• Slow moving animals that attach themselves to a surface
using their Pedal Disc on the Aboral Surface
• Slowly glide along on Pedal Disc
• Opposite end has the Oral Disc
• There the Mouth is surrounded by tentacles bearing Cnidocyte
Cells
• Waving tentacles capture food using Cnidae

21.
Phylum Cnidaria
• The tentacle then places food into the Pharynx
• The food then enters the Coelenteron and then into many
Septa for digestion
• Waste leaves in the reverse path
• Gonads are found on the ends of the Septa
• Produce either male or female gametes
• They get released into the ocean for fertilization to occur
• After fertilization the embryo attaches to a surface and
grows into another Polyp

22.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Coral are Polyp colonies
• Found in shallow warm coastal waters in tropics
• Secrete hard Calcareous Exoskeleton around their bodies
(some coral polyps)
• This remains when the coral dies
• New Polyps settles on this, so only outer layer is living
• Coral attach to surfaces at Aboral End
• Coral have a mouth at Oral End
• Surrounded by Cnidocyte Cell studded Tentacles
• Feeding behavior and mechanics similar to Hydrozoa
• Unusual variation: contain mutualistic Dinoflagellate within
their body
• Dinoflagellate – Photosynthetic thus supplying coral with
food; coral provides Dinoflagellate with safe home

23.
Polyp & Medusae Body

24.
Hydra, Atlas (c.s,l.s)
Figure 7.14:
3.)Coelenteron
6.) Gastrodermis

25.
Hydra (Fig. 7.9-7.19)

26.
Budding Hydra, Atlas

27.
Budding Hydra

28.
Obelia Hydroid, Atlas
1
2
3

29.
Obelia Hydroid (7.17-
7.19)

30.
Brown & Green Hydra

31.
Hydra Virdis

32.
Metridium, Atlas (l.s)

33.
Metridium (Fig. 7.37-7.45)

34.
Sea Anemone (Metridium)

35.
Coral

36.
Sea Anemone (Metridium)

37.
Aurelia (Fig. 7.27-28)

38.
Medusae of Jellyfish (Aurelia)

39.
Jellyfish (Aurelia)

40.
Grantia

41.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Class Turbellaria
• Planaria
• One of few free-living Platyhelminthes
• Found in small bodies of fresh water (streams, ponds)
• Crawl along debris on bottom
• Carnivores
• Food enters through Mouth at end of long Protrusible
Pharynx (midway down ventral surface)
• Food then goes to multi-branched Gastrovascular Cavity
(GVC).
• Enzymes are secreted here for digestion.

42.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Waste exits through Protrusible Pharynx
• Nerve Cords – Control movement of muscles; found
along side of body on ventral surface
• Eyespots – Light sensitive; found on dorsal surface at
anterior end
• Hermaphroditic
• Have both Testes & Ovaries

43.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Class Trematoda
• Flukes
• Parasitic
• Attach to hosts with Suckers to feed
• Fasciola
• Sheep liver fluke
• Has Oral Sucker surrounding anterior Mouth
• Has Ventral Sucker 1/3 way down ventral surface
• Food enters through mouth
• Passes through Muscular Pharynx to Esophagus and
finally to Intestine

44.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Intestine is forked (to left and right side)
• Has many pouch like branches called Caeca
• Digestive enzymes are secreted into the Intestines and
Caeca
• Waste leaves body through reverse path
• Hermaphroditic
• Have both Ovary & Testes
• Look similar: consist of many branched leaf-like structures
• Testes are more towards posterior end
• Ovaries found anterior to Testes
• Along sides of body are Yolk Glands
• Yolk Glands – Thin-branched tubules that secretes the
yolk of the egg

45.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• When the Eggs pass by yolk reservoir, yolk is added to the
egg
• Eggs then enter Uterus (located posterior to Ventral
Sucker)
• Eggs are then fertilized by sperm placed into the end of
the Uterus
• Eggs exit the fluke at the end of the Uterus
• Sperm are formed in testes and collected by ducts to be
stored in the Seminal Vesicle
• Located just posterior to Ventral Sucker
• Sperm are released into Uterus of another fluke by
Penis
• Flukes can self or cross-fertilize

46.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Clonorchis/Opisthorchis
• Anatomically very similar to Fasciola
• There are few differences
• Oral & Ventral suckers in same location as Fasciola
• Food enters Mouth, passes through Pharynx,
Esophagus, and into forked Intestine
• No Caeca branching off Intestine
• Intestine looks like a smooth tube
• Digestive waste leaves by same path it enters

47.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Hermaphroditic
• Branching leaf-like Testes found toward Posterior end
• Ovary is small round organ found in middle of body
• Delicately branched tubular Yolk Glands found along
side of fluke
• Eggs pass from ovary by Yolk Duct where yolk is added to
the egg
• Yolked egg then passes Seminal Receptacle just
posterior to ovary
• Sperm from other fluke is deposited here via short duct
that communicates with outside environment

48.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Eggs are fertilized as passing by Seminal Vesicle
• Eggs then make way up long tubular Uterus (located in
middle of body)
• Eggs then exit body at end of Uterus through Genital Pore
(very near Ventral Sucker)
• Sperm from Testes are carried by ducts up to Genital Pore
where they leave the body
• Male and Female reproductive systems share common
Genital Pore
• Can self or cross-fertilize
• Have excretory organs to excrete excess water
• Excretory Pore – Where excretory system can be seen at
posterior tip of fluke

49.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Class Cestoda
• Taenia
• Tapeworms
• Simple animals
• Parasitic
• Attach to host with series of Hooks & Suckers (anterior
end)
• This is called the Scolex
• Beyond Scolex are Proglottids
• Just behind Scolex
• Quite small; get bigger as going down length of tapeworm

50.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Each is a package of reproductive organs
• In middle-sized Proglottids – Testes visible as little scattered
dots
• Ovaries are 2 round localized clusters of dots just below
midpoint of the Proglottid
• At base of Ovaries is elongate Yolk Gland
• Yolk added to eggs before fertilization
• Ducts from male & female reproductive systems run
parallel to each other from center of Proglottid across to
side of body where they exit through Genital Pore
• In large (mature) Proglottids Uterus is only reproductive
organ visible
• Filled with eggs

51.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Most mature Proglottid is farthest from Scolex
• When fully mature detaches from tapeworm and exits
host through host’s feces
• When is dries out it ruptures (releasing eggs)
• Two tubular structures run down both sides of
Proglottids
• Nerve Cord – Outer tube
• Excretory Canal – Inner tube
• Primarily for removal of excess water
• Tapeworms have no digestive organs
• Found in intestines of host and absorb nutrients across
their outer body covering

52.
Taenia Scolex and
Proglottids

53.
Taenia Mature and Ripe
Proglottids

54.
Taenia Pisiformis

55.
Taenia Sagniata

56.
Taenia Pisiformis

57.
Teania Model 1

58.
Teania Model 2

59.
Teania Model 3

60.
Teania Model 4

61.
Teania Model 5

62.
Teania Model 6

63.
Teania Model 7

64.
Fasciola Diagram and
Specimen

65.
Fasciola Hepatica

66.
Fasciola Hepatica (2)

67.
Fasciola

68.
Schistosoma in Liver

69.
Planaria Whole and c.s

70.
Planaria w.m

71.
Planaria c.s, Pharyngeal
Region, c.s Posterior Region
1
2
3
4

72.
Planaris

73.
Planaris (2)

74.
Planaris

75.
Opisthorcis Specimen and
c.s

76.
Clonorchis

77.
Clonorchis (2)

78.
Clonorchis