6. Organic farming
“Organic farming is a system which avoids or largely
excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers,
pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the
maximum extent feasible relay upon crop rotations, crop
residues, animal manures, on-farm organic waste, mineral
grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient
mobilization and plant protection”.
USDA study team
9. Why organic farming ?
Soil is a medium
Biological activity
Living soil
Use of inorganic fertilizers - eutrophication, increased
soil acidity, enhanced nitrate content in drinking
water etc
Indiscriminate use of chemicals – reduced diversity,
reduced soil fertility and hazards on health
10.
11. Aims of organic farming
Food of high nutritional quality.
Interact in a constructive and life enhancing way
with natural systems.
Encourage and enhance biological cycles.
Maintain long term fertility of soils.
Use renewable on farm resources
Work with materials which can be recycled.
Minimize all forms of pollutants which may affect
the farm environment.
12. B.N : Curcuma longa L.
Family: Zingiberaceae
Order: Scitaminae
Active principle: Curcumin
Origin: South East Asia
13. The ancient and sacred spice of India
Condiment, dye and in cosmetics
- It is valued as a spice as well as a colourant.
Widely used in folk medicines and ayurvedic preparations.
India - Major production and export, monopoly in production.
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, and Bihar are the
important states producing turmeric.
14. Fig 1: Area share under major spices crops in India.
Anon., 2011
15. Myanmar Nigeria
4% 3%
China Bangladesh
8% 3%
Others
4%
India
78%
Fig 2: World production scenario of turmeric in different countries.
Anon., 2011
16. Gujarat Meghalaya Kerala
West Bengal 2% 2% 1%
4% Others
Orissa 5%
7%
Andra Pradesh
Karnataka 47%
11%
Tamil Nadu
21%
Fig 3: Production scenario of turmeric in different states.
Anon., 2011
17. Traditional practices in turmeric cultivation
Sundararaman et al., 2004
Seed rhizome selection
Pre-planting treatments
Land preparation
Mulching
Mixed cropping
Inter-cropping
Crop protection
Harvesting
30. Table 7 : Effect of different kinds of farmyard manure on growth parameters, maturity and
yield of turmeric
Hossain and Yukio, 2007, Japan
200 days after planting 261 days after planting
Plant No. of No .of Maturit Shoot
Leaf area Yield Yield
Treatments height leaves tillers y period biomass
cm2/plant (g/plant) (g/plant)
(cm) /plant /plant days (g/plant)
166 20.8 3.2 7447 52.0 98.6
Control 240 68.2 6.1c
7c 1.7a 0.4a 355c 3.2c 10.1d
Chicken 175 20.8 3.2 9870 71.6 89.6 133.0
250
manure 7b 2.7a 0.4a 1141b 7.4b 11.2b 15.1c
Goat 216 23.8 4.0 13971 90.6 110.8 156.0
261
manure 8a 3.5a 0.9a 1223a 9.4a 5.9a 9.6b
Cow 204 21.6 3.6 13031 93.3 112.6 175.4
261
manure 13ab 2.2a 0.5a 556a 7.1a 9.1a 7.8a
31. Table 8 : Chemical composition of chicken manure, goat manure and cow manure
Hossain and Yukio, 2007, Japan
S
Na K Ca Mg Al Fe P
Manure mg/kg
mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
type manure
manure manure manure manure manure manure manure
Chicken
2.38 21.13 1.12 1.41 0.00 0.05 2.86 3.57
manure
Goat
0.51 25.01 0.41 0.60 0.01 0.01 1.35 1.12
manure
Cow
1.54 7.31 0.42 0.25 0.00 0.02 1.04 1.34
manure
32. Table 9 : Chemical composition of dark-red soil, red, gray soil
Hossain and Yukio, 2007, Japan
Ca Na Fe
K P
mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
Soil type mg/kg mg/kg
soil soil soil
soil soil
Dark-
6.39 25.0 30.5 0.52 0.25
red soil
Red
10.32 15.80 55.90 0.76 0.26
soil
Gray
42.89 204.20 102.40 4.60 0.16
soil
34. Biological control of rhizome rot disease of turmeric
Surajit and Apurba, 2008, Nadia West Bengal
Treatment details:
T1 = (Recommended NPK) Control
T2 = (NPK + FYM)
T3 = (NPK+ Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescence seed
treatment )
T4 = (NPK+ Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescence as as
soil application @ 12.5 kg/ha and 25 kg/ha as basal and top
dressing respectively)
T5 = (T2 + T3 )
T6 = (T2 + T4 )
T7 = (T2 + T3 + T4 )
T8 = ( T2 + Bacillus subtilis 1 ml/L of water)
35. Table 11 : Biological control of rhizome rot disease of turmeric
Surajit and Apurba, 2008, West Bengal
Disease incidence (%) %
Projected
Germination reduction Rhizome yield
Treatments First Second yield
% in rot over (kg/3m2 plot)
observation observation control (ton/ha)
T1(Control) 91.11 17.50 19.78 -- 7.75 25.83
T2 88.88 15.72 16.67 15.72 8.33 27.77
T3 95.56 5.57 10.55 46.66 8.83 29.43
T4 93.33 7.23 8.69 56.07 8.75 29.17
T5 93.33 5.62 7.19 63.65 8.8 29.33
T6 95.56 7.23 7.23 63.45 9.00 30.00
T7 95.56 5.62 7.23 63.45 9.25 30.83
T8 91.11 15.58 17.5 11.53 8.2 27.33
CD @ 5% -- 4.72 4.48 -- 1.24 --
36. Table 12: Evaluation of fungal biocontrol agents for suppression of root knot
nematodes infesting turmeric
Santosh et al., 2008, Calicut
Nematode population
(per g of root)
No . of Height of
Treatments Eggs Juveniles Females Total
tillers plant (cm)
Paccilomyces
2.24 a 129.13 c 5.54 b 0 .00 b 0.46 b 6.00 b
lilacinus
Fusarium
2.14 a 134.43 a 0.00 b 0.00 b 0.00 b 0.00 b
oxysporum
Scopulariopsis
2.06 a 133.04 b 8.20 ab 1.45 b 1.60 ab 11.25 ab
sp
Aspergillus sp 2.06 a 134.49 a 10.02 ab 6.07 ab 0.00 b 16.09 ab
Pochonia
2.53 a 134.64 a 3.23 b 8.09 ab 0.00 b 11.32 ab
chlamydosporia
Control 2.38 a 118.35 d 158.59 a 61.66 a 6.93 a 227.18 a
37. Effect of various biopesticides and biocides on leaf pest, Udaspes folus of turmeric
Arutselvi et al., 2011, Tamil Nadu
Treatment details:
T1 = Metarhizium anisopliae
T2 = Beauveria bassiana
T3 = Trichoderma viride
T4 = Hirsutella citriformis
T5 = Nomuraea rileyi
T6 = Neem extract
T7 = Imidachloprid
T8 = Control
38. Table 13 : Effect of various biopesticides and biocides on mortality leaf pest,
Udaspes folus of turmeric
Arutselvi et al., 2011, Tamil Nadu
II instar larva III instar larva
Treatment
Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
T1( M a) 0.67 0.58c 3.33 0.58C 4.67 0.58c 1.67 0.58b 2 1d 4.7 0.58c
T2 (B b) 0.67 0.58d 2.33 0.58d 4.33 0.58c 1 1d 3.33 0.58f 4.33 1.15d
T3(T v) 0.33 0.58f 1.33 0.58f 2.67 0.58d 0.67 0.58de 2.33 0.58c 2.67 0.58e
T4(H c) 1.67 0.58b 4 0b 6.33 0.58b 1.33 0.58c 3.33 0.58b 7.67 0.58b
T5(N r) 0.33 0.58e 1.67 0.58e 2.67 0.58d 0.33 0.58b 2 0d 2.33 0.58e
T6 (Neem) 1 0e 1.67 0.58e 2.67 0.58d 1.33 0.58c 2 0d 4.33 0.58d
T7(Imida) 2.67 0.58a 6 1a 8.67 0.58a 3 0a 6.67 0.58a 9.67 0.58a
T8
0 0f 1 1f 2.33 0.58e 0.33 0.58f 0 0e 1 1f
Control
CD @ 5% 0.8 1.12 1.02 0.97 1 0.89
39. Table 14 : Effect of various fungal applications on various growth and yield
characters in turmeric
Arutselvi et al., 2011, Tamil Nadu
Plant height No. of leaves Disease Fresh rhizome
Treatment
(cm) affected incidence(%) Yield (g)
T1( M a) 131 1 3.67 0.58 37 420.71 1.43
T2 (B b) 127.33 0.76 3.67 0.58 37.5 340.84 4.37
T3(T v) 141.67 1.5 3.00 1 33.3 426.29 6.23
428.86 3.25
T4(H c) 137.33 2.1 2.67 0.58 22.2
T5(N r) 130.31 13 3.33 0.58 36.3 408.05 3.77
T6 (Neem) 124.67 2.1 3.67 1.58 50 375.99 12.04
T7(Imida) 135.33 1.1 2.33 0.58 38.4 370.75 11.62
T8 Control 128 20 6.33 0.58 41.60 339.47 9.82
CD @ 5% 4.03 1.29 -- 18.9
40. Table 15 : Formulation of natural insecticide against mortality rate of Panchaetothrips
indicus in Curcuma longa L. of PTS and Erode varieties in lab conditions
Arutselvi et al ., 2012, Tamil Nadu
VARIETY PTS ERODE
conc 10% 15% 20% 10% 15% 20%
Azadiracta indica 21.67±1.5e 23±10e 26.33±0.6d 22.67±1.2d 20.67±1.2d 23±1d
Neem Kernel -
Vitex negundo 25.33%±1.5f 25.67±1.2f 27.67±1.5e 23±1d 23.67±1.5e 25.33±0e
Chrysanthemum
cinearifolium 21.67±1.5e 21.67±2.1d 25.67±1.5d 22.67±1.5d 22.67±1.5e 24.67±0.6de
Gloriosa superba 19.33±0.6d 21±1d 23±1c 18±1c 19.33±0.6d 22.33±0.6d
Aloe vera 10.33±1.5b 13.33±1.5b 19±1b 16.33±1.2c 15.67±2.1c 19.33±0.6e
Ocimum.
tenuiflorum 12.67±2c 17.33±1.5c 19±1b 1.3±0.6a 12±0b 14.67±1.5b
Imidachloprid 29.33±0.6g 29±1g 29.33±1.2f 27±1e 26.67±1.5f 26.33±0.6f
Control 0.33±0.6a 3±1a 1.67±1.2a 2±1b 1.67±0.6a 1±0a
41.
42. B.N : Zingiber officinale R.
Family: Zingiberaceae
Order: Scitaminae
Active principle: Zingerone / Gingerol
Origin: South East Asia
43. • Commerce - dried rhizome.
• Marketed as raw ginger, dry ginger, bleached ginger, ginger
oil, oleoresin, beer, wine, squash etc.
• Dry ginger has good demand abroad especially in the Middle
East markets.
• India is the largest exporter of dry ginger.
• Ginger is cultivated in almost all states in India.
• Major growing states are
Kerala, Orissa, Meghalaya, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka.
48. The effect of AM fungal isolates on the development and oleoresin production
of micropropagated Zingiber officinale
Maicon et al., 2008, Brazil
Treatment details:
Ctl = Control
Mix= Mix of all four isolates
P= Phosphorous
Sh= Scutellospora heterogama
Gd= Gigaspora decipiens
Ak= Acaulospora koskei
Ec= Entrophospora colombiana
49. Table 18 : The effect of AM fungal isolates on vegetative development of
micropropagated Zingiber officinale (120 and 210 DAP)
Maicon et al., 2008, Brazil
Shoot height Shoot dry Shoot height Shoot dry
Treatments
(cm) biomass (g) (cm) biomass (g)
Control 3.38 1.50 b 0.056 0.02 bc 3.54 1.36 c 0.061 0.046 a
Phosphorus 8.18 1.28 a 0.100 0.019 a 7.90 2.32 ab 0.085 0.021 a
Mix 8.98 13.6 a 0.092 0.17 ab 9.22 1.51 a 0.093 0.038 a
Scutellospora
4.44 1.60 b 0.054 0.012 c 4.16 1.17 c 0.048 0.031 a
heterogama
Gigaspora
6.10 1.85 ab 0.080 0.029 abc 5.46 1.58 bc 0.061 0.002 a
decipiens
Acaulospora
6.40 2.48 ab 0.082 0.020 abc 10.14 2.35 a 0.092 0.036 a
koskei
Entrophospora
6.46 0.68 ab 0.070 0.000 abc 5.56 0.74 bc 0.071 0.003 a
colombiana
VAM – 10 ml / 400 ml plastic pot
50. Table 19: Spore numbers and percentage of mycorrhizal root colonization in
micro propagated ginger inoculated with different AM Fungi.
Maicon et al., 2008, Brazil
Mycorrhizal colonization (%) Spore numbers (in 30 g soil)
Treatments
120 d 210 d 120 d 210 d
Mix 43.45 21.30 a 23.40 8.46 b 154 37.42 a 260 129.34 a
Scutellospora
14.76 9.04 a 5.75 1.30 b 105 121.24 a 60 49.58 a
heterogama
Gigaspora
17.80 10.00 b 58.95 6.13 a 49 32.22 a 53 41.42 a
decipiens
Acaulospora
29.82 12.47 a 28.42 16.04 a 123 90.76 a 298 166.45 a
koskei
Entrophospora
26.50 13.75 a 5.39 3.85 a 25 37.14 a 97 136.02 a
colombiana
51. Table 20: Rhizome fresh biomass and levels of oleoresin after 210 days of
micro propagated ginger plants inoculated with different AM
Fungi Maicon et al., 2008, Brazil
Yield of oleoresin
Treatments Fresh biomass (g)
(%)
Control 0.1454 0.2333 0.99
P (25 mg/ kg ) 0.3471 0.1836 1.60
Mix 0.2730 0.1994 1.02
Scutellospora
0.1000 0.2040 1.48
heterogama
Gigaspora
0.2166 0.2113 1.02
decipiens
Acaulospora
0.3331 0.2445 1.58
koskei
Entrophospora
0.1466 0.1488 0.72
colombiana
52. C M P MP C M P MP
C = Control, M = Mycorrihizal, P = Phosphorous, MP = Mycorrihizal +Phosphorous
Fig 4: Effects of AM fungi and phosphorous fertilization on post vitro
growth of micro propagated ginger
Rosilda et al., 2010, Brazil
53. Table 21 : Shoot, root and rhizome biomass of micro propagated ginger after
five months under distinct mycorrhizal and phosphorous treatments
Rosilda et al., 2010, Brazil
Treatment Shoot wt (g/plt) Root wt (g/plt) Rhizome wt (g/plt)
Control 0.17 0.07 b 0.03 0.01 b 0.06 0.08 b
Mycorrhiza 1.00 0.13 a 0.20 0.08 a 0.19 0.07 a
P (25 mg/kg) 0.84 0.17 a 0.22 0.05 a 0.20 0.07 a
MP 0.95 0.13 a 0.20 0.09 a 0.20 0.02 a
Spore density – 416 spores/50 g soil)
54. chemical propertiers of Vermicompost and biogas slurry on oven
Table 22 : Productivity of ginger influenced by Vermicompost and biogas
dry basis
slurry as amendment in saline soils
Rafiq et al., 2009, Pakistan
Chemical Vermicompost Biogas slurry
propertiers
(EC = dS m -1) 1.8 6.7
pH 6.91 8.36
N (%) 1.8 1.6
P (%) 0.58 1.65
K (%) 0.71 0.60
Na (%) 0.09 0.23
55. Productivity of ginger by amendment of vermicompost and
biogas slurry in saline soils
Rafiq et al., 2009, Pakistan
Treatment details
T1 = Control
T2 = Vermicompost (VC-500 g/20 kg of soil)
T3 = Biogas slurry ( BS – 500 ml/20 kg of soil)
T4 = T2 + T3
Treatments induced after 3 and 7 months of sowing
56. Fig 5: Productivity of ginger by amendment of vermicompost and
biogas slurry in saline soils
Rafiq et al., 2009, Pakistan
57. Fig 6: Productivity of ginger by amendment of vermicompost and
biogas slurry in saline soils
Rafiq et al., 2009, Pakistan
58. Fig 7: Productivity of ginger by amendment of vermicompost and
biogas slurry in saline soils
Rafiq et al., 2009, Pakistan
59. Fig 8: Productivity of ginger by amendment of vermicompost and
biogas slurry in saline soils
Rafiq et al., 2009, Pakistan
60. Table 23 : Evaluation of fungal bioagents for suppression of root knot
nematodes infesting in ginger
Santosh et al., 2008, Calicut
Yield Nematodes/g root
Treatment (kg - 3 X 1 m bed)
1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean
Control 3.83 b 2.46 c 3.98 c 13.49 b 35.31 b 24.40 b
P. chlamydosporia 5.90 a 5.29 a 5.83 a 2.88 a 1.01 a 1.95 a
T. harzianum 5.69 a 5.27 a 5.15 a 7.68 ab 6.26 ab 6.97 ab
F. oxysporoum 4.46 b 5.04 a 4.75 ab 37.55 ab 9.79 ab 23.67 b
Mean 4.97 4.77 15.4 13.09
1 - Incorporation in soil 2 - rhizome coating Means are of four replications
61. Bio-intensive management of rhizome rot of ginger under field conditions
Singh and Tomar, 2009, Chhattisgarh
Treatment details
T1 = Control
T2 = Seed treatment with hot water 510c for 10min
T3 = Seed treatment with Mancozeb (3gm L-1 for 30min)
T4 = Seed treatment with T. harzianum 20g L-1 water for 30min
T5 = Seed treatment with hot water 510c for 10min + T3
T6 = Seed treatment with hot water 510c+100gm T. harzianum in 1Kg
neem cake at sowing time
T7 = Application of neem cake 1Kg in soil at the time of sowing
T8 = Neem cake 1Kg + 100gm T. harzianum in 3Kg FYM mixed for 7
days before sowing and watering regularly
62. Table 24: Bio-intensive management of rhizome rot of ginger under field
conditions
Singh and Tomar, 2009, Chhattisgarh
Pooled Disease Pooled
Disease incidence (%) Yield t ha-1
Treatments incidence (%) Yield t /ha
2005-06 2006-07 2005-06 2006-07
T1 19.5 17.5 18.5 6.8 10.19 8.5
T2 20 18 19 6.3 10.9 8.6
T3 20.5 18 19.25 5.8 9 8.4
T4 22 20.5 21.25 5.5 11.05 8.3
T5 16.5 14.5 15.5 7.5 11.85 9.8
T6 8 5.5 6.75 8.2 15.87 12.03
T7 14 14 14 7.1 12.46 9.7
T8 6.5 4.5 5.5 9.8 17.08 13.4
CD(0.05%) 1.73 1.69 1.54 1.72 1.37 1.46
63. Evaluation of biological management module packages against
rhizome rot of ginger
Savita and Prasad, 2009, Jharkhand
Treatment details:
T1 = Rhizome treatment with T. harzianum @ 6 g/L
T2 = Soil amendment with Pongamia glabra oil cake @ 20 q/ha
T3 = Mulching with Eucalyptus citriodora leaves @ 2.5 kg/m2
T4 = Rhizome treatment with T. harzianum @ 6 g/L + soil
amendment with Pongamia glabra oil cake @ 20 q/ha
T5 = Rhizome treatment with T. harzianum @ 6 g/L + mulching with
Eucalyptus citriodora leaves @ 2.5 kg/m2
T6 = Soil amendment with Pongamia glabra oil cake @ 20 q/ha +
mulching with Eucalyptus citriodora leaves @ 2.5 kg/m2
T7 = Rhizome treatment with T. harzianum @ 6 g/L + soil
amendment with Pongamia glabra oil cake @ 20 q/ha +
mulching with Eucalyptus citriodora leaves @ 2.5 kg/m2
T8 = Control
65. • Organic inputs are capable of replacing chemicals from
agriculture
• Organic farming safeguards soil and human health
• Helps in production of quality food
• It helps in maintaining the yields on long run
• Eco friendly, sustainable and residue free
