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Matter in our surroundings
Characteristics of matter particles 
Ø There are spaces between matter particles 
Ø Matter particles move continuously – movement increases with rising 
temperature 
Ø Particles of matter attract each other – decreasing order of force of 
attraction: solids > liquids > gases 
Solid phase 
Ø Permanent shape, change is difficult 
Ø Negligible compressibility 
Ø Definite shape, size, and boundary
Liquid phase 
Ø No fixed shape and boundary 
Ø Have a fixed volume 
Ø Low compressibility 
Ø Rate of diffusion higher than solids. 
Gaseous state 
Ø No fixed shape, volume, and boundary 
Ø Highly compressible 
Ø Gas exerts pressure on its container 
Ø Rate of diffusion is very fast.
Change of state 
Ø A change of state occurs because heat energy breaks the 
force of attraction between particles. Kinetic energy of 
the particle increases. 
Melting point 
Ø The temperature at which a solid melts into a liquid at 
normal atmospheric pressure. 
Ø At melting point, the temperature does not change until all 
solid converts into liquid.
Latent heat 
Ø The heat required to break the force of attraction between 
the particles at transition temperature. This heat becomes 
confined within the material and is called the latent heat. 
Ø Amount of heat required to change 1 kg of material to 
change its state at normal atmospheric pressure at 
transition temperature is called the latent heat for that 
transition. 
Sublimation 
Ø Solid gas [directly] 
Ø Example: Ammonium chloride
Effect of change of pressure 
Ø If pressure is applied, 
Ø Melting point decreases 
Ø Boiling point increases 
Dry Ice – Solid CO2 [directly converts to gas] Evaporation – Change of liquid 
into vapours at any temperature below the boiling point Factors affecting 
evaporation 
Ø Surface area If increases, evaporation rate increases 
Ø Temperature If increases, evaporation rate increases 
Ø Humidity If increases, evaporation rate decreases 
Ø Wind speed If increases, evaporation rate increases 
Evaporation cause cooling – The particles take the latent heat from body and 
evaporate causing the body to feel cool.
Thanks for 
watching

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Matter in our surroundings

  • 2. Characteristics of matter particles Ø There are spaces between matter particles Ø Matter particles move continuously – movement increases with rising temperature Ø Particles of matter attract each other – decreasing order of force of attraction: solids > liquids > gases Solid phase Ø Permanent shape, change is difficult Ø Negligible compressibility Ø Definite shape, size, and boundary
  • 3. Liquid phase Ø No fixed shape and boundary Ø Have a fixed volume Ø Low compressibility Ø Rate of diffusion higher than solids. Gaseous state Ø No fixed shape, volume, and boundary Ø Highly compressible Ø Gas exerts pressure on its container Ø Rate of diffusion is very fast.
  • 4. Change of state Ø A change of state occurs because heat energy breaks the force of attraction between particles. Kinetic energy of the particle increases. Melting point Ø The temperature at which a solid melts into a liquid at normal atmospheric pressure. Ø At melting point, the temperature does not change until all solid converts into liquid.
  • 5. Latent heat Ø The heat required to break the force of attraction between the particles at transition temperature. This heat becomes confined within the material and is called the latent heat. Ø Amount of heat required to change 1 kg of material to change its state at normal atmospheric pressure at transition temperature is called the latent heat for that transition. Sublimation Ø Solid gas [directly] Ø Example: Ammonium chloride
  • 6. Effect of change of pressure Ø If pressure is applied, Ø Melting point decreases Ø Boiling point increases Dry Ice – Solid CO2 [directly converts to gas] Evaporation – Change of liquid into vapours at any temperature below the boiling point Factors affecting evaporation Ø Surface area If increases, evaporation rate increases Ø Temperature If increases, evaporation rate increases Ø Humidity If increases, evaporation rate decreases Ø Wind speed If increases, evaporation rate increases Evaporation cause cooling – The particles take the latent heat from body and evaporate causing the body to feel cool.