Physiotherapy promotion course-2023
Posture
Posture is how you hold your body. There are
two types:
• Dynamic posture is how you hold yourself
when you are moving, like when you are
walking, running, or bending over to pick up
something.
• Static posture is how you hold yourself
when you are not moving, like when you are
sitting, standing, or sleeping

Posture and Health
Poor posture can be bad for your health. Slouching or
slumping over can
• Misalign your musculoskeletal system
• Increase pressure on the spine, making it more prone to
injury and degeneration
• Cause neck, shoulder, and back pain
• Decrease flexibility
• Affect how well joints move
• Affect balance and increase risk of falling
• Induce breathing disorder and affect surrounding
structures including the heart and phrenic nerve
• In women it can lead to imbalance in the core muscle
leading to incontinence and/or pelvic organ prolapse

EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF STANDING POSTURE
SOME OF THE EXAMPLES OF FAULTY POSTURE CAN
BE AS FOLLOWS:

Lordotic posture- Lordosis refers to the
normal inward curvature of the spine. When
this curve is exaggerated it is usually referred
to as hyperlordosis. The pelvis is usually tilted
anteriorly.
Sway Back Posture- In this type of posture,
there is forward head, hyper-extension of the
cervical spine, flexion of the thoracic spine,
lumbar spine extension, posterior tilt of the
pelvis, hip and knee hyper-extension and
ankle slightly plantarflexed.

Flat back posture- In this type of posture, there
is forward head, extension of the cervical spine,
extension of the thoracic spine, loss of lumbar
lordosis and posterior pelvic tilt.
Forward head posture - Describes the shift of
the head forward with the chin poking out. It is
caused by increased flexion of the lower cervical
spine and upper thoracic spine with increased
extension of the upper cervical spine and
extension of the occiput on C1.

Scoliosis - A deviation of the normal vertical
line of the spine, consisting of a lateral
curvature and rotation of the vertebrae.
Scoliosis is considered when there is at least
10° of spinal angulation on the posterior-
anterior radiograph associated with vertebral
rotation[17]. This is a 3 dimensional C or S
shaped sideways curve of the spine.
Kyphosis - An increased convex curve observed
in the thoracic or sacral regions of the spine.

Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by
pressure on the median nerve. The carpal tunnel
is a narrow passageway surrounded by bones and
ligaments on the palm side of the hand. When the
median nerve is compressed, symptoms can
include numbness, tingling, and weakness in the
hand and arm.
5 Signs of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Pain.
• Numbness.
• Tingling.
• Weaker grip.
• Tendency to drop things.

TEST FOR CARPAL TUNNEL
. Phalen’s test
.comprassion
.Tap

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MOVEMENT
ACTIVE MOVEMENT :- In which you
move a part of your body by using your
muscles.
 you make the effort without outside
help.
For example :- lifting your arms above
your head to strech the muscle happens
within your active range of motion.

SHOULDER
ACTIVE
MOVEMENT

PASSIVE MOVEMENT :- usually performed
when the patient is unable or not permitted
to move the body part.
PROM achieved when an outside force
( such as therapist or a CPM machine )
exclusively causes movement of a joint
Maximum range of motion

Passive movement of elbow flexion and
extension

MUSCLE GRADING
MUSCLE STRENGTH GRADING is commonly used
to measure muscle strength testing is to evaluate
the complaint of weakness, people with a know
or suspected neurological condition.
Patients with strokes, brain injury ,spinal cord
injury and other neurologic condition
Rehabilitation after sporting injuries like ACL
repair
After joint replacement like TKR

MOBILIZATION
Mobilization are used as intervention for
improving joint range of motion,
decreasing pain and improving function
in patients with a wide variety of
extremity diagnosis
Types of joint motion
5 Type of joint motion

TYPES OF JOINT MOTION
5 Type of joint motion
.Roll
.Slide
.Spin
.Compression
.Distraction
ROLL
A series of pointson one articulating surface
come into contact with a series of points on
another surface
Roll ccurs in direction of movement

> Example : Femoral condyle rolling on tibia
SPIN
Occurs when one bone rotates around a stationary
longitudinal mechanical axis
Example: Radial head rotate at the humeroradial joint
during Pronation/Supination
SLIDE
Specific point on one surface comes into contact with a
series of point on another surface
When a passive mobilization technique is applied to
produce a slide in the joint referred to as a GLIDE

COMPRESSION
Decrease in space between two joint surface
Adds stability to a joint.
Normal reaction of a joint to muscle contraction
DISTRACTION
Two surface are pulled apart.
Often used in combination with joint mobilization to
increase stretch of capsule

CONVEX-CONCAVE AND CONCAVE-CONVEX RULE
ONE JOINT SURFACE IS MOBILE & ONE IS STABLE
> Concave –convex rule: concave joint surface slide in the
SAME direction as the bone movement (convex is stable)
If concave joint is moving on stationary convex surface
glide is in same direction as roll
Convex –concave rule: joint surface slide in the OPPOSITE
direction of the bone movement (concave is stable)
If convex surface is moving on stationary concave surface –
gliding is in opposite direction to roll

STRECHING
> stretching is a general tern used to descried any
therapeutic maneuver designed to increase
mobility of soft tissues and improve ROM by
elongating structures that have adaptively
shortened and have become hypomobile .
When ROM is limited because soft tissues
extensibility as the result of adhesions,
contractures, and scar tissues formation, causing
functional limitations or disabilities
When restricted motion may lead to structural
deformities
When there is muscle weakness and shortening
of opposing tissue.

LOW FREQUENCY CURRENTS are therapeutically
used currents whose frequency is in the range of 0 to
100 cycles per second. The primary use of low
frequency current is the stimulation of nerve and
muscle.
LOW FREQUENCY CURRENTS are used for
stimulation of muscles and nerves.
 MEDIUM FREQUENCY CURRENTS are used for re-
education of deeply situated muscles, pain relief
and for drainage of edema
 MEDIUM FREQUENCY CURRENTS are the currents
whose frequency falls between the range of 1000 to
6,000 Hz.
 longer Wavelength (>10mm)

HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENTS are used for the
production of deep heat inside the tissues
 Frequency is >6000Hz
 Short wavelength (<10mm)
 General effct = HEATING
 Modalities like –US SWD MWD LASER