Pharmacotherapy for heart failure with reduced left-ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) has evolved dramatically over the last decades. Angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) in addition to beta-blocker has long formed the basis of evidence-based therapy. More recent trials have proven the incremental benefits of other drug classes, including aldosterone antagonists, angiotensin-receptor-blocker–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors.

1. Role of cardiac biomarkers in
the Heart failure

36. My special
thanks to Prof(
Dr) Gregg
Fonarow,MD for
his inspiring talk