2. Disease is on the increase in the world because: 1. 2. 3. 4.

3. Schistosomiasis is distributed in parts of the tropics. It is not endemic in the continental U.S. but does occur in Puerto Rico and other Caribbean islands. Cases in U.S.?

4. 3 major species of human Schistosoma Schistosoma mansoni - adults occur in the posterior mesenteric veins of the __________________________ Schistosoma japonicum - adults occur in the anterior mesenteric veins of the _____________________ Schistosoma haematobium - adults occur in the veins of the _____________________________ (There are 2 other minor species in humans we will not consider.)

7. Morphology of Adult Schistosoma

8. Differences of Adult Schistosoma Adults of the 3 species differ in: 1. 2. 3. 4. However, there is overlap of many characteristics. We will not be responsible for identification to species.

9. Differences of Adult Schistosoma

10. Differences of Schistosoma Eggs Specific diagnosis is determined by ID of eggs S. mansoni - elliptical egg with ________________________________________ S. haematobium - elliptical egg ________________________________________ S. japonicum - round to oval egg with __________________________________

11. Life Cycle – similar in 3 spp. 1. Adult female enters small venules in wall of intestine or urinary bladder and deposits eggs. 2. Eggs work their way through the tissue by mechanical action and reach the lumen. - Eggs of S. mansoni and S. japonicum are voided in _____________________. - Eggs of S. haematobium are voided in __________________. What happens to most eggs?

12. Life Cycle – similar in 3 spp. 3. Eggs embryonate during passage through the tissues and hatch soon after eggs are released into water. 4. _______________________ hatches from egg and swims for 1-6 hours to find a snail intermediate host. The three species of schistosomes utilize 3 different snail intermediate hosts. 5. Within the snail, _________________________develops which produces _________________________. (no redia stage)

13. Life Cycle – similar in 3 spp. 6. ______________________ ________________________ emerge from daughter sporocysts and leave the snail. - Over 200,000 cercariae may be produced in a snail infected with a single miracidium!

14. Life Cycle in Human . 7. Cercariae swim for 1-3 days until they find human host. Cercariae are attracted to human by skin secretions. 8. On human skin, cercariae release histolytic enzymes from penetration glands and ________________________________ A cercaria loses its tail and becomes a ______________________________ 9. Schistosomula enter circulation and reach the liver where they mature to adults.

15. Life Cycle in Human . 10. Adults migrate down the hepatic portal vein into the mesenteric veins of intestines or urinary bladder where they mate and females begin to produce eggs. - Egg production begins 5-8 weeks after cercarial penetration.

17. Differences in Life Cycles of 3 species

18. Schistosoma japonicum Distribution - Orient (China, Southeast Asia, Philippines, and South Pacific Islands) Adults inhabit the ______________ _____________________________ _____________________________ Adult female is proliferic egg layer - up to 3,000 eggs are deposited in the submucosa of the small intestine daily.

19. Pathology of Schistosoma japonicum 1. Eggs in the _______________ ________________________ cause host inflammatory reaction and fibrous scar tissue nodules are formed. - these nodules may ulcerate and result in hemorrhaging - some eggs migrate through the wall to be released in the feces

22. Pathology of Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma japonicum is considered the most pathogenic of the three species: 1. Produces _______________________ 2. Eggs cause greater pathology in ________________ 3. Only species in which eggs can enter the ________________

23. Biology of Schistosoma japonicum Many ______________________________________ serve to maintain the infection for possible human infection. Other hosts are cattle, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, deer, and rodents. Thus, this disease is a ____________________. CONTROL of S. japonicum is difficult due to: (1) numerous reservoir hosts (2) snail intermediate host is _______________________________ and only visits water to lay its eggs. Molluscicides are ineffective.

24. Schistosoma mansoni Distribution - widely distributed in various parts of Africa, Middle East, South America, and Caribbean Islands

25. Schistosoma mansoni Adults live in the ___________________________________ _________________________________________________ Female releases eggs into the wall of the large intestine and eggs work their way into the lumen and are released in the feces. Less than 100 eggs are produced each day, but egg deposition occurs for the life of the worm (4 years up to 26 years).

29. Pathology of Schistosoma mansoni No brain involvement as eggs are too big to pass through the liver. Again, no pathology is caused by the adults. Disease is _____________________________ and years may elapse before the parasite will kill its human host. Natural infections also occur in monkeys and baboons but disease is not a zoonosis as humans and primates do not live together. Thus, it is ________________________________.

30. Schistosoma haematobium Distribution - through Africa and in parts of the Middle East Co-exists with ____________________________________ in much of Africa especially along the Nile River Valley.

31. Schistosoma haematobium Adults live in the ________________ ___________________________ Most eggs pass through the wall of the urinary bladder and are voided in the urine. Invasion of other organs by eggs? ___________________________ Thus, this species is considered to be the least pathogenic of the 3 species.

32. Pathology of Schistosoma haematobium 1. _____________________________ - eggs in the tissues of the urinary bladder cause inflammation. Intense pain occurs at end of urination. 2. __________________________ - blood in the urine is common

33. Pathology of Schistosoma haematobium 3. _________________________ deposition around eggs in the urinary bladder wall is common and tissues lose their elasticity. 4. Infection also increases the likelihood of ___________________________ Again, all pathology is caused by the eggs. Adults cause no pathology.

34. Biology of Schistosoma haematobium It is thought that this famous individual was infected with Schistosoma haematobium . Who is he? How could he have gotten it?

35. Biology of Schistosoma haematobium NO reservoir hosts. This parasite is _______________________________. Human infection is a result of infected persons urinating in ponds, lakes, streams, and irrigation ditches. Irrigation practices in the Nile River Valley due to the building of the Aswan High Dam have increased the prevalence of this parasite from 5% to over 35%. Movie on S. haematobium in Nigeria: http://www.cartercenter.org/news/multimedia/HealthPrograms/EndingtheAnguishofaSilentDisease2008.html

36. Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Diagnosis is by ______________________________________________ - this is augmented by use of concentration techniques or tissue biopsy. Immunological tests to identify schistosome antigens have been developed recently and are also effective in diagnosis. - ELISA test is 100% effective - most useful when?

37. Treatment of Schistosomiasis Drugs are available: 1. Antimony compounds 2. Anti-malarial drug Artemisinin 3. Oxamniquine 4. Praziquantel 5. Calcium-channel blockers ? Drug treatment is difficult when large populations must be treated. - some drugs are toxic - all require long-term treatment and constant monitoring - adults may migrate back into the liver where drugs are less effective - drugs are expensive - Praziquantel resistance is now appearing in ____________________ Drug treatment is not effective once liver involvement occurs.

42. Prevention of Schistosomiasis No vaccine or drug preventative is yet available to prevent schistosomiasis Nobel prize is medicine is waiting for someone who can find an effective vaccine.

43. Immunology of Schistosomiasis In many parasitic infections, the parasite or its eggs are detected by our immune system as being "foreign" (this is an ________________________). If the antigen (parasite) is too large to be phagocytized, the host immune system attacks this foreign invader by producing inflammation and fibrous scar tissue around the parasite or its eggs to "wall it off" from other tissues. This occurs in schistosome eggs, liver fluke infection, and lung fluke infection.

44. Immunology of Schistosomiasis Adult schistosomes live within the bloodstream and are in constant contact with host lymphocytes which detect antigens and start the immune response. Why aren't adult schistosomes detected?

45. Immunology of Schistosomiasis Adults have the ability to acquire ______________________________________ (proteins in the bloodstream) and coat their _______________ with these molecules. This coating takes 3 days but once it is accomplished, the parasite is recognized by lymphocytes as “a human cell" and is protected from a host immune response. As a result, they are not detected by the immune system and no pathology is caused by the adults.

46. Swimmer’s Itch Swimmer's itch is caused by _____________________________ ____________________________________________________ Swimmer's itch is common in Midwest and along coastal areas of the U.S. - itch was first described at U. Michigan Biological Station in 1936 - extensively studied in Wisconsin in the 1930's & 40’s - problem is common in Wisconsin lakes and occasional outbreaks occur (recent outbreak in Half Moon Lake in Eau Claire)

47. Swimmer’s Itch 3 genera of schistosomes cause swimmer's itch in the Midwest: Gigantobilharzia - adult blood flukes occur in mesenteric veins of ____________________________________ Trichobilharzia - adults in mesenteric veins of _________________________________ Schistosomatium - adults in mesenteric veins of _________________________________

48. Life Cycle

49. Life Cycle of Swimmer’s Itch Humans become infected when snail intermediate hosts of these parasites release_________________________which mistake humans for the definitive host. Infection results when __________________ _____________________________________ Snail hosts are common pond snails in the genera Physa and Lymnaea.

50. Pathology of Swimmer’s Itch Cercariae penetrate epidermis but are unable to enter the dermis. Cercariae die in the epidermis and an ______________________________ is produced against the dead cercariae Formation of a ____________________________ (dermatitis) occurs at the sites of cercarial penetration. Intense itching also occurs.

51. Pathology of Swimmer’s Itch Dermatitis is mild in initial exposures but may become severe in persons exposed to previous outbreaks – called _______________________ Itching and breaking of skin may lead to secondary infections. Rash has been misdiagnosed as the ______________________

53. Swimmer’s Itch Swimmer's itch is a problem to _________________________ __________________________________________________ - Swimming beaches are common sources of infection. - First outbreaks occur in late June and early July when vacationers are numerous. But problem is often kept hushed, as resort owners don’t want you to know that swimmer’s itch is a problem in their lake, as they don’t want to lose business.