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Activity 4: Understanding the basics of meiosis Mitosis and meiosis both lead to new daughter cells, but meiosis sets up organisms for sexual reproduction. Meiosis produces cells (sperm and egg in humans) with only one set of chromosomes so that when fertilization occurs, it results in a new cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from the egg and one from the sperm). This is how there is genetic recombination of DNA resulting in unique individuals. Before we talk about what can go wrong in meiosis, you need to be clear about the process itself and how genetic recombination in particular occurs. To this end, complete the following set of questions. Questions 1. In the following diagram, draw what a cell with 1 chromosome would look like in the stages of meiosis. Prophase 1 is filled in for you and includes replicated homologous chromosomes; the black replicated chromosome is from the reproducing male’s mom and the grey replicated chromosome is from dad. 2. In your diagram from question 1: a. How many tetrads are formed? _______________ b. How many chromosomes are in the sperm? _______________ 3. In what stage(s) of meiosis: a. Are tetrads formed? ________________________________ b. Does crossing over occur? ________________________________ c. Do the chromosomes move to the poles? ________________________________ d. Do replicated chromosomes separate? ________________________________ e. Does the cytoplasm divide? ________________________________ 4. What processes in meiosis result in genetically unique daughter cells? When do these processes occur? (Note: There are two main processes; discuss both). 5. Compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis to complete the following table. Table 2. Comparison of key characteristics between meiosis and mitosis. Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis Type of organisms it occurs in # of chromosomes in human parent cell Number of times chromosomes replicate Number of cell divisions Crossing over occurs? (Y/N) Type of daughter cells produced Number of daughter cells produced Daughter cells identical to parent cell? (Y/N) Daughter cells are: 1n or 2n? # of chromosomes in human daughter cells Activity 3: Chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis In the nucleus of the cell are the chromosomes that are composed of the hereditary material DNA. In every somatic (body) cell of a human there are 46 chromosomes. Each species may have a different number of chromosomes than another species. Since each somatic cell of an organism contains the same number of chromosomes, there must be a duplication of material before the nucleus divides during mitosis. In each somatic cell, there are two sets of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 2n (diploid) number, in which n means number of chromosomes. In humans, 2n = 46 chromosomes. In each gamete (sex) cell, there is only one set of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 1n (haploid) number. In humans, 1n = 23 chromosomes. This means the.
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1) Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes. True/False 2) The same sequence of genes is found on ______chromosomes 3) In the human life cycle, somatic cells are: a)diploid, while gametes are diploid. b)diploid, while gametes are haploid. c)haploid, while gametes are diploid. d)haploid, while gametes are haploid. 4) If the human reproductive cycle only included diploid cells, the offspring of each generation would have twice as much genetic material in each cell as in the parent cells. true/false 5) If the somatic cells of a species have 25 pairs of homologous chromosomes, the number of chromosomes in haploid gametes would be____ 6) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis and _____ 7)In what types of organism(s) and where does meiosis occur? What type of cell division occurs in bacteria? 8) How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis? 9) How many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells contain? 10) Are these daughter cells haploid, diploid, or tetraploid? Explain. 2) The same sequence of genes is found on ______chromosomes 3) In the human life cycle, somatic cells are: a)diploid, while gametes are diploid. b)diploid, while gametes are haploid. c)haploid, while gametes are diploid. d)haploid, while gametes are haploid. 4) If the human reproductive cycle only included diploid cells, the offspring of each generation would have twice as much genetic material in each cell as in the parent cells. true/false 5) If the somatic cells of a species have 25 pairs of homologous chromosomes, the number of chromosomes in haploid gametes would be____ 6) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis and _____ 7)In what types of organism(s) and where does meiosis occur? What type of cell division occurs in bacteria? 8) How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis? 9) How many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells contain? 10) Are these daughter cells haploid, diploid, or tetraploid? Explain..
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Gentics
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Sources of Genetic
Variability in Sexually Reproducing Organisms
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2n = ?
How many possible gamete combinations could meiosis possibly make from the cell?
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These are the
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