These kinds of topics give more information and awareness of medical history. Getting acquainted with these kinds of topics and information makes us more responsible.

1. A STUDY ON BIO MEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN CHENNAI
NATIONAL HOSPITAL AT CHENNAI
By
JEEVIKA K A – 16BLA1027
SRI HARSHA RACHAPUTI– 16BLA1036
Under the Guidance of
Prof. VASUGI K

2. INTRODUCTION

3. • Medical facilities like physician’s offices, hospitals, dental practices, laboratories, medical research
facilities, and veterinary clinics does generate enormous wastes on a regular basis.
• Biomedical waste may be solid, liquid or gaseous
• Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is non-hazardous.
• In India, as per the 2016 Rules the bio-medical waste generator and the operator of the common
bio-medical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) shall be responsible for safe handling
and disposal of the bio-medical waste.
• The State Government of Health shall ensure for implementation of the rule in all health care
facilities.
• Due to the increase in the procedures that are carried out at the various health care setups,
excessive amounts of waste have been generated at the centres of care.

4. • Adequate knowledge amongst the health care employees about the biomedical waste
management rules and regulations, and their understanding of segregation, will help in the
competent disposal of the waste in their respective organizations.
• India approximately generates 2 kg/ day and this biomedical waste encompasses wastes.
• It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable resource. The most important reason for
waste collection is the protection of the environment and the health of the population.
Rubbish and waste can cause air and water pollution.
• Rotting garbage is also known to produce harmful gases that mix with the air and can
cause breathing problems in people

5. OBJECTIVES

6. 1. To know the particular reasons for the medical waste.
2. To study the different medical waste segregation practices prevail in
hospital.
3. To give suggestion to minimize the issues prevail in medical waste
management by alternate methods or stoppage.
4. To study the impact of Medical waste in the environment.

7. METHODOLOGY

8. Review of Literature Collection of material
Simplifying the data
collected from the
primary and
secondary sources
respectively
Attaining the rightful
solutions with the
help of legal
provisions for the
problems arising
Providing the
qualitative conclusion
and suggestions,
recommendations
required (if any)

9. REVIEW OF LITERATURES

10. 1. Mumtaaz hussain et.al
Studied that lack of knowledge and awareness regarding hospital waste among patients and
more chances are there for infectious disease due to improper handling and disposal of
hospital waste at DHQ hospital dera ghazi khan there was a pose risk for the patient’s health
2. Anitha pandey
Study have a overview on bio medical waste management in a tertiary care hospital it was
clear that bio medical waste management was lacking 30-35% health care personal and they
suggested to develop the policy to meet the current requirements. The help will be educated
about the change in the policy and the same will be implemented after taking permission from
the hospital management committee.

11. 3. S.V.Manyele
This paper dealt with sharp waste in medical waste management this study assigns the current
state of sharp waste management in low level health facilities in Tanzania. Sharp waste
management in low level health facilities is not up to the level it leads to risk of exposure to
public as well as workers to bloodborne pathogens. Municipality is responsible to open a new
waste processing centre to collect on a regular basis all sharp waste.
4. Abdullah al-hadlaq
Purpose of the study is to develop a efficient management system that will increase
environmental safety and social responsibility as well as minimize economic cost. According to
data collected there is mandatory to provide proper knowledge and create awareness from top to
bottom level workers about how to manage with waste

12. 5. Rao
The ministry of environment and forest notified the biomedical waste management rules in July
1998.Rules enacted that every hospital should implement bio medical waste treatment facilities
on site. It is very important maintaining and managing bio medical waste workers two types of
cost incurred in hospital for bio medical waste management internal segregation, mutilation
disinfection external transportation treatment final disposal. After analysing the results study felt
that it is mandatory to standardize the infrastructural needs.
6. Thirumala et al
A study was conducted in various hospitals in Mysore city. Data revealed that more modernized
and developed hospitals are also not interested in creating proper awareness regarding bio
medical waste management. They completely lack in generating and implementing in waste
management techniques and policy. It is necessary to provide training and motivation to meet the
current needs of bio medical waste management in these hospitals.

13. 7. Miyazaki
In Japan the waste management law is under practice
the waste disposal law of 1970. After revised for current
scenario infections waste management act by ministry of
environment in 2004. Minimizing the infectious waste is
expected. Study explain a summary of the revised act of
infectious waste in this article.
8. Acharya and Singh Meeta
Stated steps for safe management of bio medical waste
are handling, segregation, mutilation, disinfection,
storage, transportation and final disposal. Rao says that
incineration, autoclave, hydroclave are the technologies
to reduce the harm of bio medical waste.

14. 9. Gupta and Boojh
Said that segregation process
helps to separate the infectious
waste and non infectious waste,
lack of separating technique
increase the chance of mixing the
infectious and non infectious
waste, additionally.
10. Dhumale
He found lack of training among
waste handlers and auxiliary
staffs lead to mixing the collected
infectious and non infectious
waste together and the result of
segregation is ultimately failed.

15. OBJECTIVES

16. 1. PARTICULAR REASONS
• Wherever there are people, there is medical waste. It is generated at many locations.
• You might be surprised to see some of those facilities on the list. Even dentists? Yes. Old
style dental fillings were a mercury amalgam (alloy of mercury and other materials).
• Home healthcare providers are in a special situation. When the patient and/or family
produce medical waste at home with no nurses or assistants involved, the waste is under
no special regulation.
• It can be disposed of as regular household waste as far as the law is concerned. When a
home healthcare provider is employed, it must use waste management practices similar
to those used in doctors’ offices.

17. MAJOR REASONS
~
•Hospitals
•Emergency care facilities
•Outpatient
facilities, dialysis centres,
transfusion centres, blood
banks
•Clinical laboratories
~
•Research laboratories
•Mortuaries, death care
facilities
•Veterinarians
~
•Nursing homes
•Doctor and dentist offices
•Oncology Clinics

18. 2. DIFFERENT MEDICAL WASTE SEGREGATION
PRACTICES
CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE TYPE OF BAG OR
CONTAINER TO BE
USED
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OPTION
Yellow Human tissues, organs, body
parts and foetus below the
viability period (as per the
Medical Termination of
Pregnancy Act 1971, amended
from time to time).
Yellow coloured non-
chlorinated plastic bags
Incineration or Plasma
Pyrolysis or deep burial
Red Contaminated Waste
(Recyclable) Wastes
generated from disposable
items such as tubing,
bottles, intravenous tubes
and sets, catheters, urine
bags, syringes (without
needles and fixed needle
syringes ) and vacutainers
with their needles cut) and
gloves.
Red coloured non-
chlorinated plastic bags
or containers
Autoclaving or micro - waving/
hydroclaving followed by
shredding or mutilation or
combination of sterilization and
shredding. Treated waste to be
sent to registered or authorized
recyclers or for energy recovery
or plastics to diesel or fuel oil or
for road making, whichever is
possible. Plastic waste should
not be sent to landfill sites.

19. CONT.…
White (Translucent) Waste sharps including Metals:
Needles, syringes with fixed
needles, needles from needle tip
cutter or burner, scalpels,
blades, or any other
contaminated sharp object that
may cause puncture and cuts.
This includes both used,
discarded and contaminated
metal sharps
Puncture proof, Leak
proof, tamper
proof containers
Autoclaving or Dry Heat Sterilization
followed by shredding or mutilation or
encapsulation in metal container or
cement concrete; combination of
shredding cum autoclaving; and sent
for final disposal to iron foundries
(having consent to operate from the
State Pollution Control Board s or
Pollution Control Committee s) or
sanitary landfill or designated
concrete waste sharp pit.
Blue Glassware: Broken or discarded
and contaminated glass
including medicine vials and
ampoules except those
contaminated with cytotoxic
wastes
Cardboard boxes with
blue coloured marking
Disinfection (by soaking the
washed glass waste after
cleaning with detergent and
Sodium Hypochlorite treatment)
or through autoclaving or
microwaving or hydroclaving and
then sent for recycling.
Metallic Body Implants

20. 3. (I) SUGGESTIONS TO MINIMIZE ISSUE[BMW]
• Segregation
• Separating Different Categories of
Medical Wastes
• Disinfection
• Incineration
• Disinfection by Plasma
• Emerging Technology

21. (II) ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO MANAGE MEDI-WASTE

22. 4. IMPACT TO ENVIRONMENT
• As the world’s population continues to grow the need to provide medical care and services to these
people will also continue to grow.
• At present, the disposal and dumping of medical waste is a major issue.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines medical waste as
“Waste generated by health care activities including a broad range of materials, from used needles
and syringes to soiled dressings, body parts, diagnostic samples, blood, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
medical devices and radioactive materials.”
• Different communities and countries are affected by different waste disposal and dumping issues.
• In many health care clinics and hospitals across developing countries, all medical and non-medical
waste can often be mixed together and then burned in dangerous incinerators which are not hot
enough or in open pits.

23. CONT.…
Secondly, health professionals,
policy-makers and other relevant
stakeholders should work together
to raise awareness around proper
medical waste disposal techniques
and the dangers of incorrect
disposal.
Finally, safe and environmentally-
friendly waste management options
should be selected in order to
ensure that people directly
involved with medical equipment
and waste are properly protected
and are not at any undue risk.

24. BIOMEDICAL WASTE

25. • Medical Waste - Infectious materials
• Also called as Biohazardous waste,
clinical waste, infectious waste
• Ex: physician's offices, Hospitals, Dental
practices etc.,
• Medical Waste Tracking Act, 1988
• "Waste generated during medical
research, testing, diagnosis, immunization
or treatment of either human beings/
animals."
• Ex: Glassware, bandages, gloves,
Discarded sharps.

26. • Medical waste from the medical industry is either burnt along
with the other waste or dumped in the ocean.
• Reason for the spreading factor for the communicable disease.
• Rule 5 of the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules, 1998

27. KINDS

28. • SHARPS: The wastes that has the ability to pierce the human skin such as the
needles, surgical blades, etc.
• INFECTIOUS WASTE: The unattended tissue, lab culture or the excreta that may
cause infection to the people who have direct contact.
• PATHOLOGICAL: This category contains human fluids, sample tissue,
contaminated vaccines.
• CHEMICAL: These are disinfectants, solvents used for laboratory purposes, battery
or heavy metals from medical equipment such as mercury from broken
thermometers.

29. EFFECTS

30. • Improper segregation of Biomedical Waste
• Prevention - Packaging and Labelling of
containments.
• If not prevented, it can contaminate the air.
• Air pollutants have the potential to trigger a number
of illness.
• Causes infections to hospital patients, health worker
and general public.
• Drug resistant micro organisms.
• Incinerated materials can generate dioxins and
furans, which are human carcinogens and have been
associated with a range of adverse health effects.
• Incineration of heavy metals can lead to the spread of
toxic metals in the environment.

31. TYPES

32. Infectious Waste Hazardous Waste
Radioactive Waste General Waste
Simply put, infectious
waste is any waste that
poses the threat of
infection to humans.
Hazardous waste is
anything that has the
ability to affect humans in
non-infectious ways.
Radioactive waste is
produced from nuclear
medicine treatments,
cancer therapies and
medical equipment that
uses radioactive isotopes.
Most medical waste falls
under the general category,
and is no different from
your general household or
office waste.

33. REMEDIAL/CONTROL
MEASURES

34. • Know your state laws.
• Develop a formal waste management plan.
• When possible, use reusable products in
place of single-use products.
• Use small medical waste containers in
patient rooms.
• Separate “red bag waste” containers from
solid waste collection containers.
• Colour code containers to help ensure
appropriate separation of wastes.
• Post signage.
• Make sure pharmaceuticals and
chemotherapy agents are being disposed of
appropriately.
• Conduct waste audits.

35. BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT(AMEND)RULES,
2018
[THE LAW OF INDIA]

36. #1.
Includes hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary institutions, animal houses, pathological
laboratories, blood banks, health care facilities, and clinical establishments.
#2.
Shall make available the annual report on its website within a period of two years from the date of publication.
#3.
Operators of common bio-medical waste treatment and disposal facilities shall establish bar coding and global
positioning system.
#4. {Form IV A}
In which The State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees have to compile, review and analyze
the information received and send tis information to the Central Pollution Control Board.
#5
Every occupier, i.e. a person shall pre-treat the waste in the manner as prescribed by the World Health Organization.

37. THE LAW OF JAPAN

38. #1
The waste management practice in Japan is performed in accordance with the Waste Disposal and
Public Cleansing Law (the Waste Disposal Law) of 1970.
#2
Medicines, equipment, instruments and food are used while treating in-patients and out-patients at
hospitals and clinics, producing a variety of waste materials.
#3
The Waste Disposal Law was amended in 2003 and the revised regulation including new criteria for
the infectious waste management was provided in 2004 by the Ministry of Environment.
#4
The purpose of this study was to introduce the new criteria and a summary of the revised regulation
about the management of infectious waste materials for medical institutions in Japan.

39. CONCLUSION

40. • This study exposed that medical waste
management has not received sufficient
consideration in both private and governmental
hospitals.
• The Ministry of Health should pay more
attention towards policies for the disposal of
wastes and proper management.
• Moreover there is need to be incorporated into
regular worker training, continuing education,
and management evaluation processes.
• Cleaners, Nurses and sanitary workers
handless should be properly trained.
• Government should ensure that hospital
facilities have good and functioning
incinerators.

41. • Bio medical waste management is more of human attitudinal issue than
technological.
• The study revealed that the system of biomedical waste management is still
suffering on lack of necessary knowledge and information regarding biomedical
waste management system.
• The efficiency of transportation and storage need improvement.
• Bio Medical waste management is beyond just compilation of the data on process
and enforcement of regulations; it has to be supported by appropriate education,
training, commitment of health care staff within an effective policy frame work.

42. • Since environmental pollution has become a major concern with respect to the
future of life on our planet it is legal duty of the management of the healthcare
institution to ensure that bio medical waste are managed properly causing any
adverse impacts on human health or environment.
• A policy needs to be formulated in the form of “R3D” based on ‘reduce, recover, reuse
and dispose’. It should be supported through appropriate education, training and
the commitment of the healthcare staff, management and healthcare managers
within an effective policy and legislative framework.
• The study concludes that healthcare waste management should go beyond data
compilation, enforcement of regulations and acquisition of better equipment.