How 5G NR C-V2X will enable autonomous driving

1. 5G NR based C-V2X
Durga Malladi
Senior Vice President, Engineering
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
February 12, 2018

2. 2
5G NR based C-V2X for autonomous driving
Rel-14 C-V2X for automotive safety is gaining momentum
and broad ecosystem support
5G NR provides a unified connectivity fabric to expand into
new industries
C-V2X has a clear and forward compatible evolution path to
5G NR
5G NR C-V2X provides URLLC and high data rate to support
higher level of predictability for autonomous driving

3. 3
Rel-14 C-V2X
Gaining momentum for
automotive safety

4. 44
Enhanced range and reliability for direct
communication without network assistance
V2P
Vehicle-to-pedestrian
e.g., safety alerts to pedestrians, bicyclists
V2V
Vehicle-to-vehicle
e.g., collision avoidance safety systems
V2N
Vehicle-to-network
e.g., real-time traffic/routing, cloud services
V2I
Vehicle-to-infrastructure
e.g., traffic signal timing/priority
Release 14 C-V2X
completed in 2017
Broad industry support — 5GAA
Global trials started in 2017
Our 1st announced C-V2X
product in September, 2017
C-V2X
Establishes the foundation for
safety use cases and a continued
5G NR C-V2X evolution for future
autonomous vehicles

5. 5
C-V2X enables network independent communication
1. RSU stands for roadside unit
Network Uu interface
e.g. accident 2 kilometer ahead
Network communications
for complementary services
Vehicle to Network (V2N) operates in a mobile
operator's licensed spectrum
V2N
(Uu)
V2N
(Uu)
eNodeB
Direct PC5 interface
e.g. location, speed, local hazards
Direct safety communication
independent of cellular network
Low latency Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to
Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle to Person (V2P)
operating in ITS bands (e.g. 5.9 GHz)
V2V
(PC5)
V2P
(PC5)
V2P
(PC5)
V2I
(PC5)
V2I
(PC5)
RSU
1

6. 6
C-V2X complements other ADAS1
sensor technologies
Provides 360° NLOS
2
sensing for higher levels of predictability and autonomy
1 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems; 2 Non-line of Sight
ADAS
Brain of the car to help automate the driving process by using:
Sensor fusion | Machine learning
Radar
Ultrasonic
Camera
Lidar
C-V2X
3D HD maps
Precise positioning

7. 7
Synergistic with
cellular modem
Self managed for reduced
cost and complexity
Reuse of SAE / ETSI
upper layers
Leverage of cellular
ecosystem
C-V2X offers key advantages
in multiple dimensions
Enhanced range and reliability for direct
communication without network assistance
Enhanced range
and reliability
Up to 500km/h
relative speed support
More cost
efficient than other
technologies
Forward compatible
evolution path to 5G
5G
NR

8. 8
Driving C-V2X towards commercialization
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.’s (QTI) first-announced C-V2X solution supports
C-V2X Direct Communications (V2V, V2I and V2P) based on 3GPP Release-14
The Qualcomm 9150 C-V2X chipset with
integrated GNSS will be featured as a part
of the Qualcomm®
C-V2X Reference Design
to deliver a complete solution for trials and
commercial development
9150
C-V2X
Qualcomm 9150 C-V2X chipset and Qualcomm C-V2X Reference Design are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.
Qualcomm®
9150 C-V2X
Chipset

9. 9
Global trials
ConVeX trial in Germany
Qualcomm, Audi, Ericsson, SWARCO, U. of Kaiserslautern
Towards 5G trial in France
Qualcomm, PSA Group, Orange, Ericsson
Ford trials in US
Qualcomm, AT&T, Ford, Nokia and McCain with SANDAG, Caltrans
and the City of Chula Vista
Nissan trials in Japan
Qualcomm, Continental, Ericsson, Nissan, NTT DOCOMO, INC., OKI
C-V2X specifications completed in 2017
C-V2X is gaining momentum
Trials started in 2017 using the Qualcomm 9150 C-V2X solution
More trials to follow in 2018

10. 10
C-V2X gaining support from automotive and telecom leaders
5GAA is a cross-industry consortia to help define C-V2X and its evolution to 5G
End-to-end solutions for intelligent transportation mobility systems and smart cities
Telecommunications
Connectivity and networking systems, devices, and technologies
Automotive industry
Vehicle platform, hardware, and software solutions
Source: http://5gaa.org/; accurate as of January, 2018
Airgain Alpine Electronics Analog Devices Anritsu EMEA Ltd AT&T Audi BAIC Beijing University Bell Mobility BMW Bosch
CATT Cetecom China Transinfo China Unicom CMCC Continental Daimler Danlaw DEKRA Denso Deutsche Telekom
Ericsson FEV Ficosa Ford Fraunhofer Gemalto Hirschman Car Hitachi Automotive US Honda Huawei Infineon Intel
Interdigital Jaguar Land Rover Juniper KDDI Keysight KT Laird Tech LG Murata Nissan Nokia NTT DoCoMo OKI Orange
P3 Group Panasonic Proximus PSA Qualcomm Rohde & Schwarz Rohm SAIC Samsung Savari SIAC SK Telecom Skyworks
Softbank Sumitomo Telefonica Telekom Austria Telstra TÜV Valeo Veniam Verizon Viavi Vodafone Volkswagen (VW) ZF ZTE

11. 11
5G NR
A unified connectivity fabric to
expand into new industries

12. 12
High-speed
mobility
Rich user-generated
content
Augmented
reality
Mobilizing media
and entertainment
Congested
environments
Connected cloud
computing
Connected
vehicle
Immersive
experiences
• Fiber-like data speeds
• Low latency for real-time interactivity
• More consistent performance
• Massive capacity for unlimited data
5G is essential for
next generation
mobile experiences

13. 1313
5G will expand the mobile
ecosystem to new industries5G
More efficient use
of energy and utilities
Digitized logistics
and retail
Improved public
safety and security
Sustainable cities
and infrastructure
Smarter
agriculture
Reliable access
to remote healthcare
Safer, more autonomous
transportation
More autonomous
manufacturing
>$12 Trillion
Powering the digital economy
In goods and services by 2035**The 5G Economy, an independent study from IHS Markit, Penn Schoen
Berland and Berkeley Research Group, commissioned by Qualcomm

14. 14
Accelerating 5G NR to meet the ever-increasing
global demand for mobile broadband
20182017 20202019 20222021
Release 17+ evolutionRel-16 work itemsRel-15 work items
Phase 2
Commercial launches
Phase 1
Commercial launchesNRField TrialsIoDTs
Standalone (SA)
Accelerate eMBB deployments,
plus establish foundation for
future 5G innovations
Deliver new fundamental 5G NR
technologies that expand and
evolve the 5G ecosystem
Continue to evolve LTE in parallel as essential part of the 5G Platform
NSA
Approved study items,
including 5G NR C-V2X
We are here

15. 1515
Designing a unified, more capable 5G air interface
A unifying connectivity fabric for future innovation
A platform for existing, emerging, and unforeseen connected services
Diverse services
Scalability to address an extreme
variation of requirements
Diverse deployments
From macro to indoor hotspots,
with support for diverse topologies
Diverse spectrum
Getting the most out of a wide
array of spectrum bands/types
5G
Mission-critical
services
Enhanced mobile
broadband
Massive Internet
of Things
Low bands
below 1GHz
Mid bands
1GHz to 6GHz
High bands
above 24GHz
(mmWave)
NR

16. 1616
3GPP Rel-15 establishes a solid foundation for 5G NR
1. Multi-Edge Low-Density Parity-Check and CRC-Aided Polar
Efficiently address diverse
spectrum, deployments
and services
Scalable OFDM-
based air interface
Scalable OFDM
numerology
Flexible slot-based
framework
Self-contained
slot structure
Advanced
channel coding
Massive
MIMO
Mobile
mmWave
ME-LDPC
and CA-Polar1
Reciprocity-based
MU-MIMO
Key enabler to low
latency, URLLC and
forward compatibility
Efficiently support large
data blocks and a reliable
control channel
Efficiently utilize a large
number of antennas to
increase coverage / capacity
Enables wide mmWave
bandwidths for extreme
capacity and throughput
Beamforming
and beam-tracking
For enhanced mobile broadband and beyond
Our technology inventions are driving Rel-15 specifications
Early R&D investments | Best-in-class prototypes | Fundamental contributions to 3GPP
Learn more at: https://www.qualcomm.com/5gnr

17. 17
5G NR C-V2X
Brings new capabilities to
C-V2X for autonomous driving

18. 18
5G NR C-V2X
Communication augments
autonomous driving
Real-time local updates
Real-time sharing of local data with infrastructure
and other vehicles (e.g. 3D HD maps)
Path planning
Intention and trajectory sharing for
faster, yet safe maneuvers
Perception
Sharing of high throughput sensor
data and real world model
Coordinated driving
Exchanging intention and sensor data for more
predictable, coordinated autonomous driving

19. 1919
High throughput
sensor sharing
Real-time local
updates
High throughput and reliability
to enable the exchange of raw
or processed data gathered
High throughput to build local,
dynamic maps based on camera
and sensor data; and distribute
them at street intersections
Intent/
Trajectory sharing
High throughput and URLLC to
enable planned trajectory
sharing
Advanced use cases for autonomous driving
Coordinated driving
URLLC and high date rate to
exchange path planning
information in timely fashion

20. 2020
Advanced use cases for
autonomy requires high
data rates and URLLC
Each individual vehicle can transmit
significant amounts of data reliably
and in timely fashion
Ultra-reliable Low latency
(a few milliseconds)
At high speeds
(up to 500km/h relative speeds)

21. 2121
More reliable Lower latency
(a few milliseconds)
At high speeds
(up to 500km/h relative speeds
Advanced use cases for
autonomy requires high
data rates and URLLC
This will lead to huge amount of data
to be shared between many vehicles,
as well as, vehicles and infrastructure,
especially for high vehicle density
deployments

22. 2222
NR Design
Scalable OFDM-
based air interface
Self-contained
slot structure
5G C-V2X is expected to efficiently addresses diverse spectrum bands for different use cases
Leveraging wideband carrier support and OFDMA to deliver higher data rates
Smaller slot structure with immediate feedback to enable ultra reliable low latency communications
Advanced
channel coding
State of the art LDPC/polar coding to deliver higher reliability with low complexity
Wideband
carrier support
Larger number of
antenna
Wideband carrier based higher data rates and system capacity
Efficiently utilize larger number of antennas than Rel-14 to deliver higher data rate and long range
5G NR C-V2X capabilities for autonomous driving
Ctrl UL DATA Ctrl
DL DATACtrl Ctrl
Leveraging 5G NR capabilities for C-V2X Direct Communications
Providing high throughput and URLLC capabilities for autonomous driving

23. 23
Evolving C-V2X Direct Communications towards 5GNR
While maintaining backward capabilities
Basic safety
IEEE 802.11p
Basic and enhanced safety
C-V2X Rel-14/Rel-15 with enhanced range and reliability
Autonomous driving use cases
5G NR C-V2X Rel-16
Higher throughput
Higher reliability
Wideband carrier support
Lower latency
Backward compatible with Rel-14/Rel-15 enabled vehicles
Evolution to 5G NR, while being backward compatible
C-V2X Rel-14 is necessary and operates with Rel-16

24. 24
C-V2X R14 / R16
Evolving C-V2X Direct
Communications towards 5G NR
5G NR C-V2X brings about
complementary capabilities
for autonomous driving
C-V2X R14 / R16
C-V2X R14 only car5G NR C-V2X will be
backwards compatible
with C-V2X R14/R15

25. 25
5G NR C-V2X complements Rel-14 with new capabilities
Targeting new use cases for autonomous driving
Real-time local
updates
Intention /
Trajectory sharing
High throughput
sensor sharing
Coordinated driving
Do not pass
warning (DNPW)
Intersection movement
assist (IMA) at a blind
intersection
Blind curve /
Local hazard warning
Rel-14 C-V2X
Automotive safety
Rel-16 5G NR C-V2X
Autonomous driving

26. 26
Resulting in a 5G NR C-V2X design that addresses
autonomous vehicle use case requirements
Higher throughput
High spectral efficiency
to achieve higher data rate
Lower latency
Access latency below 1ms
for time critical use cases
Higher reliability
Unicast multicast support
using efficient feedback
High vehicle speeds
Support higher data rates at
relative speeds up to 500km/h
Harmonious coexistence
Can coexist with Rel-14 in the
same channel/band
Backward compatibility
Vehicles with Rel-16 will also
support Rel-14 for safety
5G NR
C-V2X

27. 27
Intention Sharing
Supporting high level of
predictability for advanced
path planning

28. 28
Intention/trajectory sharing for autonomous driving
Providing higher level of predictability and traffic efficiency for advanced path planning
Efficient maneuvers
Autonomous vehicles are able to make quicker,
yet safe maneuvers by knowing the planned
movements of surrounding vehicles
Coordinated driving
Autonomous vehicles are able to choose time-efficient
paths toward their given destinations as they know
the planned movements of other vehicles
Advanced path planning
Supporting the level of predictability needed for
advanced path planning for autonomous driving
Sudden braking
and lane change
on a freeway

29. 29
Leveraging 5G NR capabilities for intent sharing
High throughput
Requires high data rate (e.g.
more than 100Mbps within 1km
stretch
Low latency
Trajectory information
has to be shared within
a few milliseconds
High reliability
To accurately share trajectory
information in a timely
fashion

30. 30
Intent/trajectory sharing for faster yet safe maneuvers
A vehicle trying to change lanes is demonstrated for three scenarios
Scenario1
Human-driven vehicle
without C-V2X
May suffer from collision due to
lack of blind spot detection
Scenario 3
Autonomous vehicle
with 5G NR based C-V2X
Enables vehicles to select
faster yet safe path
Scenario 2
Autonomous vehicle
without C-V2X
Safe, but may require significantly
longer maneuver time

31. 31
Lane changing scenario

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