2. 1. CLARITY
We need to understand what people say clearly before we
can effectively evaluate their arguments and claims.
Unfortunately, that can be difficult because people often fail
to express themselves clearly.
This lack of clarity is due to :
1.laziness
2.carelessness
3.a lack of skills
Only by paying attention to language we can avoid such
needless miscommunications and disappointments.
To achieve our personal goals in life we need a clear
conception of our goals and priorities, a realistic abilities, and
clear understanding of the problem and opportunities we
face…..
3. 2. PRECISION
Sherlock Holmes is the famous fictional sleuth written by Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle.
In Doyle’s stories Holmes if often able to solve complex mysteries
when the bungling detectives from Scotland Yard haven’t so much as
a clue..
WHAT IS THE SECRET OF HIS SUCCSESS????
An extraordinary commitment to precision.
1. By careful and highly trained observation
Holmes is able to discover clues that others have overlooked.
2. By a process of precise logical inference
He is able to reason from those clues to discover the solution to the
mystery.
4. The importance of precision in specialized fields:
Medicine
Mathematics
Architecture Critical thinkers really understand
Engineering the importance of precise thinking in
life.
They understand that to cut through
the confusion and uncertainties that
surround many problems and
issues, it is often necessary to insist
on precise answer to precise
questions.
What exactly the problem we’re
facing?
What exactly are the alternative?
5. 3. ACCURACY
There is well-known saying about computers ”Garbage in,
garbage out”. This mean if you put bad information into
a computer, bad information is exactly what will you get
out of it…
Much the same is true about human thinking. No matter
how brilliant you may be, you’re almost guaranteed to
make bad decisions if your decision are based on false
information
6. 4. RELEVENCE
Anyone who ever sat through a boring school
assembly or watched a mud-slinging political
debate can appreciate the importance of
staying focused on relevant ideas and
information.
A favorite debaters trick is to try distract an
audience attention by raising an irrelevant
issues.
7. In a case of Judge(Stephen T.) Logan:
Always earnest and grave –opposed him, Lincoln created no
little merriment by his reference to Logan’s style of dress.
He carried the surprised in store for the later, till he
reached his turn before the jury. Addressing them, he said
"Gentlemen, you must be careful and not permit
yourselves to be overcome by the eloquence of counsel for
the defense. Judge Logan I know is an effective lawyer. I
have met him to often to doubt that but shrewd and careful
though he be, he still is someone wrong. Since this trial
has begun i have discovered that with all this caution and
fastidiousness he hasn’t knowledge enough to put his shirt
on right”
8. Logan turned red as crimson , but sure enough , Lincoln was
correct , for the former had donned a new shirt , and by
mistake had drawn it over his head with the pleated bosom
behind . The general laugh which followed destroyed the
effect of Logan’s eloquence over the jury-the very point at
which Lincoln aimed.
Lincoln’s ploy was entertaining and succeeded
in distracting the attention of jury. Had the
jurors been thinking critically, however, they
would have realized that carelessness about
one’s attire has no logical relevance to the
strength of one’s arguments.
9. 5. LOGICAL CORRETNESS
To think critically we need accurate well and supported
beliefs.
But just as important, we need to be able to reason from
those beliefs to conclusions that logically follow from
them.
Unfortunately illogical thinking is all too common in
human affairs.
As Russell observes, from the proposition:
1. God sees everything
The pious correctly drew the conlusion:
2. God sees through bathroom walls
However, they failed to draw the equally obvious
conclusion that
3. God sees through bathrobes
10. 7. FAIRNESS
1. Critical thinking demands that our thinking to be fair:
open-minded
Impartial
Free from biases
Preconception
2. people are often strongly disposed to resist unfamiliar
ideas, to prejudge issues, to stereotype outsiders and to
identify truth with their own self-interest of their nation
or group.
11. 3. It is probably unrealistic to suppose that our
thinking could ever be completely free of biases
and preconceptions.
4. But as difficult as it may be to achieve, basic
fair-mindedness is clearly an essential attribute
of a critical thinker
13. CRITICAL THINKING IN THE CLASSROOM
Students learn a variety of skills that can
greatly improve their classroom performance.
This skills include:
understanding the arguments and beliefs of
others.
Critically evaluating those arguments and
beliefs.
14. CRITICAL THINKING IN THE WORKPLACE
Skill that can help workers at the workplace
that involves critical thinking:
Quick learners who can solve problems
Think creatively
Gather and analyze information
Draw appropriate conclusions from data
Communicate their ideas clearly and effectively
15. CRITICAL THINKING IN LIFE
1.Critical thinking can avoid us from making foolish
personal decision.
all of us have made one time or another made decision
about consumer purchase, relationships, personal
behavior, and then we later realized were seriously
misguided and irrational.
2. Critical thinking plays important role in promoting
democratic process.
most serious society problem- environmental
destruction, nuclear proliferation, religious and ethnic
intolerance, racial prejudice and so on have largely
been caused by poor critical thinking.
16. 3. Critical thinking is worth studying for the personal
enrichment to our lives.
its can help free us from the unexamined assumption
and biases of our upbringing and our society.
its lets us step back from the prevailing customs and
ideologies of our culture
its also allows us to lead self-directed, ”examined” lives.
20. Critical Thinker
Think independently
and are not afraid to
disagree with group Uncritical thinker
opinion
Tend to engage in
“groupthink”,
uncritically following
the beliefs and values
of the group
21. Critical Thinker
Understand the value
of critical thinking,
both to individuals Uncritical Thinker
and society as a
whole
See little value in
critical thinking
