ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
Obesity
1. Pathophysiology of obesity
Mr. Bestha Chakrapani
Associate professor
Department of pharmacology
Balaji college of pharmacy
Anantapur
2. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has
accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on
health.
Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases,
particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep
apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.
Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of
excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic
susceptibility
A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine
disorders, medications, or mental illness.
3. Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social
changes and personal choices.
Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments.
Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of
energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat and sugars, and by
increasing the intake of dietary fiber.
Medications may be taken, along with a suitable diet, to reduce
appetite or decrease fat absorption.
If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric
balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or
bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to
absorb nutrients from food.
4. BMI (kg/m2)
Classification
from up to
18.5 underweight
18.5 25.0 normal weight
25.0 30.0 overweight
30.0 35.0 class I obesity
35.0 40.0 class II obesity
40.0 class III obesity
Classification of obesity
5. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has
accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on
health.
6.
7.
8. Health issues due to obesity
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes type 2
Musculoskeletal disorders
Cancers-endometrial, cervical and
colon
Infertility
Gallstones
Premature death and disability
9. Just the Facts!
According to WHO:
1.6 billion adults (over 15 years old)
are overweight
400 million are obese
2.3 billion will be overweight and
700 million obese
10. Heart Disease and Diabetes
Heart Disease
The world’s number #1 cause of death
Kills 17 million each year around the world
Heart attack
Stroke
Diabetes type 2
Becoming global epidemic
WHO projects diabetes will increase by 50%
across the world
12. Complications of Diabetes
Heart disease and stroke
Glaucoma
Neuropathy…especially the feet
Skin complications...wounds do not
heal well
Diabetic retinopathy (eye disease)
Kidney disease and kidney failure
Damage to blood vessels that supply
the legs and feet (peripheral vascular
disease)
13. Fruits and Vegetables
WHO states:
Fruits and vegetables need to be part of
the daily diet to prevent disease such as
obesity and noncommunicable disease
The statistics are startling
Lack of enough fruits and vegetables cause
19% of GI deaths
31% of Ischemic heart disease
11% of stroke
14.
15.
16. How much fruit is enough
WHO recommends at least 400 gms of
fruit and vegetables each day…
This will prevent chronic disease related
to overweight and obesity
Heart disease
Diabetes
Cancers
We know what obesity can do to our bodies..but what is interesting is that obesity is preventable. In the last slide, the information that obesity is caused by eating more than our bodies need…so if we eat the right amount of food…we will be healthier and have much less chance of being obese…seems to simple doesn’t it? The challenge is, when we have so many choices and eat the Western diet, we have a strong tendency to eat more than we need.
Exercise: Is there anyone in your family that has health problems with obesity or being overweight? When did they start being overweight? Are they healthy? Do you have anyone in your family with diseases related to obesity?
What are your favorite foods? Are they processed and have lots of sugar and fat? Many people will say they like desserts, candy or soda pop…all can cause someone to gain weight.
Reference: World Health Organization.(2008). Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet #311. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en
Reference: World Health Organization.(2008). Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet #311. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en
Couple of comments about diabetes and obesity.
Diabetes is even more scary than heart disease and is primarily caused by obesity…now Type 2 diabetes is the not the same as Type 1. Type 1 diabetes is when the body makes no insulin and can happen at any age, any weight. Type 2 is a result of being overweight, the body struggles to make enough insulin and at some point is not able to make enough, but can make small amounts. The best way to control diabetes is to control weight and to exercise. Some people do not have to take any medicine to control diabetes. But some do.
According to WHO: “Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.”
World Health Organization (2010). Diabetes: Fact sheet 312. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html
Diabetes is an insidious disease. According to the American Diabetes Association, there are several symptoms to screen for.
References: American Diabetes Association. (2010). Diabetes. Retrieved from: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2
Reference:
World Health Organization. (2004) Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/fruit/en/index.html
Keep in mind, that even with more fruits and vegetables in the diet, there is still need to reduce the fats, sugars and processed foods. Keep in mind that tubers, such as potatoes and cassava are not included in fruits and vegetables.
Reference:
World Health Organization. (2004) Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/fruit/en/index.html