Scaling API-first – The story of a global engineering organization
Marine pollution
1.
2. IndexIndex
1.1. What is Marine Pollution?What is Marine Pollution?
2.2. Harm of ChemicalsHarm of Chemicals
3.3. Sources of Marine PollutionSources of Marine Pollution
4.4. Types of Marine PollutionTypes of Marine Pollution
5.5. NGO GroupsNGO Groups
6.6. Marine Pollution in Specific CountriesMarine Pollution in Specific Countries
7.7. Six important Marine LegislationsSix important Marine Legislations
8.8. BibliographyBibliography
3. What is Marine Pollution ?
Marine pollution occurs when harmful
substances like chemicals, plastics, micro-
organisms, radioactive waste, nuclear
waste, industrial waste, domestic waste
and agricultural waste are discharged into
water bodies. like in this picture, red tides
are shown which are caused due to
marine pollution.
4. Harm of ChemicalsHarm of Chemicals Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles whichMany potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which
are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most ofare then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of
which are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxinswhich are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins
are concentrated upward within ocean food chains. Manyare concentrated upward within ocean food chains. Many
particles combine chemically in a manner highly depletiveparticles combine chemically in a manner highly depletive
of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic.of oxygen, causing estuaries to become anoxic.
When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem,When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem,
they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once inthey quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in
the food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as wellthe food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well
as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as theas diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the
entire food web.entire food web.
Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs.Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs.
These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry,These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry,
behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life.behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life.
Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fishAlso, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish
hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can behydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be
transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairytransferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy
products.products.
5.
6. Point Sources –
Point sources are
sources which are
definite. They do not
change their
position so they can
be controlled
from polluting the
water bodies by
regularly checking
them.
Example- factory.
Non-point Sources-
Non-point sources are
sources which are not
definite. They do
change their position
so they cannot be
controlled from
polluting water
bodies.
Example- rainfall.
10. Acidification
• Acidification means to acidify.
• Marine bodies acidify because they
absorb CO .
• Due to increase in CO concentration, the
oceans absorb more poison and kills its
organisms.
2
2
Island with fringing reef in
the Maldives.Coral reefs are dying
around the world because of
acidification(background photo)
11. Eutrophication
Eutrophication is an increase in
chemical nutrients, typically compounds
containing nitrogen or phosphorus, in
an ecosystem. It can result in an increase in the
ecosystem's primary productivity (excessive
plant growth and decay), and further effects
including lack of oxygen and severe reductions
in water quality, fish, and other animal
populations.
Polluted Lagoon
(background photo)
12. Plastic debris
Marine debris is mainly discarded human
rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in
the ocean. Eighty percent of marine debris
is plastic- a component that has been
rapidly accumulating since the end of
World War II. The mass of plastic in the
oceans may be as high as one hundred
million metric tons.
A man with plastic debris along a
sea coast (background photo)
13. ToxinsToxins
There are many toxins and heavy metalsThere are many toxins and heavy metals
that are causing harm to environment andthat are causing harm to environment and
many times which have resulted in verymany times which have resulted in very
severe diseases. Oil spills are not ansevere diseases. Oil spills are not an
exception.exception.
Mercury poisoning in Japan, is best knownMercury poisoning in Japan, is best known
such case.such case.
Fishes affected by Mercury
poisoning in Japan
(background photo)
14.
15. This is the UN division which helps toThis is the UN division which helps to
maintain laws related to sea acceptedmaintain laws related to sea accepted
by all UN members.by all UN members.
It helps all NGO groups working toIt helps all NGO groups working to
save marine resources.save marine resources.
16. ACOPSACOPS - Advisory Committee on Protection of the- Advisory Committee on Protection of the
Sea Assists governments in research, policySea Assists governments in research, policy
formulation, awareness campaigns to reduce marineformulation, awareness campaigns to reduce marine
oil pollution; list of publications, full text newsletter.oil pollution; list of publications, full text newsletter.
American Cetacean SocietyAmerican Cetacean Society- San Pedro, California;- San Pedro, California;
oldest whale conservation society - internationaloldest whale conservation society - international
conferences, teaching materials, publications, latestconferences, teaching materials, publications, latest
developments, cruises, adoption programmes, factdevelopments, cruises, adoption programmes, fact
sheets on killer, northern right and other whales.sheets on killer, northern right and other whales.
American Coastal CoalitionAmerican Coastal Coalition- Coastline statistics- Coastline statistics
CMCCMC - Center for Marine Conservation Description of- Center for Marine Conservation Description of
programmes, suggestions for actionprogrammes, suggestions for action
17. Coral Reef AllianceCoral Reef Alliance Financial and technical support for coral reefFinancial and technical support for coral reef
conservation, educational resourcesconservation, educational resources
COLCOL - Council on Ocean Law Reference center for U.S. position on- Council on Ocean Law Reference center for U.S. position on
law of the sea; U.S. Congressional speeches, government policylaw of the sea; U.S. Congressional speeches, government policy
statements and reports, conference proceedings, discussionstatements and reports, conference proceedings, discussion
papers, articlespapers, articles
El NiñoEl Niño - NOVA Online documentary, Public Broadcasting System,- NOVA Online documentary, Public Broadcasting System,
U.S.1998 El Niño, El Niño events over time, glossary, booksU.S.1998 El Niño, El Niño events over time, glossary, books
Endangered Seas CampaignEndangered Seas Campaign - WWF World Wide Fund for Nature- WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
(WWF) – fisheries management and protection, toolkit for(WWF) – fisheries management and protection, toolkit for
"Safeguarding Fisheries", newsroom; world maps of most"Safeguarding Fisheries", newsroom; world maps of most
threatened fisheries; publicationsthreatened fisheries; publications
Greenpeace -Greenpeace - Oceans CampaignOceans Campaign Campaigns against over fishing,Campaigns against over fishing,
pirate fishing, Southern Ocean whaling, marine pollution; reportspirate fishing, Southern Ocean whaling, marine pollution; reports
and press releasesand press releases
18. INAINA - Institute of Nautical Archaeology, USA Gathers knowledge of- Institute of Nautical Archaeology, USA Gathers knowledge of
human past from physical remains of maritime activity andhuman past from physical remains of maritime activity and
disseminates through scholarly and popular publications, seminarsdisseminates through scholarly and popular publications, seminars
and lectures; information on field projects, virtual museum of nauticaland lectures; information on field projects, virtual museum of nautical
archaeology, publicationsarchaeology, publications
IMMAIMMA - International Marine Mammal Association Marine mammal- International Marine Mammal Association Marine mammal
conservation; books, articles, reports, information packages on by-conservation; books, articles, reports, information packages on by-
catch of pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, etc.), dolphins and porpoises;catch of pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, etc.), dolphins and porpoises;
marine protected areasmarine protected areas
IMMSIMMS - International Marine Minerals Society Promote and improve- International Marine Minerals Society Promote and improve
the understanding of the origin, distribution, mining, processing,the understanding of the origin, distribution, mining, processing,
development, and economic assessment of mineral deposits withindevelopment, and economic assessment of mineral deposits within
the province of the global ocean; meeting and conferences schedulesthe province of the global ocean; meeting and conferences schedules
IOI - International Ocean InstituteIOI - International Ocean Institute Training programmes,Training programmes,
publications, research, conferences and seminars; newsletter,publications, research, conferences and seminars; newsletter,
bibliographical information for Ocean Yearbook.bibliographical information for Ocean Yearbook.
19. The International Sea Keepers SocietyThe International Sea Keepers Society Monitors andMonitors and
protects health of world's oceans by equipping yachtsprotects health of world's oceans by equipping yachts
and other vessels and platforms around the world with aand other vessels and platforms around the world with a
sophisticated ocean and weather monitoring modulesophisticated ocean and weather monitoring module
Law of the Sea CommitteeLaw of the Sea Committee - American Bar Association- American Bar Association
Section of International Law Membership of CommitteeSection of International Law Membership of Committee
listed with contact information, free e-mail subscription tolisted with contact information, free e-mail subscription to
newsletter of Committee activities and discussionsnewsletter of Committee activities and discussions
Protect the Sharks campaignProtect the Sharks campaign Worldwide sharkWorldwide shark
conservation and awareness programmesconservation and awareness programmes
Reef Environmental Education FoundationReef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF)(REEF)
Scientists and divers; divers' surveys; reef database;Scientists and divers; divers' surveys; reef database;
mapsmaps
20. Seal Conservation SocietySeal Conservation Society Promotes protection,Promotes protection,
conservation and study of seals, sea lions and walruses;conservation and study of seals, sea lions and walruses;
pinniped reference databasepinniped reference database
IUCNIUCN - World Conservation Union Programmes- World Conservation Union Programmes
coordinating conservation and management of marinecoordinating conservation and management of marine
biodiversity in cooperation with regional and countrybiodiversity in cooperation with regional and country
offices. International organization concerned withoffices. International organization concerned with
environmental conservation works with local communitiesenvironmental conservation works with local communities
to promote responsible use of resources.to promote responsible use of resources.
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society- Charity forWhale and Dolphin Conservation Society- Charity for
protection of dolphins and whales, world newsprotection of dolphins and whales, world news
concerning these mammals, species guideconcerning these mammals, species guide
21.
22. Water Pollution in INDIAWater Pollution in INDIA
In India the pollution of water is at a veryIn India the pollution of water is at a very
high level.high level.
Religious festivals and factories are majorReligious festivals and factories are major
sources of water pollution.sources of water pollution.
Water for bathing is also used for drinkingWater for bathing is also used for drinking
in some places.in some places.
At some places the conditions are so badAt some places the conditions are so bad
that water used for drinking can be seenthat water used for drinking can be seen
with suspended impurities.with suspended impurities.
23. Serious effects of EXXON VALDEZSerious effects of EXXON VALDEZ
DISASTER even after 20 YEARSDISASTER even after 20 YEARS
Even after 20 years after the EXXONEven after 20 years after the EXXON
VALDEZ DISASTER, when some peopleVALDEZ DISASTER, when some people
went to Alaska, they found that there waswent to Alaska, they found that there was
oil beneth the rocks and in ocean as well.oil beneth the rocks and in ocean as well.
When they dipped the shovel in water andWhen they dipped the shovel in water and
took it out with water on it then they foundtook it out with water on it then they found
the liquid was not water but actually oil.the liquid was not water but actually oil.
27. National Marine Sanctuaries ActNational Marine Sanctuaries Act
of 1972of 1972
Authorizes the Sec. of Commerce toAuthorizes the Sec. of Commerce to
designate and manage areas of thedesignate and manage areas of the
marine environment with nationallymarine environment with nationally
significant aesthetic, ecological, historicalsignificant aesthetic, ecological, historical
or recreational values asor recreational values as National MarineNational Marine
Sanctuaries .Sanctuaries .
The primary objective is to protect marineThe primary objective is to protect marine
resources while facilitating “compatible”resources while facilitating “compatible”
public and private uses of thosepublic and private uses of those
resources.resources.
28. Fisheries Management andFisheries Management and
Conservation Act - 1976Conservation Act - 1976
The primary law dealing with fisheriesThe primary law dealing with fisheries
resources and fishing activities in federalresources and fishing activities in federal
waters (extends from edge of State waterswaters (extends from edge of State waters
out to the 200 mile limit).out to the 200 mile limit).
Primary goals include conservation andPrimary goals include conservation and
management of fisheries resources,management of fisheries resources,
development of U./S. domestic fisheriesdevelopment of U./S. domestic fisheries
and phasing out foreign fishing activitiesand phasing out foreign fishing activities
within the 200 mile conservation zonewithin the 200 mile conservation zone
adjacent to the U.S. coastline.adjacent to the U.S. coastline.
29. Clean Water Act of 1977Clean Water Act of 1977
Unlawful to discharge any pollutant from aUnlawful to discharge any pollutant from a
point source into navigable waters unlesspoint source into navigable waters unless
a permit (NPDES) is obtaineda permit (NPDES) is obtained
EPA has authority to set effluent standardsEPA has authority to set effluent standards
Also unlawful to discharge dredged or fillAlso unlawful to discharge dredged or fill
materials into wetlands without a permitmaterials into wetlands without a permit
30. Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act
Provides for the conservation ofProvides for the conservation of
threatened and endangered plants andthreatened and endangered plants and
animals and the habitats in which they areanimals and the habitats in which they are
found.found.
The law prohibits any action,The law prohibits any action,
administrative or real, that results in aadministrative or real, that results in a
“taking” of a listed species, or adversely“taking” of a listed species, or adversely
affects habitat.affects habitat.
31. Oceans Act of 2000Oceans Act of 2000
Establishes a commission to make recs.Establishes a commission to make recs.
for coordinated and comprehensivefor coordinated and comprehensive
national ocean policy.national ocean policy.
Issues will include coastal hazards,Issues will include coastal hazards,
stewardship, marine pollution prevention,stewardship, marine pollution prevention,
enhancing marine-related commerce andenhancing marine-related commerce and
transportation, research and educationtransportation, research and education
and the use of technology to addressand the use of technology to address
coastal issues.coastal issues.
32. Estuaries and Clean Waters ActEstuaries and Clean Waters Act
of 2000of 2000
Encourages the restoration of estuaryEncourages the restoration of estuary
habitat through more efficient projecthabitat through more efficient project
financing and enhanced coordination offinancing and enhanced coordination of
Fed. And non-Fed. restoration programsFed. And non-Fed. restoration programs
Establishes a Estuary Habitat RestorationEstablishes a Estuary Habitat Restoration
Council to develop a comprehensiveCouncil to develop a comprehensive
approachapproach
