Essay On Earthquake

Research Paper On Earthquake
Natural Disasters Research Project Earthquake: San Francisco, California
Earthquake An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. We know that tectonic plates move
slowly towards, away from or past each other. Continents are parts of these plates which means they
move too after time. An earthquake occurs when the rocks break and move as a result stresses
caused by plate tectonics. but sometimes they get stuck at their edges due to friction. When the
edges overcome Earthquakes are the most deadly of all natural disasters. When an earthquake
strikes, it can make a difference between life and death. If you survive an earthquake it's
something you'll never forget. Most of the time it's not the quake that kills people but the building
and the things inside it that fall down. It can destroy pipelines, gas lines that can cause fire and
zero electricity. Usually there are aftershocks for weeks or months. For example, the earthquake that
happened in San Francisco, California on October 17,1989. It was a really destructive earthquake
that killed people and billions of dollars in damages.
Description of The Event The earthquake that happened in San Francisco, California in 1989 was an
earthquake that was triggered by a slip along the San Andreas fault. "The focus was in the Forest of
Nisene Marks State Park, near Loma Prieta peak in the Santa Cruz mountains. Northeast of Santa
Cruz and approximately 60 miles south of San Francisco. Seismicity
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Earthquake Prediction Essay
With reference of one or more examples of earthquakes, assess the extent to which attempts at
prediction and mitigation may have influenced the impact of the hazard.
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic
waves. Earthquake is a major threat to the human and natural environments, in which people died,
buildings collapsed and cities destroyed. Prediction and mitigation are usually conducted in order to
reduce the impact of an earthquake on environment. Earthquake prediction can be carried out with
seismic monitoring using tiltmeters. Hazard mapping is another way to predict the impact of an
earthquake and can be used for planning purposes. Mitigation includes the aseismic building...show
more content...
In 2003 California earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3, only three lives lost in a region where great
attention is paid to architectural design along the San Andreas Fault. Flexible structures, light roofs,
diagonal bracing and careful land zoning regulations all contribute to minimal damage to the
housing stock. However, this is only applicable and practical in economically more developed
countries where technology and fund are abundant. The 1976 Guatemalan earthquake was
described as "classquake" since it killed 22 000 people living in unsafe housing in the rural
highlands, and those in squatter settlements in the city. However, the middle and upper class were
little affected. Thus, safe building is essential as the majority of the earthquake victims were caused
by the collapse of buildings. Hence, aseismic building design may largely reduce the death tolls.
Secondly, the land–use planning. In 1990, the Japanese government passed a resolution to transfer
and relocate some of Tokyo's political and administrative functions to the less seismically active
areas, such as Honshu Island, as geologists predicted that a major earthquake would hit Tokyo in the
next 60 years. Relocating functional zones can largely reduce the potential losses caused by the
earthquake. However, the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, over 120 000 people lived in one–storey

Narrative Essay About A Earthquake
Have you ever woken up to see half your house gone? Or everything in your house destroyed? I
have. I'm Jose age 15 and I live in Mexico. That day wasn't like a regular day. We heard there was
going to be a huge earthquake and that everyone had to leave. Although a lot of people were
leaving, my family didn't have enough money to leave. That day I woke to everything shaking, I
was confused. I jumped out of bed and ran to get my sister 7 years old and my mom. My dad had
died when I was two. My mom said he had died in a car crash. But, I can tell that she was lying. I
never questioned her. So I ran to my sister's room avoiding falling things. I ran into her room and
picked her up and didn't bother to wake her. I ran with her on my shoulders to my mom's room. I
woke up my mom because I couldn't carry. "Mom, wake up," I said shaking her. She woke up
confused. So I pulled her along. We ran outside into chaos. People running around all crazy. After
a few minutes, the earthquake stopped. I asked my mom if she was ok. "Yes, Jose. Thank you for
getting your sister and acting so quickly." My mom replied. I look back at the destroyed house.
"Mama, I'm going to check on the other people." and I went to the old lady Coco's house down
the street to check on her. "Coco! Coco!" I yelled. In a raspy voice, I hear the old woman reply
"Here, here." I go through the empty doorway with the door on the ground. In the house, I saw her
pictures on the ground and the walls crumbled

Earthquakes Questions And Answers
EARTHQUAKES
Objective: To define and discuss earthquakes and its effects.
Earthquakes are a major catastrophe and can be a big threat to human lives. To understand
earthquakes you must have a clear definition, know its mechanisms, be able to recognize the size and
dynamics and understand its effects:
I. Definition of Earthquake
a. Earthquake
b. Tsunamis
c. Landslides
d. Volcanoes
II. Mechanism
a. Faults
b. Seismic Waves
c. Aftershocks...show more content...
The slipping fault then creates seismic waves in the surrounding rock. Seismic waves create the
sound waves in the air. It also carries energy away from the fault, first to nearby rock. In hours to
follow or even days many small earthquakes occur. These are referred to as aftershocks. Aftershocks
are a result of rocks near the fault adjusting to accommodate the new stress levels.
In order to understand the size of an earthquake certain items must be taken into consideration.
Strength, classification of seismic waves, logarithm and intensity are some of the main areas to
focus on. The strength depends upon the area of the fault length times width on which the slip
occurs, the amount of the slip and the inherent stiffness of the nearby rock. An earthquake occurring
a 100–km (62–mi) fault is about one billion times stronger than a quake on a 100–m (328–ft) fault.
Seismic waves are classified in two areas P–waves, which are your compressional waves, and
S–waves, which are shear waves. These waves are used in detection and location of earthquakes.
Several thousand seismometers are in continuous operation worldwide. These stations record ground
motions, detect waves even at great distances from the fault as well as measure arrival time of P and
S waves. Logarithm of moment

Essay On Earthquake
The data from nine earthquakes happened in winter and summer time, with magnitudes ranging
from M 3.0 to M5.7, was collected at a sampling rate 200 Hz and preprocessed for the further
analysis [4]. Then, dynamic properties of the structure were obtained using modal property
identification toolbox (MPIT 2.0) developed at the University of Auckland [13]. The modes were
determined from the following system identification algorithms: –Frequency domain methods: the
peak picking (PP), the frequency domain decomposition (FDD), the enhanced frequency domain
decomposition (EFDD) –Time domain method: stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method [14]
identifying the stable poles by generating singular values around them from the singular value...show
more content...
Then, the most plausible modes was chosen by comparison of MAC values of each date for each
SI algorithm. Since fundamental mode of the bridges always excited by the translational ground
motions during earthquakes, transverse components of mode shapes only were described in this
research to estimate the input of different bridge components on the bridge dynamic response.
The frequency values obtained by each method, except of SSI for summer dataset, at each season
and their mean and coefficient of correlation are shown in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. From this
figure, the values of fundamental transverse frequency identified by each method are highly
correlated for all methods, the mean coefficient of variation was no more than 0.02. In addition,
no relationship between the transverse frequency and the depth of frozen soil at specific dates
was observed. A high correlation between mode shapes, with MAC value 0.95 or higher, was
observed for two frequency domain methods only, FDD and EFDD. Therefore, the average values
of natural transverse frequency calculated from the values identified by each method, 7.69 Hz and
2.85 Hz, and mode shapes obtained by FDD technique (Figure 3.1) were chosen as a baseline
experimental values for the further calibration of the numerical models developed for winter and
summer respectively. The bridge transverse response is mainly symmetrical; the possible

Essay On Mexico City Earthquake
For my current events paper, I chose to write about the earthquake that hit Mexico City, I selected an
article from Houston public media news titled "Mexico City Earthquake Update: All children
accounted for" Mexico City suffered from two power earthquakes just 12 days apart. On September
7th, the first earthquake hit the capital, sending distress throughout the city , and breaking record
as the most powerful earthquake to hit Mexico in a century. Then again on September the 19th
Mexico suffered another earthquake which took place approximately 100 miles from Mexico
City. Officials were finally able to report that there were no longer any missing children at a
Mexico City school that had been severely damaged "We've done an accounting with school
officials, and we are certain that all the children either died, unfortunately, are in the hospital or are
safe at their homes," (pt.3, Sarmiento 2017) "he said 19 children and six adults were killed in the
school...show more content...
"Scientist say strong earthquakes can sometimes alter stresses nearby, leading to subsequent
quakes." (p.4, Stevens 2017) Natural disasters are based on many things, but I think the single
most important is physical geography, or location. If you lived in the drier parts of california, then
you would be more prone to wildfires. If you lived in alaska, then you would be more prone to
avalanches. Unfortunately for those who lived in Mexico, where the North American and pacific
plate meet and create transform plate boundary making it a prime location for earthquakes. Mexico
is located on something scientists call a subduction zone plate boundary. "Subduction zones are the
part of the earth where one slab of the crust is slowly sliding under another"(pt.6, Stevens 2017) in
simpler terms when two plate boundaries meet at a subduction zone, earthquakes are like a ticking
time

Persuasive Essay On Earthquakes
Faults subsiding, converging, and spreading can break free at any moment causes earthquakes.
Earthquakes are unpredictable they can cause all types of damages and cause deaths to hundreds at
in just a few moments. While faults movement show scientist tail–tell signs that say "hey I'm ready
to shift" in any time the faults could slide can slip an unknown distance for an unknown range. This
happening can cause one or many earthquakes to happen even lead to volcano eruptions.
So which would be a worst an 8.1 from the Salton Sea to San Bernardino or a 7.1 offshore of Rose
Canyon to New port. While most would believe that the 8.1 from the Salton Sea would be the worst
due to its magnitude and its location. It also will leave large amounts of damage. The buildings up
toward the Salton Sea to San Bernardino are more structurally sound and can with withstand a more
abusive shaking. It has the possibility of having multiple earthquake energies released as well all
along the fault. I believe that the 7.1 will actually be the worst for us here in San Diego for a few
reasons.
A 7.1 magnitude earthquake here at rose canyon would be worst for us, due to the fact that our
building are not built to withstand the shaking of an earthquake of that magnitude. Just like an 8.1
earthquake, a 7.1 can also trigger multiple earthquakes on other faults. Our building are not the
only problem we have a lot of areas in San Diego like Mission Bay, Coronado, Point Loma, and
few other places heavily saturated sands. This is because these areas are made of sand deposits
from along the Coast. So if an earthquake were to shake that area liquefaction would happen
causing sewage issues due to the location of the sewer plants and their lines. Also, there would be
damage to water lines and gas lines. The buildings would also sink into the ground due to its soft
saturated sandy composition. A possible lowering of the ground level once settled. Let us just
remember the earthquake doesn't kill the people. It's the environment and buildings that kill the
people.
When preparing for an earthquake there are things you must do in order to protect yourself and
your family. First off you need to make sure you have food and water. If you know you

Earthquake Persuasive Speech
If you know Ty and myself, then you know how hard it is for us to come out and ask for help.
Well, we need help. We evacuated during the flood that devastated Baton Rouge and the
surrounding area , and managed to catch the last boat that night. When we were finally able to
come back to our apartment, we were blessed to find that our only losses were our vehicles, their
content, and some food. However, we are on the second floor, and the contamination from the first is
not being handled in a way that I'm comfortable with have Brylie, our 18–month–old, around. We
need to move as soon as possible, but are short on funds, and struggling to find a place that is
available. Any money raised will be going towards moving expenses and a vehicle.

Earthquakes Essay examples
What is an Earthquake?
An Earthquake is the shaking of the earth's surface caused by rapid movement of the earth's rocky
outer layer. The sudden shaking of the ground that occurs when masses of rock change position
below the Earth's surface is called an earthquake. The shifting masses send out shock waves that may
be powerful enough to alter the surface of the Earth, thrusting up cliffs and opening great cracks in
the ground.
Earthquakes, called temblors by scientists, occur almost continuously. Fortunately, most of them can
be detected only by sensitive instruments called seismographs. Others are felt as small tremors. Some
of the rest, however, cause major catastrophes. They...show more content...
Although it is certain that violent Earth tremors in themselves are destructive, there are often other
kinds of Earth movements that are triggered by earthquake shock waves. Thus, the violent shaking
that accompanies many earthquakes often causes rockslides, snow avalanches, and landslides. In
some areas these events are frequently more devastating than the Earth tremor itself.
Floods and fires are also caused by earthquakes. Floods arise from tsunamis along coast lines, from
large–scale seiches in enclosed bodies of water such as lakes and canals, and from the failure of
dams. Fire produced the greatest property loss following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when
521 blocks in the city center burned uncontrollably for three days. Fire also followed the 1923 Tokyo
earthquake, causing much damage and hardship for the citizens.
Causes
Most of the worst earthquakes are associated with changes in the shape of the Earth's outermost
shell, particularly the crust. These so called tectonic earthquakes are generated by the rapid release
of strain energy that is stored within the rocks of the crust, which on continents is about 22 miles
thick. A small proportion of earthquakes are associated with human activity. Dynamite or atomic
explosions, for example, can sometimes cause mild quakes. The injection of liquid wastes deep into
the Earth and the pressures

Earthquakes Essay
We have to know what earthquakes are in order for us to be prepared against them. Earthquakes are
tremors that move the earth. They can create a lot of damage. Earthquakes have happened around
the world. What causes earthquakes to happen? How do we protect ourselves against the powerful
earthquakes? Earthquakes can cause a lot of damage to homes and places so it is important to know
where it has happened. Also what causes them and how do we protect ourselves against earthquakes.
To begin with earthquakes can happen around the world. A 6.3earthquake destroyed historic
buildings in Italy. On January 12, 2010 a powerful 7.0...show more content...
It's important to know that earthquakes happen around the world so people are prepared for
earthquakes anytime anywhere they are. We also have to know what earthquakes are to be
prepared. Another example is what earthquakes are. Earthquakes are called tremors and can be
tremendously destructive. An earthquakes magnitude is a measured value of its size and is the
same no matter where. There is no such thing as earthquake weather. An earthquake is what
happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip
is called the fault or fault plane. "An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip in the fault."said at an
article with earthquake facts at earthquake.usg.com. Its important to know what earthquakes are
caused by so we can understand them better. that way we can protect ourselves against
earthquakes. As well as learning how to protect yourself against earthquakes. An important thing
is to duck and cover. During an earthquake, if you are indoors, it is very important to stay calm and
take cover under a heavy object. If you are outdoors, stay as far away from buildings as possible. Get
away from shelves or other areas where objects may fall if in a crowded store or public area. Do not
run for the door. Crouch and cover your head and neck with your hands and arms. " Try to get into
an open area." Getting into an open area not

Essay on EarthQuakes
Earthquakes
Earthquakes, one of the most destructive natural phenomena, consist of rapid vibrations of rock near
the earth's surface. Because of their unpredictable occurrence and enormous capacity of destruction,
they have brought fear to mankind since ancient times. A single shock usually lasts no more than a
few seconds, but a series of smaller quakes may last for as long as five minutes. The quake felt on the
surface is always the result, not the cause of some underground geologic process, and in many cases
the damage done is immense. The Greek word for shaking, and (when applied to the earth)
earthquake, is seismos. Therefore, the science of earthquakes is called seismology (World Book
Dictionary...show more content...
Fires, landslides, tsunami, falling rock, damaged buildings, and damaged gas lines are just a few
results of secondary shocks. These conditions reek havoc on earthquake corrupted areas, and in
1934, Bihar–Nepal witnessed this first hand. During a landslide, "...an observer reported that
his car sank to the axles". In 1946 off the coast of the Aleutians, the base of a lighthouse
ended up 45 feet below sea level after a tsunami wave over 100 feet crashed on shore (Watkins,
Bottino, Morisawa 51, 53–54).
An earthquake is a natural occurrence; a phenomena just like rain. They have occurred for billions
of years and descriptions as old as recorded history shows their effects on people's lives. Long
before scientific explanations mankind created folklore to explain them. We have come a long way
for spinning yarns around the campfire, but there is still no way to prevent earthquakes. All in all it
doesn't hurt to learn as much as one can, but just like taxes and pokemon earthquakes are something
we have to live with.
EARTHQUAKE REFERENCE FILES Earthquake, shaking of the earth's surface caused by rapid
movement of the earth's rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the earth,
usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of
the

Essay On Haiti Earthquake
"Haiti is still recovering from the devastating earthquake of 2010." (UNWTO, 2012) The earthquake
that occurred on January 12th of that year was devastating to the people of Haiti. Although it was
not the largest earthquake of the year, that honour going to an 8.8 magnitude earthquake near Maule,
Chile on February 27th, it was certainly the most destructive. (U.S. Geological Survey, 2015) It has
had a lasting impact on Haiti with rebuilding efforts still ongoing in 2016.
Housing
The most widespread impact of the earthquake and the resulting tsunami to was the loss of housing.
It is estimated that "three million people were affected by the quake – nearly one–third of the
country's total population." (Pallardy, 2016). This includes the originally estimated 222,570 people
who died in the initial crisis and the more than one million individuals who were left homeless. This
massive destruction of housing was due to...show more content...
This is a direct effect of globalization and how people are becoming more aware of the world that
they live in. The Haitian earthquake of 2010 is a perfect example of how the world can come
together to support a population in need. "When you look at the history of humanitarian relief,
there's never been a situation when such a small country has been the target of such a massive influx
of money and assistance in such a short span of time." (Laurent, 2015) During the disaster following
the earthquake that decimated Port–au–Prince, individuals and organizations alike raised money to
help fund the relief efforts being undertaken in Haiti. Financial assistance was also provided to Haiti
through the reduction of the country's debt. In the months following the earthquake, the G7
countries forgave the debts that were owed to them, and the Inter–American Development Bank and
World Bank both forgave debts of $447 million and $36 million respectively. (Pallardy,

Expository Essay On Earthquake
Write an informative process analysis about another dramatic act of nature; for example, an
earthquake, tornado, tsunami, or hurricane.
Maninderdeep Singh Grant MacEwan university
23 – OCT – 2017
Author Note
This paper was prepared for English 111, taught by Professor Valentyna Kennedy
Abstract
There are a lot of disasters, but earthquake is the worst out of all. In this Research we can find out
how an earthquake happens, the main reasons of why it happens and measures how a person can
get out of such a situation. Earthquakes are the shock waves which happen for approximately half a
minute. Taking references from books and journals it can be seen what a person should do during an
earthquake and how this natural calamity can be measured and steps that government takes to find
out where will this disaster show its power the next time.
Expository essay on earthquake
Earthquake is a Trembling or shaking alteration of earth's surface. It is a sudden brutal shaking of the
earth's surface occurring naturally and cause great massacre with its strong movements in the earth's
crust or action of volcano. It is naturally occurring disturbance which can be characterize as an
abnormal violent and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the ground.it originate
anytime inside the earth's crust and push a bulk of rock to slip rapidly. A huge amount of energy
gets released and travel through rocks and waves, which cause tremors and trembling of

Earthquakes : Volcanoes And Earthquakes
Volcanoes and Earthquakes are Sisters, Not Twins
Volcanoes and Earthquakes are two of the most intriguing natural disasters that can occur on earth.
Unlike hurricanes and tornadoes, they can awaken at almost any point in time throughout the year.
These two natural disasters are also different from others because they occur on the layers of the earth
itself. Volcanoes, while large to us, are actually small, conical patches of earth that spurt and ooze
hot molten lava from the core, and can destroy areas of land triple their size. Earthquakes, on the
other hand, are severe jolts felt on land due to the movement of earths tectonic plates. Some may
describe earthquakes as being similar to riding a bike down a flight of stairs. The impact of an
earthquakes can take down even the largest buildings and strongest structures. All natural disasters
can have damaging effects on land, some more than others, and all can be measured or predicted in
different ways. Although earthquakes and volcanoes are similar to each other, the two are still very
comparable. A few of these similarities and differences include the cause of their occurrence, and
how their occurrence impacts the environment.
Earthquakes and volcanoes are both similar in the fact the earthquakes can cause volcanoes to form
or even erupt, but the severity of their damage is caused by different factors and result in different
outcomes. The earth can be structurally compared to an egg. It has a large hot core, a thick layer of

Reflection Paper On Earthquake
On January 12/2010, everyone wakes up doing their daily rooting as every other day but no one
would of thought of what mother nature got on her fits for them exactly. January 12/2010 at 4:53
was the time and date when the unforgettable earthquake happened. It was a total chaos for the little
island of Haiti when it was hit with a magnitude of 7.0 earthquake. Around that time, I was 12 years
old living in Port–au–Prince in Haiti which is the capital. On that day people were like children that
were learning how to walk and didn't have the balance to support their body weight, at that time;
nobody could see clearly even if they had a 20/20 vision because there was so much dust around
from the houses that were already collapsed. people were smacking into each other as if they were
children playing in front of a mirror with their reflection, at that moment, everyone though there
would be no more Haiti.
As some of you may heard that Haiti is a tropical island, but on January 12, 2010, I didn't smell
any fresh air or fresh water running, instead I smelled fresh blood running because many people
had died because of bricks falling on them and some even lost a leg or an arm, and there were
some that unfortunate and lose both hands and legs. On that day, anybody could have died
because nature didn't know who's an adult or child rich or poor. On that day, everyone including
little kids was like a song composer, and it was like everyone bring was united as one and how all of
them were

Essay On Earthquakes
Earthquakes: A Natural Hazard
Introduction to Earthquakes
An earthquake is a natural hazard that causes death and destruction. Earthquakes mainly occur on
the boundary of two tectonic plates, known as fault lines, as the plates move against each other and
get stuck which creates a strain and results in rocks breaking. This releases energy into the
lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) causing shaking of the earth's surface. The energy released is
called seismic waves and these are measured on a logarithmic scale called the Richter scale.
В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬
Effects of Earthquakes (human or physical)
Ground shaking and unstable buildings are some of the short–term physical effects that are caused
by seismic waves. Fires can be created when a...show more content...
As well as that they should try to find a place that is safe; supplies such as bottled water and canned
food should be easy to reach. Communication systems can be affected so most will set up plans for
contacting friends and family.
Immediately after an earthquake looting often happens as many will be without supplies however
some people react very differently and try to help as many people as they can. Countries around
the world will send money and food; some may even send volunteers to help and administer first
aid. The rubble will be cleared to free the people trapped. Buildings being made safe is another way
they would help but depending on the country's funding it doesn't always happen immediately.
Tourism may decrease as the tourists could be scared of another earthquake or aftershock occurring.
Long–term responses would be things like building restoration because aftershocks are not unusual.
Before or after restoration begins an investigation may be required to figure out why the building
collapsed and if there were any faults in construction. The economy will be negatively affected as
rebuilding is costly and normal work is prevented from happening for quite a while. Whilst there are
investments made for rebuilding and aid is sent in the immediate aftermath, families may struggle
with reduced incomes and replacement of clothing and household items.
Case Studien
Japan
The TЕЌhoku earthquake is a prime example of an earthquake creating a tsunami. With a magnitude

Haiti Earthquake Essay
The January 12, 2010 Haiti Earthquake caused an enormous destruction in the Caribbean nation.
Hospitals and government buildings collapsed along with an unbelievable amount of homes. Tens
of thousands of people were killed, and many more were wounded. The disaster added more misery
to people already struggling to get by with everyday life. Haiti is one of the poorest nations in the
world. The January 12 quake demolished almost every major building in Port–au–Prince, Haiti's
capital. About 5,000 schools in the city were destroyed or damaged. Throughout Haiti, more than
220,000 people were killed, and more than 1 million were left homeless. A few days after the
quake, the number of survivors stood at 121 as hopes of finding more became...show more content...
The most recent cyclones to hit the island before the earthquake were Tropical Storm Fay and
Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, all in the summer of 2008, causing nearly 800 deaths.[27]
Geology
USGS intensity map
Map showing regional tectonic setting of the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone
Tiny dots of white against the plant–covered landscape (red in this image) are possible landslides, a
common occurrence in mountainous terrain after large earthquakes. The Enriquillo–Plantain Garden
fault zone runs along the two linear valleys at the top of the imageThe magnitude 7.0 Mw
earthquake occurred inland,

Earthquake Preparedness Essay
| Earthquake Preparedness| Public Administration| | Lorena Hedges| 9/18/2012|
I will be discussing the needs of a budget and what supplies will be in the budget plan. Then you
will read some about the shelter provided, population of the community, and damages caused by
earthquakes. There will be information about the policy and procedures to follow for an earthquake
and what challenges we have to face. The conclusion will be completed in the next phase.|
Earthquake Preparedness
Budget
There are three major consequences of an earthquake: injury to employees, customers and visitors;
damage to property, the infrastructure of the area, and lifelines; and disruption of business
operations (Crook, 1999). This is...show more content...
Damages Caused by Earthquakes
Past Records of Earthquake Damages There are many different types of damages that can be
caused by earthquakes. People lose their homes, businesses are destroyed, and much more.
Statistics shows the economic damage caused by earthquakes between 1900's and present here in
the United States are 41.04 billions of dollars (Economic Damage Caused By Earthquakes By
County Up To 2012, 2012). Between the years 2006 to 2012 there was 7,340 earthquakes with a
magnitude of 4.0 to 4.9 (Earthquakes Worldwide By Richter Scale Gradation Up To 2012, 2012).
Many lives are taken from the effects of an earthquake.
Other Department Involvement Other organizations pull together and help with the disasters across
the world. Here is a list of a few organizations and the services they offer: American Red Cross|
Fixed/mobile feeding stations, shelter, cleaning supplies, comfort kits, first aid, blood, food,
clothing, emergency transportation and much more.| Friends Disaster Service| Provides clean–up
and rebuilding assistance to the elderly, disabled, low income, or uninsured survivors of disasters.|
Salvation Army| Mass and mobile feeding, temporary shelter, medical assistance, and distribution of
donated goods such as food, clothes, and household items.| Volunteers of America| Making vehicles
available for transporting victims and supplies to designate

On Earthquakes Essay
On Earthquakes
An earthquake is a shaking or trembling of the crust of the earth caused by underground volcanic
action or by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the surface. The volcanic action and shifting
rocks create strain which continues to build to a sudden release of pressure resulting in a shock
wave. The vibrations produced in the crust can vary from barely noticeable to enormously
destructive. Shock waves can be classified into two broad categories. Waves that send particles
oscillating back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling are called primary.
Primary waves, sometimes called compressional waves, travel through the earth beneath the crust.
Secondary...show more content...
The modern seismograph was invented early this century by a Russian seismologist, Prince Boris
Golitzyn. This device made possible the modern era of earthquake research.
Although earthquakes have occurred and affected mankind for as long as humans have been
around, historical records are either lacking or considered unreliable before the middle of the 18th
century. However, some records do exist and date major earthquake events back to 425 BC when
one occurred off the coast of Greece resulting in an island named Euboea. Another occurred in Asia
Minor about AD 17 and another leveled much of the Roman city of Pompeii in AD 63. During the
Middle Ages, severe earthquakes struck England, in 1318; Naples, Italy, in 1456; and Lisbon,
Portugal, in 1531.
Casualties from major earthquakes have resulted in the greatest disasters in history. The worst
occurred in 1556 in the Shannxi (Shensi) Province in China and killed an estimated 800,000
people. During the 18th century, the Japanese city of Edo (site of modern day Tokyo) was struck
and killed 200,000. Earthquakes in Sicily in 1693 and Lisbon in 1755 each killed about 60,000
people. In 1797, approximately 40,000 died when Quito, Ecuador was struck.
Historically, the most powerful earthquakes to strike North America occurred in 1811 and 1812 in
southeastern Missouri. However, the most famous earthquake to strike in North America

Earthquake And Earthquakes Essay
4. EXPLAIN THE RISK AND NATURAL HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC
ACTIVITIES. HOW CAN WE PLAN TO CONTROL THESE RISKS?
Earthquakes and volcanoes have disastrous effects on humans and properties, it's also very harmful
for the environment overall including wildlife. Earthquakes cause a lot of damage due their shaking
nature,they can further lead to tsunamis and most common hazard related to earthquakes is
landsliding. The earthquake intensity is what measures the effects it has on land surface, and this
depends on the rock types and actual ground displacements, it's measured by the Mercalli scale and
bases on human reports of damage experienced. It's interesting that earthquakes of the same
magnitude can cause different amounts of damage...show more content...
Plate tectonic activity is related to many other things like, volcanoes and earthquakes. These natural
hazards can be found in linear belts around the globe. There are seven large plates and many small
ones, the main types of plates include the divergent plate boundary (pulls away), convergent plate
boundary (move towards each other) and transform plate boundary (slide past). Ocean–continent
boundaries create earthquakes up 700 km deep and forms seafloor trenches, it leads to andesitic
volcanoes in mountain ranges. Yellowstone is a 'hot spot' this is where heating and igneous activity
occurs within crust. Although, not all plates move at the same rate, they are relative to each other.
Continent – continent boundaries with divergent can form rift valleys, earthquakes less than 100 km
deep, and basaltic/rhyolitic volcanoes. At Convergent they have young mountain range, 300 km deep
earthquakes, and no volcanoes. At transform, they have a fault zone, less than 100 km deep
earthquakes and again no volcanoes. With ocean–ocean boundaries there is oceanic ridges with rift
valley, less than 100 km earthquakes, and basaltic pillow lavas at divergent. On convergent there are
seafloor trenches, 700 km earthquakes and andesitic volcanoes in island arc. With transform you
have ridges and valleys in oceanic crust, less than 100 km earthquakes, and some basalt. Plates are
driven by the convection in the mantle and movement of the lithosphere.
6. WHAT ARE HURRICANES? EXPLAIN THE

Essay On Earthquake

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