this ppt is about iodine deficiency disorder and diseases associated with it. it also deals with the foods to be avoided during the issue.

2. Iodine - essential trace element.
In the body - minute amount (normally
20-30 mg) .
80% (15 milligrams in adult) of the iodine
-in the thyroid gland for the synthesis of
several thyroid hormones.

3. The remainder - distributed throughout
other tissues, like mammary, salivary,
gastric glands and in the kidneys.
Within the circulation iodine occurs as free
iodine ion or as protein-bound iodine.
Excretion - in urine and small amount in
feces.

4. SOURCES OF IDD
40% cereals
37% milk & milk products
2% vegetables
10% pulses
11% flesh foods
16% water

5. FOODS
REGION µg/100g
GOITROUS NON-
GOITROUS
BAJRA 26 42
SOYA BEAN 4 49
GROUNDNUT 14 47

6. FUNCTIONS
INCREASE BRAIN
CELL
PROLIFERATION
CONVERTS
CAROTENE TO
VITAMIN-A
SYNTHESIS
PROTEIN &
ABSORB
CARBOHYDRATE
SYNTHESIS T3
& T4
REGULATES
GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENTAL
HORMONES
STIMULATE
METABOLIC
RATE BY 30%
NORMAL
DEVELOPMENT
OF BRAIN
ESSENTIAL FOR
REPRODUCTION

7. Dietary
iodide
Small
intestine
Blood
1/3 rd
iodine-
thyroid
gland
Remainin
g- kidney
Prevents
accumula
tion
Residues
of
tyrosine+
oxidized
iodide
Iodine
level falls
Hypothal
amus-
TRF -
Plasma
TRF-
pituitary
gland &
stimulate
TSH
TSH-
thyroid
gland
Stimulate
enzyme
producti
on
Release
tyrosine
residues
from
protein
Residues
to T3 &
T4 into
plasma
Regulate
energy
releasing
Overall
metabolic rate

8. CATEGORY µg/100g
INFANTS 90
CHILDREN (1-5+) 90
SCHOOL GOING (6-11+) 120
ADOLESCENTS > 12 150
ADULTS 150
PREGNANCY 200
LACTATION 200
(SOURCE: ICMR- Recommended Dietary Allowances of iodine- 2010)

9. * Excess intake- harmful, causing
inhibition of thyroid hormone ‘s
synthesis.
* Generally- neonatal chemical
hypothyroidism in women receiving
higher doses of iodine in pregnancy
as iodized oil ingestion
* Low intake- brain cell damage,
still births, goiter, cretinism,
impaired mental function, retarded
physical growth, hypothyroidism,
psychomotor defects.

10. FOODS METHODS OF COOKING NUTRIENT LOST (%)
Iodine containing foods frying 20
Iodine containing foods grilling 23
Iodine containing foods Boiling 58
Cereals boiling 30-60
vegetables frying 25-52
Iodine containing foods steaming 30
fish Frying or grilling 20

11. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NEPAL DELHI INDIA
microgram/L

12.  Popularly known as IDD
 WHO- Recognized it as the preventable cause
of brain damage in the world.
 major global public health problem
 1.5 billion population- risk of IDD
 out of which, 200 million in India
Developed countries- virtually eliminated by
prophylaxis programmes.

14. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Prevalence

16. SOIL
EROSION
FLOOD
SNOW
HIGH
RAINFALL

17. Melting of Glaciers
Floods
Rainfall

18.  Substances that interfere with iodine
metabolism at various stages of thyroid hormone
homeostasis.
 Inhibition of any of these hormones- disturbs
hormonal balance & leads to iodine deficiency.
 Depending on the level of interference, it is
categorized as follows:

20.  Rare congenital
defects- in hormone
synthesis & secretion &
peripheral resistance to
thyroid hormones & also
result in goiter

21. Goiter
Loss of 13 IQ points,
Leading Cause of Mental handicap
Cretinism
Spontaneous Abortions,
Stillbirths,
Birth Defects
Defects of Speech & Hearing,
Squint,
Psychomotor defects

22. IDD Problem Pyramid
1%-10%
5% -
30%
30% - 70%
Goitre &
Cretinism
Some brain
damage
Less active
population due to
decreased thyroid
function
(hypothyroidism)
• It's worldwide major
public health problem.
Globally 1.5 billion- risk
of Iodine deficiency
disorders.
• The pyramid shows the
visible effects of Iodine
Deficiency Disorders
(IDD) Goitre and
Cretinism account only
for 1--10% of these,
• Whereas 90% of the
effects remain hidden.

26. GRADE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
GRADE 0 Not palpable or visible goitre.
GRADE 1 Palpable but not visible goitre.
GRADE 2 Visible, Swelling of neck & enlargement of
goitre.

29. NEUROLOGICAL CRETINISM
• Mental retardation, deaf mutism, squint,
spastic displegia, spastic rigidity- forms
gait & brisk reflexes.
• Affects cochlea & brain development.
• Low iodine intake- pregnancy: physically
or mentally retarded children.

30. Iodine Deficiency Iodine Sufficiency
“Iodine Deficiency is the single most
common cause of preventable mental retardation”

31. MYXEDEMATOUS CRETINISM
•Coarse & dry skin, swollen tongue, deep
hoarse voice, apathy, skeletal growth
retardation, deaf- mutism .
• predominant- Goitrogens containing foods
like tapioca, sorghum, finger millets, sweet
potato, soya beans, almonds, groundnuts etc.,
are used in excess.

32. IDD – The Hourglass
Historic
View
Current
View
Iodine Deficiency = Goitre =
Visible Swelling
No Pain = Not a cause of
Mortality = Cosmetic problem
Cretinism rare
Mental & Physical growth
Loss of Energy-hypothyroidism
Learning Disability, Poor Motivation
Child Development and Child Survival

33. PREVALENCE
OF GOITRE
PREVALENCE OF
CRETINISM
URINARY IODINE
EXCRETION
MEASUREMENT OF THYROID
FUNCTION
PREVALENCE OF NEONATAL
HYPOTHYROIDISM