this presentation discusses about the introductory part of all the fat soluble vitamins, its sources, functions, deficiency symptoms and toxicity

1. FAT – SOLUBLE VITAMINS
P R E E T H I . S
A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S O R
C AU V E R Y CO L L E G E F O R W O M E N

2. VITAMIN - A

3. 1909, Mc Collumn & Davis
1931 – chemical structure : Retinol
Pigments : Carotenoids in nature as “Pro-vitamin A”
Pro-vitamins : 4 types – alpha carotene, beta carotene,
gamma carotene & cryptoxanthine
BETA CAROTENE: pro-vitamin A in plant foods.
 Cleaved in intestine & produce 2 molecules of Retinal
 Retinol to Retinal & vice-versa : Possible but once Retinoic
acid is formed it cannot be converted to either Retinol /
Retinal
CAROTENOIDS: Precursor of Pro-vitamin A
Among 600 carotenoids only 50 are converted
Beta carotene : major dietary compound
RETINOL
Vitamin – A
alcohol with
iron ring
Side chain
with 2
isoprenoid
units
RETINAL
Vitamin – A
aldehyde
from
oxidation of
Retinol
RETINOIC
ACID
Vitamin – A
acid by
oxidation of
Retinal

4. 80% of Indian diet : beta
carotene
Highest activity, better
absorption.
Blue green algae – spirulina :
highest source of Vitamin – A
100 g spirulina = 3,20,000
mcg beta carotene
(equivalent to 1 kg of
vegetable)

5. 800 – 1000 mcg / day (5000 IU /
day)
1000 – 1200 mcg / day (4000 IU /
day)
400 – 600 mcg / day (3000 IU /
day)

6. Cyclic process : Rhodopsin cycle / Wald’s visual cycle
 Routine & rapid process
Retina : Rods & Cones – vision in dim light & perception
of color
Light waves to receptors to chemical changes to nerve
impulses to brain to photochemical process
Rod cells : photo sensitive pigment (Scotopsin) –
conjugated protein opsin
Cone cells : photo sensitive pigment (Iodopsin) –
photopsin & retinene

8.  Epithelial cells & mucous
membrane
 Retinol & Retinoic acid : Regulate
protein synthesis, cell growth &
differentiation
 Cell regeneration
 Inadequate vitamin A - Loss of
appetite
 Positive effect on bone
mineralization

9.  Anti-infective
 Cilia : mucous membrane
 GIT, respiratory system – removes
dust & prevent entry of foreign
materials
 Anti-oxidant : against free radicals
 prevent degenerative diseases

10.  Development of testis in man & ovary
in woman
 Cell growth & helps in DNA synthesis

11. Bitot’s spot : silvery,
triangular dark
patch
Conjunctival xerosis
: dry & non-
wettable
conjunctiva
Corneal xerosis :
non-wettable
cornea
Cataract : clouding
of cornea / lens

12. Fragility &
structural
deformities of
bones
Dry, scaly, rough
skin – Follicular
hyperkeratoses
Atrophy (chronic
inflammation)

13. Hypervitaminosis : excess
vitamin
 Dermatitis
 Drying & Reddening of
skin
 Enlargement of liver
 Skeletal decalcification
 Tenderness of long bones
 Weight loss
 Loss of hair
 Joint ache / pain

14. Nutrition education
Supplementation (Retinyl
palmitate)
Intravenous injections (Fat
missible)
Food fortification
Food enrichment
Home gardening practices
Healthy diet practice

15. VITAMIN - D

16.  “Sunshine vitamin”
 Structure – sterols as hormone by “MC Collum”
 Structure identified in 1992
 precursor of vitamin – D : Pro-vitamin D as inactive comounds in nature
 Pro-vitamins : Pro-vitamin D2 – Ergosterol (plants – yeast, ergotfungi)
Pro-vitamin D3 – 7 Dehydrocholesterol (animals – oily secretion of mammalian
skin)
 Ergosterol & 7-dehydrocholesterol : similar to sterols except side chains
 7- dehydrocholesterol Cholecalciferol
 Posses therapeutic effects
sunlight

17.  2 sources : skin & diet
 Skin - Depends on amount
of ultra violet rays the
person gets exposed
 Diet – maximum : animal
origin
 minimum : plant
origin
 Vitamin – D can be
increased by irradiation of
milk/ addition of calciferol/
addition of fish oil/ feeding
irradiated foods to cows.
Cholecalcifero
7-
dehydr
ocholes
terol
SkinSunlight

18. 5 – 10 mcg /
day
(400 IU/d)
10 mcg / day
(400 IU/d)
10 mcg / day
(400 IU/d)

20. Kidney
Absorption, utilization
& retention of calcium
& phosphorus – Bone
mineralization
Bones
Vitamin – D3 +
parathormone =
mobilization of
calcium &
phosphorus
Blood
Maintain blood
calcium level,
interaction b/w
nerves & muscles
(signaling)
Intestin
e
1,25 dihydroxy
cholecalciferol –
facilitate absorption
of calcium

21. Rickets in children

22. Osteoporosis in Adults Osteomalacia in Adults

23. Tetany in Adults Osteopenia in Adults

24. Renal
calculi
Appetite
Nausea &
Vomit
Polyuria
Meningitis
Hyper
calemia
Arthritis

25. VITAMIN - E

26. Recognized – 1922
Structure – Tocopherol & Tocotrienol
Also as Anti-sterility factor
4 forms : Alpha, Beta, Gamma &
Delta
Important - Reproduction

28. 10 mg / day
(30 IU/d)
9 mg / day
(10-20 IU/d)
9 mg / day
(10-20 IU/d)

29. Anti-oxidant, prevent from
radical damage
Lipophilic & acts as lipoprotein
Membrane anti-oxidant
Prevent Haemolysis
Reproductive function & prevent
infertility
Selenium – integral part & act as
1st line of defense mechanism
against peroxides
Anti-inflammatory
DNA synthesis
Stimulation of immune response
Selenium + vitamin E = liver structure
Prevents muscular dystrophy

30.  Premature infants
 Reduced fat absorption
mechanism (less
lipoprotein)
 Blindness
 High risk of infertility
 Necrosis
 Fibrosis – calf, lamb
 Risk of free – radical
inducing cancer

31.  Toxicity – well tolerated &
less toxic
 Breast soreness
 Emotional disorder
 Muscular weakness
 GIT disorder

32. VITAMIN - E

33.  In 1934 by Danish scientist – “Dam”
 Specific co-enxyme function
 Blood clotting factor – coagulation
(Germany – Koagulation)
 Naphthoquinones
 Different forms : K1 – Phylloquinone
(plants), K2 – Menaquinone
(intestinal bacteria) & K3 –
Menadione (synthetic form)

35. 1mcg/kg/day 2 mcg/kg/day

37. Jaundice
Hypervitaminosi
s
Haemolytic
Anaemia

38. THANK YOU