Research Ethics, IPR, Plagiarism

1. Presented by:
Prashant Vats.
M.tech. (IT), Ph.D. (CSE).
Research Ethics, IPR, Plagiarism

2. The first Question “ What is
Research”
 As per noun
“the systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to establish facts
and reach new conclusions.”
For e.g. "the group carries out research in
geochemistry"
 As per Verb
“investigate systematically.”
For e.g. "she has spent the last five year
researching her people's history"

3.  What do you mean by research?
 Well, the research means the systematic
investigation as well as the study of sources or
material or things so that the facts can be
established or the conclusion can drawn. So
it's actually about finding the truth through
experiment or investigation using the scientific
methods

4.  What is research best definition?
 Research Definition. Research is a careful and
detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or
issue using the scientific method. ... This
is best accomplished by turning the issue into a
question, with the intent of the research to answer
the question.

5.  What are the 3 types of research?
 Most research can be divided into three
different categories;
 exploratory,
 descriptive and
 causal.
 Each serves a different end purpose and can only be
used in certain ways.
 In the online survey world, mastery of all three can
lead to sounder insights and greater quality
information.

6.  What is the purpose of research?
 Research is a tool by which they can test their own,
and each others' theories, by using this antagonism
to find an answer and advance knowledge.
 The purpose of research is really an ongoing
process of correcting and refining hypotheses, which
should lead to the acceptance of
certain scientific truths.

7.  What are the benefits of research?
 Research improves services and treatments not just
for you but also for future generations. It helps
develop new tests for diagnosis, treatments and
processes that could eventually help your children,
or even your grandchildren. You may gain access to
treatments that are not yet readily available to the
public.

8.  Research is conducted with a purpose to
understand:
 What do organizations or businesses really want to
find out?
 What are the processes that need to be followed to
chase the idea?
 What are the arguments that need to be built around
a concept?
 What is the evidence that will be required for people
to believe in the idea or concept?

9. Characteristics of research
 A systematic approach must be followed for accurate data. Rules
and procedures are an integral part of the process that set the
objective. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct
while making observations or drawing conclusions.
 Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive
and deductive methods.
 The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time from actual
observations in natural settings.
 There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no
anomalies associated with it.
 Research creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data
helps create more opportunities for research.
 Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the available
data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
 Accuracy is one of the most important aspects of research. The
information that is obtained should be accurate and true to its nature.
For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect
data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations
of instruments or tools, and the final result of the experiment.

10. What are the types of research?
 Following are the types of research methods:
 Basic research: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance
knowledge. The main motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-
commercial research that doesn’t facilitate in creating or inventing
anything. For example: an experiment to determine a simple fact.
 Applied research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving
real-life problems. This type refers to the study that helps solve practical
problems using scientific methods. Studies play an important role in
solving issues that impact the overall well-being of humans. For
example: finding a specific cure for a disease.
 Problem oriented research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented
research is conducted to understand the exact nature of a problem to
find out relevant solutions. The term “problem” refers to multiple choices
or issues when analyzing a situation.
 For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the
last year. The following could be the probable causes: there is no
optimum production, poor quality of a product, no advertising, or
economic conditions.

11. What are the types of
research?
 Problem solving research: This type of research is
conducted by companies to understand and resolve
their own problems. The problem-solving method
uses applied research to find solutions to the existing
problems.
 Qualitative research: Qualitative research is
a process that is about inquiry. It helps create in-depth
understanding of problems or issues in their natural
settings. This is a non-statistical method.
 Quantitative research: Quantitative research is a
structured way of collecting data and analyzing it to
draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this
method uses a computational and statistical process
to collect and analyze data. Quantitative data is all
about numbers.

12. Qualitative Research Methods
 Quantitative research: Qualitative research is a structured
way of collecting data and analyzing it to draw conclusions.
Unlike qualitative methods, this method uses a computational
and statistical process to collect and analyze data.
Quantitative data is all about numbers.
 Quantitative research involves a larger population — more
people means more data. With more data to analyze, you can
obtain more accurate results. This method uses close-ended
questions because the researchers are typically looking to
gather statistical data.
 Online surveys, questionnaires, and polls are preferable data
collection tools used in quantitative research. There are
various methods of deploying surveys or questionnaires.
 Online surveys allow survey creators to reach large amounts
of people or smaller focus groups for different types of
research that meet different goals. Survey respondents can
receive surveys on mobile phones, in emails, or can simply
use the internet to access surveys.

13. Qualitative research
 Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry. It helps
create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their
natural settings. This is a non-statistical method.
 Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of
the researchers and the questions used to probe the sample.
The sample size is usually restricted to 6-10 people. Open-
ended questions are asked in a manner that encourages
answers that lead to another question or group of questions.
The purpose of asking open-ended questions is to gather as
much information as possible from the sample.
 The following are the methods used for qualitative research:
 One-to-one interview
 Focus groups
 Ethnographic research
 Content/Text Analysis
 Case study research

14. What Is the Purpose
of Research?
 There are three purposes of research:
 Exploratory: As the name suggests, exploratory research is conducted
to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not
offer a final conclusion to the perceived problem. It is conducted to
handle new problem areas which haven’t been explored before. This
exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive research
and data collection.
 Descriptive: Descriptive research focuses on expanding knowledge on
current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive studies
are used to describe the behavior of a sample population. In a
descriptive study, only one variable is required to conduct the study. The
three main purposes of descriptive research are describing, explaining,
and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if
top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral
right to receive a huge sum of money from the company profit.
 Explanatory: Explanatory research or causal research is conducted to
understand the impact of certain changes in existing standard
procedures. Conducting experiments is the most popular form of casual
research. For example, a study conducted to understand the effect of

15.  Research methods are broadly classified
as Qualitative and Quantitative.
 Both methods have distinctive properties and
data collection methods.

16.  Qualitative Methods
 Qualitative research is a method that collects data
using conversational methods. Participants are
asked open-ended questions. The responses
collected are essentially non-numerical. This method
not only helps a researcher understand what
participants think but also why they think in a
particular way.

17.  Types of qualitative methods include:
 One-to-one Interview: This interview is conducted with one
participant at a given point in time. One-to-one interviews need
a researcher to prepare questions in advance. The researcher
asks only the most important questions to the participant. This
type of interview lasts anywhere between 20 minutes to half
an hour. During this time the researcher collects as many
meaningful answers as possible from the participants to draw
inferences.
 Focus Groups: Focus groups are small groups comprising of
around 6-10 participants who are usually experts in the subject
matter. A moderator is assigned to a focus group who
facilitates the discussion amongst the group members. A
moderator’s experience in conducting the focus group plays
an important role. An experienced moderator can probe the
participants by asking the correct questions that will help them
collect a sizable amount of information related to the research.

18.  Ethnographic Research: Ethnographic research is an in-depth
form of research where people are observed in their natural
environment without This method is demanding due to the
necessity of a researcher entering a natural environment of
other people. Geographic locations can be a constraint as
well. Instead of conducting interviews, a researcher
experiences the normal setting and daily life of a group of
people.
 Text Analysis: Text analysis is a little different from other
qualitative methods as it is used to analyze social constructs
by decoding words through any available form of
documentation. The researcher studies and understands the
context in which the documents are written and then tries to
draw meaningful inferences from it. Researchers today follow
activities on a social media platform to try and understand
patterns of thoughts.
 Case Study: Case study research is used to study an
organization or an entity. This method is one of the most
valuable options for modern This type of research is used in
fields like the education sector, philosophical studies, and

19.  Quantitative Research Methods
 Quantitative methods deal with numbers and
measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of
investigating events or data. It is used to answer
questions in terms of justifying relationships with
measurable variables to either explain, predict, or
control a phenomenon.

20.  There are three methods for Quantitative Research that are often used
by researchers:
 Survey Research — The ultimate goal of survey research is to learn
about a large population by deploying a survey. Today, online surveys are
popular as they are convenient and can be sent in an email or made
available on the internet. In this method, a researcher designs a survey
with the most relevant survey questions and distributes the survey. Once
the researcher receives responses, they summarize them to tabulate
meaningful findings and data.
 Descriptive Research — Descriptive research is a method which
identifies the characteristics of an observed phenomenon and collects
more information. This method is designed to depict the participants in a
very systematic and accurate manner. In simple words, descriptive
research is all about describing the phenomenon, observing it, and
drawing conclusions from it.
 Correlation Research— Correlation research examines the relationship
between two or more variables.
 Consider a researcher is studying a correlation between cancer and
married. Married women have a negative correlation with cancer. In this
example, there are two variables: cancer and married women. When we
say negative correlation, it means women who are married are less likely

21. What is Plagrism Test?

25. What is Plagrism Test?
 Plagiarism detection is the process of locating
instances of plagiarism within a work or document.
The widespread use of computers and the advent of
the Internet have made it easier to plagiarize the
work of others.
 Detection of plagiarism can be undertaken in a
variety of ways. Human detection is the most
traditional form of identifying plagiarism from written
work.
 Text-matching software (TMS), which is also referred
to as "plagiarism detection software" or "anti-
plagiarism" software, has become widely available,
in the form of both commercially available products

26. The Common Types of Plagiarism
 There are different types of plagiarism and all are
serious violations of academic honesty.
 The Common Types of Plagiarism
 Direct Plagiarism
 Self Plagiarism
 Mosaic Plagiarism
 Accidental Plagiarism

27.  Direct Plagiarism
 Direct plagiarism is the word-for-word transcription of
a section of someone else’s work, without attribution
and without quotation marks. The deliberate
plagiarism of someone else's work is unethical,
academically dishonest, and grounds for disciplinary
actions, including expulsion.

28.  Self Plagiarism
 Self-plagiarism occurs when a student submits his or
her own previous work, or mixes parts of previous
works, without permission from all professors
involved. For example, it would be unacceptable to
incorporate part of a term paper you wrote in high
school into a paper assigned in a college course.
Self-plagiarism also applies to submitting the same
piece of work for assignments in different classes
without previous permission from both professors.

29.  Mosaic Plagiarism
 Mosaic Plagiarism occurs when a student borrows
phrases from a source without using quotation
marks, or finds synonyms for the author’s language
while keeping to the same general structure and
meaning of the original. Sometimes called “patch
writing,” this kind of paraphrasing, whether
intentional or not, is academically dishonest and
punishable – even if you footnote your source!

30.  Accidental Plagiarism
 Accidental plagiarism occurs when a person
neglects to cite their sources, or misquotes their
sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a source by
using similar words, groups of words, and/or
sentence structure without attribution.
 Students must learn how to cite their sources and to
take careful and accurate notes when doing
research.
 Lack of intent does not absolve the student of
responsibility for plagiarism. Cases of accidental
plagiarism are taken as seriously as any other
plagiarism and are subject to the same range of
consequences as other types of plagiarism.

31.  What is the purpose of plagiarism?
 Plagiarism is a type of intellectual
theft. Plagiarism can take many forms, from
deliberate cheating to accidentally copying from a
source without acknowledgement Consequently,
whenever you use the words or ideas of another
person in your work, you must acknowledge where
they came from.

32.  How do you avoid plagiarism?
 Steps to Avoiding Plagiarism
 Step 1: Understand Plagiarism. Plagiarism is when
you use another person's words or ideas and try to
pass them off as your own. ...
 Step 2: Properly Quote and Paraphrase. ...
 Step 3: Properly Cite Sources. ...
 Step 4: Check Your Work for Possible Plagiarism. ...
 Step 5: Practice.

33.  How can students prevent committing plagiarism?
 Here are tips to help you avoid doing so:
 Plan your writing assignments and avoid
procrastination. ...
 Know what plagiarism is. ...
 Know your professor's and your school's policies on
plagiarism and citing sources. ...
 Cite Internet sources, too. ...
 Take good notes and/or print out/photocopy all
source information.

34.  What percentage of plagiarism is acceptable?
 As a guide a returned percentage of below 15%
would probably indicate that plagiarism has not
occurred. However, if the 15% of matching text is
one continuous block this could still be
considered plagiarism. A high percentage would
probably be anything over 25% (Yellow, orange or
red).

35.  Why plagiarism is a problem?
 One reason is that plagiarism deprives a student of
the opportunity to learn. ... When we plagiarize, we
take away our chance to learn. Another reason why
this is a problem is that it is unethical. When
we plagiarize, we are taking someone else's ideas
and claiming that they are ours.

36.  How plagiarism is detected?
 Most plagiarism detection tools check for
duplicates of a work using search engines. They
break a document into small chunks - phrases - then
search each (the phrase) in search engines. If a
page is having a similar block of texts then the
phrase or sentence is regarded likely plagiarized.

37.  How do you not get caught on Turnitin?
 Use them carefully and you will cheat any anti-
plagiarism software, even Turnitin.
 Rewrite everything. Turnitin, just like most plagiarism
detectors, only catch sentences with the same
structure. ...
 Swap the letters. ...
 Turn it into an image. ...

38. What are the importance of Copyrights,
Patents in the field of in Research?

43. Intellectual Property Rights:
What Researchers Need to Know

44.  Intellectual property rights help protect creations of
the mind that include inventions, literary or artistic
work, images, symbols, etc. If you create a product,
publish a book, or find a new drug, intellectual
property rights ensure that you benefit from your
work. These rights protect your creation or work from
unfair use by others.

45.  Types of Intellectual Property Rights
 There are two main types of intellectual property
rights (IPR).
 Copyrights and related rights
 Industrial property

46. Copyright
 Copyrights give authors the right to protect their
work.
 It covers databases, reference works, computer
programs, architecture, books, technical
drawings, and others.
 By copyrighting your work, you ensure that others
cannot use it without your permission.

47. IPR
While Industrial property rights include
trademarks, patents, geographical indications,
and industrial designs.

48. IPR
 A trademark is a unique sign used to identify a product or a
service. It can be a single word or a combination of words and
numbers. Drawings, 3-D signs, or even symbols can constitute
a trademark. For instance, Google is a famous trademark. The
trademark application can be filed at national or regional levels
depending on the extent of protection required.
 A patent is an exclusive right to an invention that introduces a
new solution or a technique. If you own a patent, you are the
only person who can manufacture, distribute, sell, or
commercially use that product. Patents are usually granted for
a period of 20 years. The technology that powers self-driving
cars is an example of a patented invention.
 A geographical indication states that a product belongs to a
specific region and has quality or reputation owing to that
region. Olive oil from Tuscany is a product protected by
geographical indication.
 An industrial design is what makes a product unique and
attractive. These may include 3-D (shape or surface of an
object) or 2-D (lines or patterns) features. The shape of a
glass Coca-Cola bottle is an example of the industrial design.

50. What Do I Need to Know About
IPR?
 Intellectual property rights are governed by WIPO,
the World Intellectual Property Organization.
 WIPO harmonizes global policy and protects IPR
across borders.
 As a researcher, you rely on the published work to
create a new hypothesis or to support your findings.
 You should, therefore, ensure that you do not
infringe the copyright of the owner or author of the
published work (images, extracts, figures, data, etc.)

51. What Do I Need to Know About
IPR?
 When you refer to a book chapter or a research
paper, make sure to provide appropriate credit
and avoid plagiarism by using effective
paraphrasing, summarizing, or quoting the
required content.
 Remember plagiarism is a serious misconduct! It
is important to cite the original work in your
manuscript.
 Copyright also covers images, figures, data, etc.
Authors must get appropriate written permission
to use copyrighted images before using them in
the manuscripts or thesis.

52. What Do I Need to Know About
IPR?
 How do you decide whether to publish or patent?
Check your local IPR laws.
 IPR laws vary between countries and regions. In the
US, a patent will not be granted for an idea that has
already been published.
 Researchers, therefore, are advised to file a patent
application before publishing a paper on their
invention.
 Discussing an invention in public is what is known
as public disclosure. In the US, for instance, a
researcher has one year from the time of public
disclosure to file a patent. However, in Europe, a
researcher who has already disclosed his or her

53. IPR and Collaborative Research
 IPR laws can impact international research collaboration.
Researchers should take national differences into
account when planning global collaboration.
 For example, researchers in the US or Japan
collaborating with researchers in the EU must agree to
restrict public disclosure or publication before filing a
patent.
 In the US, it is common for publicly funded universities to
retain patent ownership.
 However, in Europe, there are different options.
 An ideal collaboration provides everyone involved with
the maximum ownership of patent rights.
 Several entities specialize in organizing international
research collaborations.
 Researchers can also consider engaging with such a
company to manage IPR.

54. Thank you