H00140717_Energy_Dissertation.

Page No 1

Mini Hydro power generation &
Checking performance of spherical turbine
Prasath Krishnamoorthy (H00140717)
Heriot-Watt University
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences
MSc - Energy
Master
Dissertation
Project Title:Mini Hydro power generation & checking performance of
spherical turbine
Author: Prasath Krishnamoorthy
Reg. No.: H00140717
Date: 15-07-2014
Supervisor: Dr. Nazarinia , Mehdi

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Declaration of Authorship
I, Prasath Krishnamoorthy (H00140717), confirm that the report entitled Mini Hydro power
generation & Checking performance of spherical turbine is part of my assessment for
module Masters Dissertation (B51MD) 2013-2014
I declare that the report is my own work. I have not copied other material word for
word except in explicit quotes, and I have identified the sources of the material clearly.
............................................................... ................................................................
(Signature) (Place & Date)

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SL.NO CONTENT PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. UAE RENEWABLE ENERGY
SCENARIO
5
3. PIPE POWER SYSTEM 12
4. SPHERICAL TURBINE 15
5. SUITABLE AREAS FOR
GENERATED POWER
17
6. SITE CONDITIONS 18
7. CFD ANALYSIS 20
8. POWER CALCULATION 62
9. COST ESTIMATION 63
10. CONCLUSION 64
11. REFERENCES 65

Page No 4

1. INTRODUCTION:
One of the best Renewable resource is hydro power. Mini hydropower is a renewable &
green energy alternative for generation of electricity. Because the energy produced or
developed from natural, recurrent resources and elemental. Hydro power converts falling water
into renewable energy. Hydro power avoids the release of an enormous amount of carbon
dioxide. It is very useful for reduce the global warming.

It is the most efficient power generated resource and it convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy. The efficiency rate is 90 % exceeding, and also the efficiency is improving.
The plant operational or maintenance costs is low and foreseeable since the plant is not using
fuel for transport, and burn. Hydro power is low cost energy generator in use today, when
the capital costs are get backed.
Hydropower generation turned a very significant resource for produce of electricity at
the commencing of the electricity era. In Wisconsin the first hydro power scheme was installed
in September 1882 only after 3 years, light bulb invented by Thomas Edison. Soon After turned
a popular option for prouction of electricity around the world. Still now nearly 20% of the total
electricity consumed in the world.More than 80% of the total electricity consumed by
hydroelectricity plants in some countries.
Recently, interest in small hydropower became down forcefully due to the fast growth
globally demand in electricity, move on some of other technologies;
Practically considers that mini hydro is an important and clean energy option to relief
energy poverty. It is a clean energy based on native resources, and can be authentic and low-
cost when appropriate technologies and advances are used for its implementation, management
and operation. Mini hydro can be most economically and feasible, for using local resource and
capacities for installation. It can produce energy 24 hours per day continuously, the bare costs
are paltry, and it can help job creation.

Page No 5

The Energy captured from higher level fall of water flow to lower level water
flow. The Head is defined as a vertical fall of the water. It is very important for hydro
power generation. However this project focused to generate power, though flow of water
inside the pipe.
Demand in electricity, In Dubai rose by 3.8 % in the second quarter of 2012, This
results compared to the same( 2012) period of last year. Percentage of hydro power in
UAE is Zero.
The aim of the project is:
In this Pipe hydropower system, the main foundation is lift based spherical
turbine. This project analyzes the performance of spherical Turbine. This Turbine has
Singular vertical axis, the turbine blade spins when water passes on this turbine.
Through pipeline fall of water to provide low cost and low impact energy.

i) I have to analyze the performance of the spherical turbine.

ii) I have to analyze the requirement of power generation and feasibility.

iii) I have to estimate the cost of the project and analyze maximize the power
generation method.
2. UAE RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO:
The UAE is making for a contributing role in today’s renewable energy sector,
environmental issue and Environmental issues. The UAE’s focus towards this field was
admitted when the country was selected as the permanent address for headquarters for the
IRENA in Abu Dhabi. UAE has turned an international platform for global debates on
future renewable energy and climate change subjects; the country hosts a continuous of
committed conferences and international programs including the World Future Energy

Page No 6

Summit (WFES), which is held in UAE annually. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
founded the Directorate of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) in 2010. The DECC
intention is to encourage the UAE’s involvement in international talkses on green clean
energy.

The UAE is invested to innovation in this renewable energy field; IRENA has accomplished
important success in changing towards the use of renewable energy. IRENA start the world’s
largest Solar Power (CSP) facility; the “Shams 1” project. The project was planned and
developed by Shams Power Company as the UAE turns to green energy to fuel future growth.
solar power plant, designed at a cost of Dh2.2 billion, area of 2.5 square kilometers in the UAE
Western Region. It contributes 100 MW of sustainable, green electricity to the national grid; it
provides energy to power nearly 20,000 houses.

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Solar Energy:
Solar Power is one of the cleanest or greenest and long available renewable energy
getting from the sun. The sun gives rise tremendous heat and light on the earth and can be
generate electricity. It will help to meet renewable energy goal. During the operation of solar
power systems gives no air pollution; it reduce impact on the health, environmental, and safety
impact during operation. It will reduce the Carbon footprint compared to other technologies
using fossil fuels. It will be reduced to 1 million tons of carbon per year while producing 1000
MW of solar energy.
First project in the Solar Park installation with a 13 MW capacity PV. The solar park is
jointly Funded by the members of The Supreme Council of Energy. This project planning to
commence operations in Oct, 2013.
The Renewable Academy will support to give for training in the Renewable Energy
Sector for the UAE region. Following international suppliers of training and share the
knowledge in the fields of green renewable energies and energy efficiency.

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UAE government goal is to find more personnel in the field of renewable energy
development and increase energy efficiency. The function is to offer immediate and accurate
training with a lasting effect, for speedy practical application and to satisfy a part of the gap in
the market in the GCC for training and education in the area of renewable energy system, and
to help the transfer of know-how to develop the nation as well as newly industrialized nations.
Mentioned belo types of solar energy conversion systems
Solar Energy Conversion Systems & Applications (Rao.S, Dr.B.B. Parulekar, year- 2009)
1
Passive Heating System
(Low Temperature, t < 150 C)
Residential Heating
Bio mass Energy Processes
Energy conversion of conventional
non- renewable
2
Solar Thermal Systems
(Medium Temperature, 150 C < t < 300 C)
Supply of Steam
Desalination plants
Chemical Industry
3
Solar Thermal Systems
( High Temperature, t > 300 C)
For Industry use - High Temperature
steam
Electric power generation
4
Solar to Electric Energy conversion by
PV systems
Extremely successful for remote
Offshore- Mountains, Deserts
Military, Communication locations

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5 Solar- Diesel Hybrid System
Standalone Power plants
Used for villages, off-shores,
mountain, deserts power, remote
applications- farms, supply
6 Solar Central Receiver Thermal Power plants
Feeding power into Electric network
Range 1000 KW to 200000 KW
Biomass Energy:
Biomass energy produced from the raw organic matter gained from biological organisms such
as vegetables, algae, animals, botanical plants, and organisms living on land ,which derive to
extract secondary energy is called as Biomass energy.
Recycle of Bio wastes
(www.thenational.ae, March 2012)
This energy looked at in three categories such as:
 homespun application
 Urban and Industrial applications,
 Large scale Electrical power generation.

Biomass cycle keeps the environmental balance of oxygen, CO2, rain etc. It is an
Environment Friendly Technology. In UAE, producing energy from cultivated biomass,
t h e government focusing more on waste to develop bio energy resources. Though here not
possible to produce the energy in a large scale but we could get reasonable energy in form of

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secondary energy such as biogas, heat, fuels etc.,
The Government's Centre for Waste Management (Abu Dhabi) says that now a day
5.4 million tons of bio waste is not apt to the landfills. Instead of that UAE government
trying to recycle up to 69 percent and changing over the waste into 17% of biomass fuel within
5 to 10 years.
UAE government still developing so many researches and inquires to elaborate the
recycling & Sewage treatment plant to minimize the pollution and i t b e could reproduce
the energy from the waste fills. After using bio waste All the waste materials will be sent
to paper mills and metals plant, It will help reduce the waste and the Government could earn
Dh381m per year by using the rest of the waste materials.
Wind Energy:
Wind energy is a natural renewable source, generating power from the air motion
which is converting into kinetic energy by using wind turbine. Wind energy is a reflection
of the solar energy. Windmills have been already used for water pumping or grinding grain.
Windmill is placed to produce power. Wind turbines are used as stand-alone applications, and
also connected to an electricity power grid lines or combined with a PV system. In UAE
finally the measurable monthly wind speed was captured for 34 meteorological stations.
Through UAE University research, north western part of UAE is the perfect place for produce
wind power. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) measured the average monthly wind
velocity is high 4.18 to 5.28 m/s among the other mean velocity, which is show in below
figure. Most of the places are placed in North-West region (or) west part of Abu Dhabi. The
expert in renewable energy,

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Below mentioned points are given the reason for place the wind farm in UAE ,due to the
influences of atmospheric pressure pattern.

1.) UAE Siberian anticyclone (area of high pressure) in winter and in summer the
Asiatic low centered over central and southern Asia extending broad belt across the continent
at approximately 30 degree north.
Mean wind speed in UAE Fig: 4 (www.khaleejtimes.com, March 2012)
2.) Lying near 30 degrees north the UAE is directly under the sub-tropical
anticyclone, low-altitude or the Hadley cell.
Hydropower:
Demand in Electricity, Dubai rose by 3.8 percent in the middle of 2012, This results
compared to the same period (2012) of last year. Percentage of hydro power in UAE is Zero.
This project will supervise the generation of power through the flow of water in the pipeline
and check the performance of the turbine.

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3. PIPE POWER SYSTEM:
This Pipe power system is a provider of green energy. Power system changes the
municipality, industrial factory and agriculture facilities to generate very clean, authentic, and
low cost electricity from the gravity of water fed in the water pipelines. Use wide, of great size
amount of water and Electricity, to become the undeveloped energy of moving water into cost
saving, green energy. This system devised an inside pipe spherical turbine generator that takes
power from fast moving water inside the pipe lines. It will not affect the operation of the water.
Pipe hydro power system, the main foundation is lift based spherical turbine. This
Turbine has Singular vertical axis, the turbine blade spins when water passes on this
turbine. Through pipeline fall of water to provide low cost and low impact energy. Turbine
can work across a broad range of water flow condition, volume of water, and water velocity
without any important reduction in water working pressure.
Major countries are interested smart water and green power innovation, also local
resource of energy will help the reducing the capital cost for plant. Using this pipe power
system to generate green energy, this will give environmental smart solution; Because of it
is used exiting source for example sewage water through this pipeline power system will
generate low impact ,cost low green energy. Install one or more turbine, inside the large
diameter pipe to produce clean, Environmental, cost low energy. Plus this system to produce
base load green energy, and also be used to manage the water working pressure .It is
environmentally friendly, why? The reason is it works inside the pipelines. The output of the
energy is not reducing from the weather condition.
Pipe energy reins the undeveloped energy potential of water to generate clean
electricity. Demand in the low cost electricity in municipality, industries and agricultural area,
we can distribute in this pipe system to produce lot of Megaw att hours green electricity
from the moving water already the water flowing through the pipe. To increase electricity, no
of pipe system can be easily installed in to single large pipe lines.
The large amount of electricity produced is a function of water pressure and water
flow inside the pipe.
Through the pipe line water flows inside pipe’s spherical turbine, produced energy as
the turbine rotates. The Turbine has been carefully well designed and also laboratory tested for

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increase the efficiency of the turbine and power production. When velocity increased the
generation of power increased. The design lift based turbine, it will produce energy across a
very large range of velocity. Assumed the pipe draws out very small amount of head pressure.
Same modular turbine system to be installed in continuously, these are allowing for continuous
water flow. This system is not installed where extreme pressure or differential pressure and
pressure transits zone. This system is designed to replace the PRV (pressure reduction valve).
The pipe can operate alignment with valve. Using together will increase the life of valve and
reduce power cost.
It is designed to produce efficient power within large diameters pipelines, wide range
velocities and head pressures. This power system installed directly to the transmission
pipelines within one day and within one week connected to the grid. If water flow is low that
time this system deactivated and no impact on pipe line efficiency.

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Main components of this power system:
 Pipe

 Turbine

 Generator
 Electronics item like (wire, connector etc..)

 Invertors

This is convert dc to ac for grid connection.

 Control or Monitor system

Following data’s are monitor by the control system;

 Pressure

 Volume

 Velocity

 Torque of the shaft and shaft speed

 Vibration analysis

 Power generation

This system is useful for operation and determining energy production. And also
preclude maintenance. Electric meter is used to measure energy output.
Main advantages:
1. Clean energy produced
2. There is no impact on fluid flow.
3. Quick and easy installation,
4. No environmental effect
5. It will operate large or wide range of head and flow condition.

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Performance and technical specification:
This system is designed for 24” to 96” pipes for good efficiency and energy output. The
produced energy can be directly supply to the grid, use of some equipment such as meters
control monitor, pump .Velocity of water helps to finalize the size of the system, also some
factor like, pipe diameter, Capacity factor, head pressure. This system achieved greater than 1
m/s , water velocity is important for sizing the energy generation, it can operate 1-3 m/s, when
increase velocity the energy output increased.

4. SPHERICAL TURBINE:
Universal spherical turbine is capable for unidirectional rotation, it is for any flowing
fluid at any depth, and The Turbine has rotatable shaft, this shaft is designed to rotate about on
axis of rotation. Turbine blades are attached to the support member. This blades are attached
diametrically that will define a vertical axis that is oriented at skew angle. The Skew angle is
greater than zero less than 180 degree.
Turbine well designed and laboratory tested for increase efficiency, and also it is tested
for the common turbine problem. That is called cavitations. Cavitations are defined as when
the form of vapor pocket in the water it will create or damage the turbine blade. The spherical
turbine is a cross flow turbine; it operates the working principle of lift. It is look like Darrieus
wind turbine. It is well designed for reduce cavitations. The major cost effecting area is
cavitation damage. Data acquisition system is used for develop the turbine efficiency, blade
efficiency. Performance of the Turbine checked through CFD Sofware.

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Below shown figure is spherical turbine 3D View.

Turbine Blades:
Turbine blades are welded to the support plate diametrically, we can use 4 number , 5
number, or 6 number blades, when increasing or reducing the size of pipe that time need to be
redesign the blades as per requirements.

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5. SUITABLE AREAS FOR GENERATED POWER:

 Municipality water distribution and transmission pipeline
authority.

 Agricultural water distribution and transmission pipeline
authority

 Sewage or Waste water treatment
plant

 Aluminum Industrial, chemical
industry

 Desalination
plants

 Thermo Electrical power
plant

 Electricity
Board
Industrial:
Some of the industry every day their using large amount of water for the operation,
There are pipeline available for water flow, that water has potential energy , that energy is
useful for produce or generate green electricity. With this pipe power system, such a company
like aluminum manufacturing, pulp and paper company, thermo power plants and chemical
company can generate green energy through their water utilize.

Municipality and sewage water plant:
This system is very useful for reducing cost and reducing CO2 emission through their existing
water pipeline. Through this water pipeline can generate green and clean energy. Installing this

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system in water transmission and distribution to produce billion of Mwh of electricity. This
Energy is used for their daily utilities and balance energy fed back to the grid lines.
Agricultural area:
This system is used to produce energy in remote agri area. Wherever the closed pipe or
canal water converting into pipeline this system used to generate power
6. SITE CONDITIONS:
Data requirements:
This system is designed and installed as per operating condition of site, need to be
evaluated and understand detail site condition. Turbine designed based on pipe operational data.
This will help to ensure the system effective operation and maximum energy generation.
Below mentioned data required to determine the head loss , volume , velocity available
for generation of energy.
1. Diameter of Pipe line.
2. Gauge pressure
3. Turbine Required pressure for downstream.
4. Average volume flow.
Design and specification:
Design and specification and installation plans to be finalize based on site data, project
requirement & engineering analysis.
Major components are this system:
1. Pipe section
2. Turbine
3. Alternator or generator
4. Electronics
5. Control monitor system
Installation:
This system installation requires site preparation. Location pipe line is underground that
time; a burial chamber will be required to home the new section of this system, the site plan will
be develop by project developers, for installation this system technical staff required.

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Operating Parameters:
There is small head loss in the water pressure, control monitor system to be monitor function of
the system.
The control systems monitor the following data,
Stream pressure up and down,
Flow of volume
Velocity,
RPM,
Electrical and mechanical production
Project Monitor and verification:
The energy output is monitor by the control system. The parameters are monitored at
real time. There are two automatic or manual control used for magnetic braking. Electrical
meter used for measure the energy output, like solar and wind power plant used for measure
energy output through utility meter.
Control system collects the data and performance of the system this can be compared to
required figures. This data’s required for compare or verify the actual energy vs. expected
energy. As well as Actual head loss vs. expected head loss.
Required Site Conditions:
User:
Where water is flowing in large amount with gravity fed
Velocity:
1-4 m/s velocity is required. When velocity increase the generation of power will
increase.
Pressure Head:
The head pressure limit 5 psi to more
Location:

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Very near to electricity used because installation cost can be reduced. Possible to
connect with the grid lines and new transmission pipeline
For installing this system is required potential site .This site must have good operating
condition.
Site plan layout, final specification and design are required.
This system is useful for operation and determining energy production. And also
preclude maintenance. Electric meter is used to measure energy output.
Technical Risks:

There is no Technical Risks Predicted in this system.
7. CFD ANALYSIS:
Using CFD Fluent software analysed as per pressure-based,
The output result shows pressure of the water pipe line vs velocity of the water.
Design Data:
Pipe diameter = 1.2 m
Turbine diameter = 1.1 m
No of Blades = 5
Blade Thickness = 16 mm
Inlet Pressure = 41 psi
Velocity = 3.8 m/s
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis
Introduction
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can simultaneously predict airflow, heat transfer and
contaminant transport in and around buildings. A CFD model is built upon fundamental physical
equations of fluid flow and energy transfer. The technique is capable of providing time
dependent and as well as steady state solutions to the coupled differential equations that govern
fluid flows. Its key benefits are; an ability to represent the effects of very complex geometries

Page No 21

coupled with a means to solve complex flow problems based on a more fundamental modeling
of the physics involved. It has since been developed and applied to an increasingly diverse range
of problems, including automotive, aerospace, nuclear engineering, turbo machinery, biomedical
field, buildings, environment and fire safety engineering.
With the help of the CFD technique, engineers can calculate the airflow distributions in
and around buildings, and architects can use the resulting information to modify their designs.
The CFD technique allows engineers to quickly and inexpensively analyze airflow in and around
buildings. The information can help architects to design buildings that can be more effectively
ventilated in summer and monsoon to achieve better thermal comfort.
Processes involved in CFD
When applying a CFD package to undertake a flow and thermal analysis, there are number of
steps that involved for completing the CFD process.
 Defining the geometry and domain
1. The General Task to set various generic problem settings, such as those
related to the mesh or solver.
2. Solver Type selected as pressure based, velocity formulation type
Absolute and time is steady flow condition.
3. Gravitational Acceleration selected Y axis , gravity mentioned -9.81 m/s2
 Selecting physical models
Viscous model K- epsilon standard model is used for turbulent flow
calculation. And Near wall treatment is standard wall functions.
 Material selection
1. Fluid selected as a water. Water properties like density and viscosity
mentioned.

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 Specifying Cell zone conditions
1. There are two zones one is Blade volume and other is outside volume.
2. In the blade volume, frame motion type selected which is enables the
moving reference frame model for the cell zone. And specifying direction
of rotation axis.
3. Specifying rotation speed in rotation velocity column.
4. Next in the Outside volume, water direction of rotation specified.
 Specifying Boundary conditions
1. Zone types are blade wall, blade wall shadow, default interior, inlet, and
outlet and wall condition.
2. Inlet type velocity inlet selected. Zone name velocity inlet specified.
Velocity specification method, reference frame specified. Velocity
magnitude is 2.133 m/s specified. Same as Outlet zone
3. Turbulence parameter specified. Then Turbulence intensity and viscosity
ratio type selected.
4. Turbulent intensity
The turbulence intensity I, is defined as the ratio of the root-mean-
square of the velocity fluctuations to the mean flow velocity.
Turbulence intensity of 1% or less is generally considered low and
turbulence intensities greater than 10% are considered high.
At a Reynolds number of 50,000, for example, the turbulence intensity will be 4%, according to
this formula.
5. Wall zone selected Stationary wall motion.
 Discretizing the mathematical equations, which includes creating a mesh (which sub-
divides the space into small volumes), setting time steps (which divides the time into
discrete steps) and selecting numerical sub-models

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 Monitoring the iterative solution process
Solution Method SIMPLE selected. Turbulent Kinetic Energy first energy
upwind selected.
 Solution Monitor
Residual Monitor to check convergence Absolute criteria. 10^-6 convergence used.
 Analyzing the solution obtained
 Uncertainties that may arise at each of these steps are highlighted
 Visualize the obtained solution.
 Used CFD post software to get the result and animation.
Details of 3D modeling and meshing
As per the details given by the client the 3d model for Prefunction Area was modeled.
After preparing the 3d model of the geometry, hexahedral and tetrahedral mesh with
mesh sizes were created and total mesh cells of 1.8 million were obtained.
INPUT DATA:
FLUENT
Version: 3d, pbns, ske (3d, pressure-based, standard k-epsilon)
Release: 13.0.0
Title:
Models
------
Model Settings
----------------------------------------------------------------
Space 3D
Time Steady
Viscous Standard k-epsilon turbulence model
Wall Treatment Standard Wall Functions
Heat Transfer Disabled
Solidification and Melting Disabled
Species Disabled
Coupled Dispersed Phase Disabled
NOx Pollutants Disabled

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SOx Pollutants Disabled
Soot Disabled
Mercury Pollutants Disabled
Material Properties
-------------------
Material: water-liquid (fluid)
Property Units Method Value(s)
--------------------------------------------------------------
Density kg/m3 constant 998.2
Cp (Specific Heat) j/kg-k constant 4182
Thermal Conductivity w/m-k constant 0.6
Viscosity kg/m-s constant 0.001003
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol constant 18.0152
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 1/k constant 0
Speed of Sound m/s none #f
Material: aluminum (solid)
---------------------------------------------------
Density kg/m3 constant 2719
Cell Zone Conditions
--------------------
Zones
name id type
--------------------------
outsidevolume 2 fluid
bladevolume 3 fluid
Setup Conditions
outsidevolume
Condition Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
Material Name water-
liquid
Specify source terms? no
Source Terms ((mass)
(x-momentum) (y-momentum) (z-momentum) (k) (epsilon))
Specify fixed values? no

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Local Coordinate System for Fixed Velocities no
Fixed Values ((x-
velocity (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (y-velocity (inactive
. #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (z-velocity (inactive . #f) (constant .
0) (profile )) (k (inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )) (epsilon
(inactive . #f) (constant . 0) (profile )))
Frame Motion? no
Relative To Cell Zone -1
Reference Frame Rotation Speed (rpm)
250.00001
Reference Frame X-Velocity Of Zone (m/s) 0
Reference Frame Y-Velocity Of Zone (m/s) 0
Reference Frame Z-Velocity Of Zone (m/s) 0
Reference Frame X-Origin of Rotation-Axis (m) 0
Reference Frame Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis (m) 0
Reference Frame Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis (m) 0
Reference Frame X-Component of Rotation-Axis 0
Reference Frame Y-Component of Rotation-Axis 0
Reference Frame Z-Component of Rotation-Axis 1
Reference Frame User Defined Zone Motion Function none
Mesh Motion? no
Moving Mesh Rotation Speed (rpm) 0
Moving Mesh X-Velocity Of Zone (m/s) 0
Moving Mesh Y-Velocity Of Zone (m/s) 0
Moving Mesh Z-Velocity Of Zone (m/s) 0
Moving Mesh X-Origin of Rotation-Axis (m) 0
Moving Mesh Y-Origin of Rotation-Axis (m) 0
Moving Mesh Z-Origin of Rotation-Axis (m) 0
Moving Mesh X-Component of Rotation-Axis 0
Moving Mesh Y-Component of Rotation-Axis 0
Moving Mesh Z-Component of Rotation-Axis 1
Moving Mesh User Defined Zone Motion Function none
Deactivated Thread no
Laminar zone? no
Set Turbulent Viscosity to zero within laminar zone? yes
Embedded Subgrid-Scale Model 0
Momentum Spatial Discretization 0
Cwale 0.325
Cs 0.1
Porous zone? no
Conical porous zone? no
X-Component of Direction-1 Vector 1
Y-Component of Direction-1 Vector 0
Z-Component of Direction-1 Vector 0
X-Component of Cone Axis Vector 1
Y-Component of Cone Axis Vector 0
Z-Component of Cone Axis Vector 0
X-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis (m) 1
Y-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis (m) 0

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Z-Coordinate of Point on Cone Axis (m) 0
Half Angle of Cone Relative to its Axis (deg) 0
Relative Velocity Resistance Formulation? yes
Direction-1 Viscous Resistance (1/m2) 0
Choose alternative formulation for inertial resistance? no
Direction-1 Inertial Resistance (1/m) 0
C0 Coefficient for Power-Law 0
Porosity 1
bladevolume
Condition Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
liquid
Fixed Values ((x-
Frame Motion? yes
250.00001
Mesh Motion? no

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Laminar zone? no
Cwale 0.325
Cs 0.1
Porous zone? no
Porosity 1
Boundary Conditions
-------------------
Zones
name id type
--------------------------------------
outlet 5 velocity-inlet
bladewall-shadow 13 wall
wall 4 wall
inlet 6 velocity-inlet

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bladewall 7 wall
bladewall:008 8 wall
Setup Conditions
outlet
Condition Value
--------------------------------------------------
Velocity Specification Method 2
Reference Frame 0
Velocity Magnitude (m/s) -2.13
Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure (pascal) 0
Coordinate System 0
X-Velocity (m/s) 0
Y-Velocity (m/s) 0
Z-Velocity (m/s) 0
X-Component of Flow Direction 0
Y-Component of Flow Direction 0
Z-Component of Flow Direction -1
X-Component of Axis Direction 1
Y-Component of Axis Direction 0
Z-Component of Axis Direction 0
X-Coordinate of Axis Origin (m) 0
Y-Coordinate of Axis Origin (m) 0
Z-Coordinate of Axis Origin (m) 0
Angular velocity (rpm) 0
Turbulent Specification Method 2
Turbulent Kinetic Energy (m2/s2) 1
Turbulent Dissipation Rate (m2/s3) 1
Turbulent Intensity (%) 2
Turbulent Length Scale (m) 1
Hydraulic Diameter (m) 1
Turbulent Viscosity Ratio 2
is zone used in mixing-plane model? no
bladewall-shadow
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Enable shell conduction? no
Wall Motion 0
Shear Boundary Condition 0
Define wall motion relative to adjacent cell zone? yes
Apply a rotational velocity to this wall? no
Velocity Magnitude (m/s) 0
X-Component of Wall Translation 1
Y-Component of Wall Translation 0
Z-Component of Wall Translation 0
Define wall velocity components? no
X-Component of Wall Translation (m/s) 0
Y-Component of Wall Translation (m/s) 0

Page No 29

Z-Component of Wall Translation (m/s) 0
Wall Roughness Height (m) 0
Wall Roughness Constant 0.5
Rotation Speed (rpm) 0
X-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin (m) 0
Y-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin (m) 0
Z-Position of Rotation-Axis Origin (m) 0
X-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction 0
Y-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction 0
Z-Component of Rotation-Axis Direction 1
X-component of shear stress (pascal) 0
Y-component of shear stress (pascal) 0
Z-component of shear stress (pascal) 0
Specularity Coefficient 0
wall
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Wall Motion 0
inlet
Condition Value
--------------------------------------------------
Reference Frame 0
Velocity Magnitude (m/s) 2.133

Page No 30

Coordinate System 0
X-Velocity (m/s) 0
Y-Velocity (m/s) 0
Z-Velocity (m/s) 0
Z-Component of Flow Direction 0
bladewall
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Wall Motion 0

Page No 31

bladewall:008
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Wall Motion 0
bladewall:010
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Wall Motion 0

Page No 32

Solver Settings
---------------
Equations
Equation Solved
-------------------
Flow yes
Turbulence yes
Numerics
Numeric Enabled
---------------------------------------
Absolute Velocity Formulation yes
Relaxation
Variable Relaxation Factor
----------------------------------------------
Pressure 0.3
Density 1
Body Forces 1
Momentum 0.7
Turbulent Kinetic Energy 0.8
Turbulent Dissipation Rate 0.8
Turbulent Viscosity 1
Linear Solver
Solver Termination Residual
Reduction
Variable Type Criterion Tolerance
--------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Pressure V-Cycle 0.1
X-Momentum Flexible 0.1 0.7
Y-Momentum Flexible 0.1 0.7
Z-Momentum Flexible 0.1 0.7
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Flexible 0.1 0.7
Turbulent Dissipation Rate Flexible 0.1 0.7

Page No 33

Pressure-Velocity Coupling
Parameter Value
------------------
Type SIMPLE
Discretization Scheme
Variable Scheme
-----------------------------------------------
Pressure Standard
Momentum First Order Upwind
Turbulent Kinetic Energy First Order Upwind
Turbulent Dissipation Rate First Order Upwind
Solution Limits
Quantity Limit
---------------------------------------
Minimum Absolute Pressure 1
Maximum Absolute Pressure 5e+10
Minimum Temperature 1
Maximum Temperature 5000
Minimum Turb. Kinetic Energy 1e-14
Minimum Turb. Dissipation Rate 1e-20
Maximum Turb. Viscosity Ratio 100000

Page No 34

OUTPUT RESULTS
FIG.1: The below result shows pressure at inlet area, the pressure 40 psi in the inlet area is
safe.

Page No 35


FIG:2 The below result shows pressure at blades staring area, the result shows, there is
some pressure drop upto 0.8 psi

Pressure drop area

Page No 36


FIG:3 The below result shows pressure at blades middle area, the result shows, there is
some pressure drop upto 1 psi

Pressure drop area
Pressure drop area

Page No 37


FIG:4 The below result shows pressure at blades End area, the result shows, there is some
pressure drop upto 2.1 psi

Pressure drop area
Pressure drop area

Page No 38


FIG:5 The below result shows pressure at pipe outlet area, the result shows, there is some
pressure drop upto 2.5 psi

Pressure drop area
Pressure drop area

Page No 39


FIG:6 The below result shows pressure at pipe outlet area, the result shows, there is some
pressure drop 1 to 2.5 psi

Pressure drop area

Page No 40


VELOCITY ANALYSIS HORIZONTAL FLUID FLOW POSITION
FIG:7 The below result shows velocity at pipe area, the result shows, there is some velocity
changes while passing the turbine. but end of the pipe remains same velocity.

Page No 41


The below result shows velocity at pipe bottom area, the result shows, there is some
velocity changes while passing the turbine. But end of the pipe remains same velocity.
Velocity change in turbine side up to 2 m/s. The inlet pipe velocity is 3 m/s , while entering
middle or turbine area the velocity is vary from 3.8 ‐ 0.38 ms^‐1. At the pipe end, the
velocity of fluid is 3.42 m/s.

FIG:8

Page No 42


The below result shows velocity at pipe middle area, the result shows, there is some velocity
changes while passing the turbine. But end of the pipe remains same velocity . Velocity
change in turbine side up to 3 m/s. The inlet pipe velocity is 3 m/s, while entering middle or
turbine area the velocity is vary 3.8 ‐ 0.38 ms^‐1. At the pipe end, the velocity of fluid is 3.42
m/s.
FIG:9

Page No 43


The below result shows velocity at turbine top area, the result shows, there is some velocity
turbine area the velocity is vary from 3.8 ‐ 0.38 ms^‐1. At the pipe end, the velocity of fluid
is 3.42 m/s.
FIG:10

Page No 44


The below result shows velocity at turbine top area, the result shows, there is some velocity
turbine area the velocity is vary from 3.8 ‐ 0.38 ms^‐1. At the pipe end, the velocity of fluid
is 3.42 m/s.
FIG:11

Page No 45


VELOCITY ANALYSIS VERTICAL FLUID FLOW POSITION
The below result shows velocity at pipe inlet area, the result shows. The inlet pipe velocity is
3 m/s.
FIG:12

Page No 46


The below result shows velocity at turbine staring area, the result shows, there is some
velocity changes while passing the turbine. Velocity change in turbine side up to 3 m/s. The
inlet pipe velocity is 3 m/s, while entering turbine area the velocity is vary from 3.8 to 0.38
m/s.
FIG:13

Page No 47


The below result shows velocity at turbine middle area, the result shows, there is some
m/s.
FIG:14

Page No 48


The below result shows velocity at turbine ending area, the result shows, there is some
m/s.
FIG:15

Page No 49


The below result shows velocity at outside turbine ending area, the result shows, there is
some velocity changes while passing the turbine. Velocity change in turbine side up to 1.5
m/s. The inlet pipe velocity is 3 m/s, while ending turbine area the velocity is vary from 3.8
to 1.52 m/s.
FIG:16

Page No 50


The below result shows velocity at outside pipe area, the result shows, there is some
velocity changes while passing the turbine. Velocity change in turbine side up to 1.5 m/s.
The outlet pipe velocity is 3 m/s, while ending turbine area the velocity is vary from 3.8 to
1.52 m/s.
FIG:17

Page No 51


CFD ANALYSIS BASED ON VELOCITY

Below analyzed through fluent based on velocity.

INPUT DATA:
FLUENT
Version: 3d, pbns, ske (3d, pressure-based, standard k-epsilon)
Release: 13.0.0
Title:
Models
------
Model Settings
----------------------------------------------------------------
Space 3D
Time Steady
Viscous Standard k-epsilon turbulence model
Wall Treatment Standard Wall Functions
Heat Transfer Disabled
Solidification and Melting Disabled
Species Disabled
Coupled Dispersed Phase Disabled
NOx Pollutants Disabled
SOx Pollutants Disabled
Soot Disabled
Mercury Pollutants Disabled
Material Properties
-------------------
Material: water-liquid (fluid)
--------------------------------------------------------------
Density kg/m3 constant 998.2
Viscosity kg/m-s constant 0.001003
Molecular Weight kg/kgmol constant 18.0152
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 1/k constant 0
Speed of Sound m/s none #f

Page No 52

Material: aluminum (solid)
---------------------------------------------------
Density kg/m3 constant 2719
Cell Zone Conditions
--------------------
Zones
name id type
--------------------------
outsidevolume 2 fluid
bladevolume 3 fluid
Setup Conditions
outsidevolume
Condition Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
liquid
Fixed Values ((x-
Frame Motion? no
250.00001

Page No 53

Mesh Motion? no
Laminar zone? no
Cwale 0.325
Cs 0.1
Porous zone? no
Porosity 1
bladevolume
Condition Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page No 54

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
liquid
Fixed Values ((x-
Frame Motion? yes
250.00001
Mesh Motion? no
Laminar zone? no
Cwale 0.325
Cs 0.1
Porous zone? no

Page No 55

Porosity 1
Boundary Conditions
-------------------
Zones
name id type
--------------------------------------
outlet 5 velocity-inlet
bladewall-shadow 13 wall
wall 4 wall
inlet 6 velocity-inlet
bladewall 7 wall
Setup Conditions
outlet
Condition Value
--------------------------------------------------
Reference Frame 0
Velocity Magnitude (m/s) -2.13
Coordinate System 0
X-Velocity (m/s) 0
Y-Velocity (m/s) 0
Z-Velocity (m/s) 0

Page No 56

Z-Component of Flow Direction -1
bladewall-shadow
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Wall Motion 0
wall
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------

Page No 57

Wall Motion 0
inlet
Condition Value
--------------------------------------------------
Reference Frame 0
Velocity Magnitude (m/s) 2.133
Coordinate System 0
X-Velocity (m/s) 0
Y-Velocity (m/s) 0
Z-Velocity (m/s) 0
Z-Component of Flow Direction 0

Page No 58

bladewall
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Wall Motion 0
bladewall:008
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Wall Motion 0

Page No 59

bladewall:010
Condition Value
----------------------------------------------------------
Wall Motion 0
Solver Settings
---------------
Equations
Equation Solved
-------------------
Flow yes

Page No 60

Turbulence yes
Numerics
Numeric Enabled
---------------------------------------
Absolute Velocity Formulation yes
Relaxation
Variable Relaxation Factor
----------------------------------------------
Pressure 0.3
Density 1
Body Forces 1
Momentum 0.7
Turbulent Kinetic Energy 0.8
Turbulent Dissipation Rate 0.8
Turbulent Viscosity 1
Linear Solver
Solver Termination Residual
Reduction
Variable Type Criterion Tolerance
--------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Pressure V-Cycle 0.1
X-Momentum Flexible 0.1 0.7
Y-Momentum Flexible 0.1 0.7
Z-Momentum Flexible 0.1 0.7
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Flexible 0.1 0.7
Turbulent Dissipation Rate Flexible 0.1 0.7
Pressure-Velocity Coupling
Parameter Value
------------------
Type SIMPLE
Discretization Scheme
Variable Scheme
-----------------------------------------------
Pressure Standard
Momentum First Order Upwind
Turbulent Kinetic Energy First Order Upwind
Turbulent Dissipation Rate First Order Upwind
Solution Limits
Quantity Limit
---------------------------------------

Page No 61

Minimum Absolute Pressure 1
Maximum Absolute Pressure 5e+10
Minimum Temperature 1
Maximum Temperature 5000
Minimum Turb. Kinetic Energy 1e-14
Minimum Turb. Dissipation Rate 1e-20
Maximum Turb. Viscosity Ratio 100000
OUTPUT ANALYSIS
FIG:18

Page No 62


Page No 63


Page No 64


Page No 65


8. POWER CALCULATION:
POWER OUTPUT
P = theoretically power (W or KW or MW)
ρ = Density kg/m3
) water density -1000 kg/m3
q = water volume flow (m3
/s)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2
)
h = head (m or mm or cm)
η - Efficiency
q = 1/4 * 3.14 * pipe diameter 2
* velocity (Velocity taken from output CFD Analysis, check
velocity contour)
Velocity = 2.13 m/s
Q=1/4 * 3.14 * 1.22
* 2.13
= 2.40 m3
/s
P= η *ρ*g*Q*H
= 0.3*1*9.81*2.4*10
P = 70.6 kw
ENERGY OUTPUT
Energy output = P x CF x 8760 (Kwh/year)
= 70.6*0.35*8760
= 216.45 Mwh/year
The Energy output of this system is 216.45 Mwh/year.

Page No 66

9. COST ESTIMATION:
Material cost = 15000 AED
Material cost is only for turbine plate, supports excluded bearings , generator, and other electrical
parts .
Production cost = 5000 AED
Production cost is only for manufacturing turbine only including man hours, welding cost, fitting
cost. Etc..
Installation cost = 3000 AED
Total Cost = Material cost + Production cost + Installation cost
= 15000+5000+3000
~ 23000 AED

Page No 67

10.CONCLUSION:
Generate very clean, authentic, and low cost electricity from the gravity of water fed in the
water pipelines.
This turbine is good efficient and money savings equipment. Install one or more turbine,
inside the large diameter pipe to produce high energy, clean, Environmental, cost low energy.
No impact on water flow.
Clean energy produced without intermittency of the solar and wind energy.
No environmental effect.
Above through this project analyzed main points and requirements for this project
dissertation. Therefore understood what is required, advantage of the system. The study
of the turbine is useful for calculating performance of the turbine.
Thanks to my supervisor Dr. Mehdi , this paper analyzed with the help of my
supervisor. I improved my knowledge in this area through this paper.

Page No 68

11.REFERENCES
1. http://www.powerandwaterme.com/Global/power_and_water_2011/pdf/Investme
ntsinrenewableenergygrow2519Jan11EB247.pdf- UAE Renewable energy scenario
2. http://www.worldfutureenergysummit.com/Portal/news/11/5/2013/abu-dhabi-a-
gateway-for-renewable-energy.aspx UAE Renewable energy scenario
3. http://www.emiratessolar.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/10.15-Fatima-Al-
Shamsi-DEWA.pdf UAE Renewable energy scenario
4. http://gulfnews.com/business/features/uae-helping-shape-global-renewable-
energy-1.1203105 UAE Renewable energy scenario
5. http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/energy/dubai-seeks-
renewable-power-sources-for-the-future UAE Renewable energy scenario
6. http://practicalaction.org/small-scale-hydro-power-2- introduction
7. Batchelor, G. K. (1967). An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-66396-2.
8. European Union publication, Layman's hydropower handbook,12 MB pdf
9. DoradoVista, Small Hydro Power
10. http://elkhartprojectblog.today.com/_news/2009/07/08/3002731-firm-has-
powerful-pipe- dream?lite
11. http://www.ideaconnection.com/patents/11987-UNIVERSAL-SPHERICAL-
TURBINE-WITH-SKEWED-AXIS-OF-ROTAT.html - Turbine design
12. https://www.google.com.br/patents/WO2010138812A1?cl=en – Turbine design
13. NorthwestPowerPipe_GenInfo.pdf – System model

Page No 69

14. Lucid technologies inc.- System model
15. http://www.mrec.umassd.edu/media/supportingfiles/mrec/agendasandpresentatio
ns/2ndconference/pete_bachant_mhk_test_bed_and_performance_evaluation_pb.pdf - Turbine
performance analysis
16. http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2012/04/05/water-to-wire-turbine-
produces-power-from-pipes/ - Methodology
17. Lucid Energy Technologies, LLP - Patent applications
18. Laboratory Evaluation of Fish Survival and Behavior Associated
19. Advanced Turbine Technology Generates Renewable Energy in ...
20. Introducing Northwest PowerPipe, advanced turbine ... - Strelka

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