A presentation onElectrical Appliances with 3 case studies for the course Building Services -II from students of 5th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Aug-December 2015)

1. ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES

2.  Home appliances are electrical machines which are
designed to accomplish a specific function, such as
cooking or cleaning.
 Modern home appliances are perfectly designed for
working generation of today. The primary purpose of
household items is to offer comfort, speed, convenience
and safety. There are many brands of electrical appliances
like Philips, Panasonic, Prestige, Whirlpool, Haier, Life is
Good(LG),Morphy Richards.

3.  Home appliances can be primarily classified into following types Major
appliances or white goods.
Small appliances or brown goods.
 Brown goods usually require high technical knowledge and skills, while
white goods need more practical skills.

4. Major appliances :
 A major appliance, or domestic appliance, is usually defined as a large
machine which accomplishes some routine housekeeping task, which
includes purposes such as cooking, food preservation in household.
 White goods/major appliances comprise major household appliances and
may include air conditioner, dish washer, clothes dryer, drying cabinet
freezer, refrigerator, kitchen stove, etc.. .

5.  Small appliance refers to a class of home appliances that are portable or
semi-portable or which are used on table tops, countertops, or other
platforms.
 Small appliances include juicers, coffee maker, food processor, deep fryers,
electric kettles, blenders.

6. Lighting
 Turn off the lights when not in use.
 Take advantage of daylight by using light-coloured,
loose-weave curtains on your windows to allow daylight
to penetrate the room. Also, decorate with lighter colours
that reflect daylight.
 De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination.
 Use task lighting; instead of brightly lighting an entire
room, focus the light where you need it.
 Compact fluorescent bulbs are four times more energy
efficient than incandescent bulbs and provide the same
lighting.
 Use electronic chokes in place of conventional copper
chokes.

7. Fans
 Replace conventional regulators with electronic
regulators for ceiling fans.
 Install exhaust fans at a higher elevation than ceiling
Electric Iron
 Select iron boxes with automatic temperature cut-off.
 Use appropriate regulator position for ironing.
 Do not put more water on clothes while ironing.
 Do not iron wet clothes.

8. Kitchen Appliances
Mixers
 Avoid dry grinding in your food processors
( mixers and grinders) as it takes longer time than liquid grinding.
Microwaves ovens
 Consumes 50 % less energy than conventional electric / gas stoves.
 Do not bake large food items.
 Unless you're baking breads or pastries, you may not even need to preheat.
 Don't open the oven door too often to check food condition as each
opening leads to a temperature drop of 25°C.

9. Electric stove
 Turn off electric stoves several minutes before the
specified cooking time.
 Use flat-bottomed pans that make full contact with the
cooking coil.
Use Solar Water Heater – a good replacement for a electric
water heater.

10. Electronic Devices
 Do not switch on the power when TV and Audio Systems
are not in use i.e. idle operation leads to an energy loss of
10 watts/device.
Computers
 Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A
computer that runs 24 hours a day, for instance, uses -
more power than an energy-efficient refrigerator.
 If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor;
this device alone uses more than half the system's
energy.
 Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-
mode when not in use helps cut energy costs by
approximately 40%.

11.  Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and
digital cameras, draw power whenever they are plugged in
and are very inefficient. Pull the plug and save.
 Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups
and shutdowns do not use any extra energy, nor are they
hard on your computer components. In fact, shutting
computers down when you are finished using them actually
reduces system wear - and saves energy.

12. Refrigerator
 Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and
freezers; frost buildup increases the amount of energy
needed to keep the motor running.
 Leave enough space between your refrigerator and the
walls so that air can easily circulate around the
refrigerator
 Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold.
 Make sure your refrigerator door seals are airtight
 Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator.
Uncovered foods release moisture and make the
compressor work harder.

13.  Don't leave the fridge door open for longer than necessary, as cold
air will escape.
 Use smaller cabinets for storing frequently used items.
 Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the fridge.
 Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently.

14. Washing machines
 Always wash only with full loads.
 Use optimal quantity of water.
 Use timer facility to save energy.
 Use the correct amount of detergent.
 Use hot water only for very dirty clothes.
 Always use cold water in the rinse cycle.
 Prefer natural drying over electric dryers.

15. Air Conditioners
 Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off
Keep regulators at “low cool” position.
 Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to
spread the cooled air more effectively throughout the room and operate the
air conditioner at higher temperature.
 Seal the doors and windows properly.
 Leave enough space between your air conditioner and the walls to allow
better air circulation.
 A roof garden can reduce the load on Air Conditioner.

16.  Use windows with sun films/curtains.
 Set your thermostat as high as comfortably possible in the summer. The less
difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the lower will be
energy consumption.
 Don't set your thermostat at a colder setting than normal when you turn on
your air conditioner. It will not cool your home any faster and could result in
excessive cooling.
 Don't place lamps or TV sets near your air-conditioning thermostat. The
thermostat senses heat from these appliances, which can cause the air
conditioner to run longer than necessary.
 Plant trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning units but not to block the
airflow. A unit operating in the shade uses as much as 10% less electricity
than the same one operating in the sun.

17. Electricity

19. al
ls
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

21. ENERGY
CONSERVING
APPLIANCES

22.  One should buy appliances with green ratings on energy consumption.
The following are the symbols to identify such products. They consume
20-30% less than the common products.
 Energy Star specifications differ with each item, and are set by either the
Environmental Protection Agency or the Department of Energy.
All European manufactures and retailers must provide
information of energy efficiency for a large portion of
household electrical items. It is best to go for products rated
‘A’ as they are more efficient, more economical and minimize
harm to the environment.
Energy Star = certifies that certain electrical appliances have
low energy consumption rates below an agreed level when on
‘stand-by’ mode.

24. Objective
 In May 2006, the Ministry of Power launched the
standards and labelling programme with an objective to
provide the consumer an informed choice about energy
saving and thereby the cost saving potential of the
marketed household and other equipments.
 Most major appliances have an energy efficiency star
rating sticker on them. This is a good way of comparing
energy efficiency between brands.
 Choose an appliance in the size that suits your needs.
That way you'll save on unnecessary energy costs.

25.  To provide information on energy performance so that
consumers can make informed decisions while purchasing
appliances.
 To make aware the consumer about the energy saving
potential among the available products.
 The cost saving potential of the marketed household and
other equipments.
 To create a demand in the market for Energy Efficient
appliances.

26. Energy Efficient Appliances
 The Bureau of Energy Efficiency has developed a scheme for energy efficiency
rating of equipments in MAY 2006.
 Under this scheme, the following equipments have been star rated:
1. Frost Free refrigerator
2. Tubular Fluorescent Lamps
3. 3. Room Air Conditioners
4. 4. Direct Cool Refrigerator
5. 5. Distribution Transformer
6. 6. Induction Motors
7. 7. Pump Sets
8. 8. Ceiling Fans
9. 9. LPG Stoves
10. 10.Electric Geysers
11. 11.Colour TV

28. LIGHTING
 The Energy Star is awarded to only certain bulbs that meet strict efficiency,
quality, and lifetime criteria.
 Energy Star qualified fluorescent lighting uses 75% less energy and lasts up
to ten times longer than normal incandescent lights.
 Energy Star Qualified Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting:
 Reduces energy costs — uses at least 75% less energy than incandescent
lighting, saving on operating expenses.
 Reduces maintenance costs — lasts 35 to 50 times longer than incandescent
lighting and about 2 to 5 times longer than fluorescent lighting. No bulb-
replacements, no ladders, no ongoing disposal program.

29.  Reduces cooling costs — LEDs produce very little heat.
 Is guaranteed — comes with a minimum three-year warranty — far
beyond the industry standard.
 Offers convenient features — available with dimming on some
indoor models and automatic daylight shut-off and motion
sensors on some outdoor models.
 Is durable — won’t break like a bulb.

30. To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products
must pass a variety of tests to prove that the products will
display the following characteristics:
 Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting
technologies (incandescent or fluorescent) and light is
well distributed over the area lighted by the fixture.
 Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing
towards the end of the rated lifetime (at least 35,000
hours or 12 years based on use of 8 hours per day).
 Excellent colour quality. The shade of white light appears
clear and consistent over time.

31.  Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.
 Light comes on instantly when turned on.
 No flicker when dimmed.
 No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is
turned off, with the exception of external controls, whose power
should not exceed 0.5 watts in the off state.

32. Products such as fans, refrigerators, HVAC system, washing machines, etc.
consume a lot of energy. So care should be taken to first check the ratings of
these appliances before installing them to reduce the energy consumption.
CFL’S
 A compact fluorescent lamp is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace
an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for
incandescent lamps.
 CFLs radiate a light spectrum that is different from that of incandescent
lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived colour
of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft
white" CFLs as subjectively similar in colour to standard incandescent lamps.

33.  CFLs have two main components: a gas-filled tube (also called
bulb or burner) and a magnetic or electronic ballast. For their
principles of operation.
 An electronic ballast and permanently attached tube in an
integrated CFL.
 Standard shapes of CFL tube are single-turn double helix,
double-turn, triple-turn, quad-turn, circular, and butterfly.
 CFLs can also be operated with solar powered street lights,
using solar panels located on the top or sides of a pole and light
fixtures that are specially wired to use the lamps.
 The most important technical advance has been the replacement of
electromagnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts; this has removed
most of the flickering and slow starting traditionally associated with
fluorescent lighting.

34.  The average rated life of a CFL is 8 to 15 times that of incandescent lamp.
 CFLs typically have a rated lifespan of 6,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas
incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750
hours or 1,000 hours
 For a given light output, CFLs use 20 to 33 percent of the power of
equivalent incandescent lamps.

35.  The cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) is a newer form of CFL. Their
advantages are that they are instant-on, they are compatible with timers,
photocells, and dimmers, and they have a long life of approximately 50,000
hours. CCFLs are an effective and efficient replacement for lighting that is
turned on and off frequently with little extended use.
 Lights with timers and movement sensors should be installed in public
places which consume energy only when the space is in use otherwise
turned off.

36. LED LIGHTS
 An LED lamp (LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that
uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light.
 LED lamps offer long service life and high energy
efficiency, but initial costs are higher than those of
fluorescent and incandescent lamps.

37. LED LAMPS
 An LED lamp (LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that use Light-
emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light.
 Since the light output of individual light-emitting diodes is small
compared to incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps,
multiple diodes are often used together. In recent years, as diode
technology has improved, high power light-emitting diodes with
higher lumen output are making it possible to replace other lamps
with LED lamps.
 LEDs are damaged by operating at high temperatures, so LED
lamps typically include heat management elements such as heat
sinks and cooling fins.

38.  LED lamps offer long service life and high energy efficiency, but initial costs
are higher than those of fluorescent and incandescent lamps.
Compared to fluorescent bulbs, advantages claimed for LED light
bulbs[2] are that they contain no mercury (unlike CFL), that they turn on
instantly, and that lifetime is unaffected by cycling on and off, so that they are
well suited for light fixtures where bulbs are often turned on and off.
LED light bulbs are also mechanically robust; most other artificial light
sources are fragile.

39. Solar Powered Appliances
Other renewable resource products such as solar cooker,
solar water heaters solar lights. Chargers etc. can be used.
Thus reducing the conventional energy usage.
Photovoltaic solar panels
that generate electricity
can supplement a home
with a renewable source of
electricity.

40. HTS Wires
 HTS are materials that have
a superconducting transition temperature (Tc)
above 30 K (−243.2 °C).
 They have 100 times the capacity of conventional
wires without energy loss due to electrical
resistance.
 Modernize and expand the Nation’s electricity
delivery system.
 Term high-temperature superconductor was
used interchangeably
with cuprate superconductor for compounds
such as bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide
(BSCCO) and yttrium barium copper oxide
(YBCO).

41. HTS Materials
 Cuprate superconductors (and other unconventional superconductors) differ
in many important ways from conventional superconductors, such as
elemental mercury or lead, which are adequately explained by the BCS
theory.
 There also has been much debate as to high-temperature superconductivity
coexisting with magnetic ordering in YBCO, iron-based superconductors,
several ruthenocuprates and other exotic superconductors, and the search
continues for other families of materials. HTS are Type-II superconductors,
which allow magnetic fields to penetrate their interior in quantized units of
flux, meaning that much higher magnetic fields are required to suppress
superconductivity. The layered structure also gives a directional dependence
to the magnetic field response.

42. Need For Advanced Cables
And Conductors
 increase the delivery capacity of electricity systems.
 to improve the affordability of electric services by
reducing the need for new rights-of-way.
 to enhance efficiency by reducing energy losses.
 And to replace the conventional conductors such as
aluminium and copper with a more efficient option.

43. Application-Result-Challenge
 HTS technology has been applied to the key aspects of
the electricity system—generation, delivery and control.
 higher capacity HTS power lines c provide a new
approach to building transmission and distribution
systems thus reducing the footprint and allowing
additional capacity to be placed in service within existing
rights-of-way.
 to develop economic processing methods for
manufacturing ductile wires while using ceramic materials
that are characteristically brittle and granular

44. HTS Fault Current Limiters
(FCLs)
 Has potential to save utilities money and make the
modern grid more efficient by protecting electric grid
equipment from damages and by helping to avoid
outages.
 This added level of protection may, in turn, allow
connectivity between power substations to increase grid
flexibility and flow control.

45. Limitation
 However, to reach their full potential, HTS equipment will
require the capability to operate over a wide range of
voltage and power, as our current electricity system does.

46. PRESENTED BY:
PRASAD THANTHRATEY ARC049
VRINDA TAPADIA ARC048
PAWAN TIRPUDE ARC050
SAUREABH DEOITALE ARC043
SHHRRUTI JAIN ARC044
SHIVANGI NEGI ARC045
SUBHA MALA SOMBATULLA ARC046
SWAPNIL PUDKE ARC047
TUSHAR BANSOD ARC051
THANK YOU !!!!