1. Water Resources

2. Water Resources
•
•
•
•
•
1. Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs
2. Floods and Flood Control
3. Use of Water
4. Water Composition
5. Water Problems

3. Withdrawal vs Consumption
• Consumed
–
–
–
–
–
Evaporated
Transpired
Incorporated into crops
Consumed by humans or livestock
consumptive use—the part of water withdrawn
that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into
products or crops, consumed by humans or
livestock, or otherwise removed from the
immediate water environment.

4. Types of withdrawal
•
•
•
•
Domestic-commercial
Industrial-Mining
Thermoelectric power
Irrigation—some use for livestock
•
Consumptive-use estimates were included in some previous water-use
Circulars but were omitted for 2000. Also referred to as water consumed.

5. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/htdocs/table01.html

6. Who uses the most water in the
US?
• California
• Texas
• The least ?
• Alaska
• Dependent on population and
agriculture

8. Water Use UK
UK water resource use by industry, 1997/98 - Total abstraction: 16.8
billion cubic metres

9. Water Requirements: W. Society
Home Use
Liters
gallons
Shower per minute
19
5
Bath
114
30
Toilet flush
15
4
Load wash
114
30
Hose flow/hour
1136
300
Human Survival per person/yr 720
190

10. Water Requirements: W. Society
Food Production
Liters
gallons
Sugar per ton
946,000
250,000
Corn per ton
946,000
250,000
Rice per ton
9,460,000
2,500,000
Milk per gallon
61,000
16,000
Beef per pound
14,000
3,700

11. Annual Renewable Water Supply
http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.php?map_select=265&theme=4

12. U.S. Water Management

13. How do you get water to cities?
• 1st stream channels were altered or
extended to flow into more accessible
areas
• Greeks built masonry structures and made
tunnels to move water
• Romans built aqueducts—by A.D. 97 they
had 9 aqueducts that brought 322 million
liters a day to Rome

15. Irrigation
• Within the U.S. differs from east to west:
about 5% in the east is used for irrigation,
90% of water use in west is for irrigation.
The water used in irrigation accounts for
85% of all the water consumed in the U.S.

16. Industrial Use
• For processing, washing, and cooling
• Most water is returned to the system,
however we need to concerned about the
quality: industrial pollution and heat
pollution

17. Thermoelectric power
• Water used in the generation of electricty
from fossil fuels, nuclear and geothermal
sources
• About 98% of the water is returned to
system, but it is hotter than it should be

18. Hydroelectric Power
• Total average flow in all U.S. rivers is
1270 Bgal/day
• Total instream hydroelectric power use:
about 3300 Bgal/day
• How does that work?

19. World water usage
http://www.worldmapper.org/

20. Water Resources
•
•
•
•
•
1. Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs
2. Floods and Flood Control
3. Use of Water
4. Water Composition
5. Water Problems

21. Water Composition
• “Pure spring water”
– About 30 ppm of dissolved material 0.003%
• Dead sea/Great Salt Lake
– About 300,000 ppm or 30%
• Ocean Water
– 35,000 ppm or 3.5%

22. Water for human consumption
• Should have less than 500 ppm dissolved
salts
• Water with > 2000 ppm is unsuitable for
most other uses (perhaps cooling would
be ok—but not irrigation)

23. Rainwater from Menlo Pk, and
average from sites in N.C. and Virginia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Sulfate
Chloride
Silica
TDS
pH
Values in PPM
0.8
1.2
9.4
4
7.6
17
0.3
38
5.5
0.65
0.14
0.56
0.11
2.2
0.57
4.7
-

24. Other Natural waters
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
40.7
1.68
14
22
241
400
144
6.5
3.11
4540
Magnesium
7.2
0.24
13
17
7200
1350
55
1.1
0.7
160
Sodium
1.4
0.16
8
14
83,600
10,500
Potassium
1.2
0.31
0.5
4070
380
Bicarbonate
114
5.4
104
129
251
28
622
Sulfate
36
1.3
4.7
1.3
16,400
185
Chloride
1.1
0.06
8.5
33
140,000
Silica
3.7
0.7
24
30
TDS
207
10
120
6.9
7.7
Calcium
pH
-
-
~27
~37
3.03
2740
~2
~3
1.09
32.1
77
20
55
60
15
1
1
19000
53
17
0.5
12,600
48
3
22
103
16.4
8.5
180
254,000
35000
670
222
36
20,338
7
7.4
6.7
6.2
6.5
-
-

25. World Poor Water
www.worldmapper.org