The document discusses introducing a second dose of the measles vaccine in India's routine immunization program. It notes that measles remains a major cause of death among children in India despite significant vaccination progress. Adding a second dose of the measles vaccine is expected to provide fuller protection against the disease. The document provides guidance on operationalizing the second dose, answering frequently asked questions about measles and the vaccine, and reiterating key facts about measles prevention through vaccination.
Universal Immunization Program is a vaccination program launched by the Government of India in 1985.
It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Program in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under National Rural Health Mission(NRHM) since 2005.
Program consists of vaccination for 12 diseases -
Tuberculosis
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus,
Poliomyelitis,
Measles,
Hepatitis B,
Diarrhea,
Japanese-Encephalitis,
Rubella,
Pneumonia
Pneumococcal diseases
Universal Immunization Program is a vaccination program launched by the Government of India in 1985.
It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Program in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under National Rural Health Mission(NRHM) since 2005.
Program consists of vaccination for 12 diseases -
Tuberculosis
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus,
Poliomyelitis,
Measles,
Hepatitis B,
Diarrhea,
Japanese-Encephalitis,
Rubella,
Pneumonia
Pneumococcal diseases
Immunization is single most important step towards control and elimination of infectious disease.
With regards to epidemiology and population demographics, various changes are made from time to time in Immunization Schedule of the National Health Programme.
This slide show encompasses the recent changes made by National Health Commission with regards to Immunization Schedule.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Solid waste management & Types of Basic civil Engineering notes by DJ Sir.pptxDenish Jangid
Solid waste management & Types of Basic civil Engineering notes by DJ Sir
Types of SWM
Liquid wastes
Gaseous wastes
Solid wastes.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE:
Based on their sources of origin
Based on physical nature
SYSTEMS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
METHODS FOR DISPOSAL OF THE SOLID WASTE:
OPEN DUMPS:
LANDFILLS:
Sanitary landfills
COMPOSTING
Different stages of composting
VERMICOMPOSTING:
Vermicomposting process:
Encapsulation:
Incineration
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE:
Refuse
Reuse
Recycle
Reduce
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Measles Vaccine 2nd dose
in Routine immunization
Guide for Health Workers, with answers to
Frequently asked Questions
2doses
and full protection
from measles
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Government of India
2010
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2. Measles Vaccine: 2nd Dose in Routine Immunization
T he Government of India (GoI) had
introduced measles vaccine in its
Universal Immunization Programme
(Routine Immunization) in 1985. GoI has
now decided to introduce a second dose of
measles vaccine in Routine Immunization
(RI) following recommendations from
national expert committees.
Twenty-one states and union territories
(UTs) have >80% coverage of measles containing vaccine first
dose (MCV1). These states are Andhra Pradesh, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli,
Daman and Diu, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttarakhand,
Punjab, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka,
Lakshadweep, Puducherry, and Sikkim. These states will
include the second dose of measles in RI for children between
16 and 24 months of age. Of these 21, four states/UTs (Goa,
Delhi, Sikkim & Puducherry) have already introduced MCV2 in
their RI schedule. The remaining 17 states/UTs will introduce
this soon. In 14 states with MCV1 coverage <80%, MCV2 will
be given phase-wise during measles catch-up campaigns.
Later, these states will also introduce MCV2 in their RI
programme.
This guide has two parts:
1. Part 1 focuses on key operational aspects on measles
2nd dose in Ri.
2. Part 2 gives answers to frequently asked questions on
measles 2nd dose in Ri.
Key facts on measles 2nd dose in Ri are listed on the back
cover.
2 Guide for Health Workers, with Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
3. Measles Vaccine: 2nd Dose in Routine Immunization
Part 1
Measles is one of the most infectious diseases. Measles is
an acute viral illness. Transmission of the measles virus is
by respiratory droplets or through direct contact. Measles
virus reduces immunity, and children may die of pneumonia,
diarrhea and encephalitis after they get measles. Children
inflicted with measles may also suffer permanent disability
(blindness, encephalitis). In impoverished areas, persistent
diarrhea with protein-losing enteropathy may ensue,
particularly in young infants.
While India has made significant progress in child survival,
measles remains a leading cause of death and disability among
young children. An estimated 50,000 to 100,000 children die
from measles annually in India, making it a leading cause of
child deaths. The national routine measles vaccination coverage
is 69% (DLHS-3). When vaccine efficacy of 85% at 9 months
of age is taken into account, approximately 46% (31% un-
immunized plus 15% of immunized who failed to seroconvert)
of children in each birth cohort remain susceptible to measles
due to drop out, left out, and failure to develop immunity.
Revised routine immunization schedule
In the revised routine immunization schedule, every child
will get two doses of measles vaccine: the first dose between
9 and 12 months of age and the second dose between 16 and
24 months of age along with DPT booster dose. If a child has
missed the first or the second dose, both doses can be given up
to 5 years of age maintaining a gap of at least 4 weeks between
the doses.
The recommended childhood vaccination schedule under RI is
given on page 4 (see table).
Guide for Health Workers, with Answers to Frequently Asked Questions 3
4. Measles Vaccine: 2nd Dose in Routine Immunization
child immunization schedule
Vaccine Schedule
BCG, OPV-0, HepB-0 At birth
DPT-1,2,3, Hepatitis-1,2,3, 6 weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks
and OPV-1,2,3
Measles and Vitamin A 9-12 months
Vitamin A (total 9 doses)* 1st dose with measles vaccine at
9 month, subsequently, every six
months till 5 years of age
DPT booster, OPV booster, 16-24 months
Measles 2nd dose**, JE***
DPT booster 5-6 years
TT 10 years and 16 years
*The 2nd to 9th doses of Vitamin A can be administered to children 1-5 years old during
biannual rounds.
**Measles second dose which can be Measles alone or Measles-Rubella (MR) or Measles-
Mumps-Rubella (MMR)
***JE vaccine in select endemic districts after the campaign.
Points to remember during measles vaccination
1. Write the time of reconstitution on the vials.
2. Use the reconstituted measles vaccine, within 4 hrs of
reconstitution. At the end of 4 hrs, discard the vaccine and
reconstitute a new one if required.
3. Don’t prefill syringes in advance. Reconstitute the
vaccine even when only one eligible child is present. Safe
vaccination is more important than wastage.
4. The dose of 0.5 ml will be given subcutaneously in the
upper outer quadrant of the right arm.
5. IEC material, immunization cards, MCH registers, vaccine
stock and issue registers should be modified to include
measles 2nd dose.
6. Ask beneficiaries to wait for 30 minutes after vaccination to
observe for any AEFI.
4 Guide for Health Workers, with Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
5. Measles Vaccine: 2nd Dose in Routine Immunization
Part 2
Frequently asked questions on measles
Q1. What are the symptoms of measles?
Symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, loss
of appetite, ‘redness in eye’, and a rash. The rash
usually lasts 5 to 6 days and begins at the hairline,
moves to the face and upper neck, and proceeds
down the body.
Q2. How serious is measles?
Measles can be a serious disease, with 30 out of
100 reported cases experiencing one or more complications.
Complications from measles are more common among very
young children (younger than 5 years of age) and adults (older
than 20 years of age).
Q3. What are the possible complications from
measles?
Diarrhea, ear infections, and pneumonia account for 60% of
measles-related deaths. Approximately, one out of one million
cases will develop acute encephalitis, an inflammation of the
brain. This serious complication can lead to permanent brain
damage.
Q4. Who gets severe measles?
Measles can be especially severe in persons with low immunity.
Measles is more severe in malnourished children, particularly
those with deficiency of vitamin A.
Q5. is there a treatment for measles?
There is no specific treatment for measles. People with measles
need bed rest with frequent food and fluid intake and control
of fever. Give two doses of Vitamin A, 24 hours apart @
50000 IU for patients less than 6 months old; 100000 IU for
Guide for Health Workers, with Answers to Frequently Asked Questions 5
6. Measles Vaccine: 2nd Dose in Routine Immunization
patients 6-11 months; and 200000 IU for patients 12 months
and above immediately after diagnosis of measles. Vitamin A
administration decreases the risks of complications and death.
Q6. How long is a person with measles contagious?
Measles is highly contagious and can be transmitted from four
days before the rash becomes visible to four days after the rash
disappears.
Q7. How is the disease prevented?
Measles can be prevented by immunizing children with measles
vaccine. This vaccine is safe and effective.
Q8. Why is a second dose of
measles vaccine introduced
in the national immunization
programme?
Measles is a highly infectious
disease causing illness and death
due to complications such as
diarrhea, pneumonia or brain
infection. One dose of measles vaccine at 9 months of age
protects 85% of infants. With the second dose, all children who
remained unprotected after the first dose will receive protection.
Q9. What side effects have been reported with the
measles vaccine?
The vaccine may cause slight fever, or a mild rash in some
children. When these occur, fever and rash appear 7 to 12 days
after vaccination. Severe reactions are rare.
Q10. if the diluent for the measles vaccine is
misplaced can sterile water be used instead? is there
any problem with doing this?
Only the diluent supplied with the vaccine should be used to
reconstitute any vaccine, otherwise the vaccine will not be
effective.
6 Guide for Health Workers, with Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
7. Measles Vaccine: 2nd Dose in Routine Immunization
Q11. if a child has received the measles vaccine
before 9 months of age, is it necessary to repeat the
vaccine later?
Yes. The child should receive two doses of measles vaccine
according to the national immunization schedule, that is after
completion of 9 months until 12 months of age and at 16 to 24
months. If not administered in the ideal age for measles vaccine,
it can be administered until 5 years of age.
Q12. if a child received one dose of measles vaccine
during an sia (supplementary immunization activity)
campaign, should the child receive the routine dose
of measles vaccine?
Yes, the child should receive the routine doses of measles
vaccine irrespective of the SIA dose.
Q13. If a child comes late for the first dose of measles
can the second dose be given?
All efforts should be made to immunize children at the right
age, that is the first dose at completed 9 months and second dose
at 16 to 24 months. However, if a child comes late then give
two doses of measles vaccine at four weeks interval until
5 years of age.
Q14. if a child comes unimmunized at completing
24 months of age, what vaccines would you give?
Give three doses of DPT and OPV at intervals of four weeks
and a booster dose of DPT after six months. Give two doses
of measles vaccine with first two doses of DPT vaccine and
Vitamin A solution with the first dose of DPT.
Q15. does the risk of adverse effect increase with the
second dose?
No. The risk of adverse effects of measles vaccine does not
increase with the second dose.
Guide for Health Workers, with Answers to Frequently Asked Questions 7
8. Key facts about Measles
1. Measles (Khasra) kills nearly 100,000 children every year in
India.
2. Measles is a highly infectious disease. It is caused by a virus.
It spreads from person to person through coughing, sneezing,
etc.
3. A person having measles shows symptoms of fever and rash,
cough or runny nose or redness of eyes.
4. Measles can be prevented by a measles vaccine. Two doses
provide adequate protection. The first dose should be given
along with Vitamin-A syrup when the child has completed 9
months of age. The second dose should be given from 16–24
months of age.
5. Usually unimmunized children get measles.
6. A measles case is infectious from 4 days before appearance
of rash to 4 days after the rash has disappeared.
7. Measles can cause complications such as diarrhea, pneumonia,
mouth ulcers, ear infection, damage to eyes, and brain
infection.
8. Measles can lead to death from complications that it causes.
9. Death from measles can occur within 30 days after onset of
rash. Rash may not be present at the time of death.
Protect children from measles !
The Right Vaccine at the Right Time
Blessings for a Healthy Life