2. Sensory Receptors in Skin Figure 12.1 Free nerve endings Thermo-, light touch, and pain receptors Modified and encapsulated nerve endings Merkel disks: light touch Hair Free nerve endings: sense changing position of hairs Meissner ’ s corpuscle: light touch Pacinian corpuscle: deep pressure and high- frequency vibration Ruffini endings: pressure Epidermis Subcutaneous layer Dermis

3. Locations and Structure of the Receptors for Taste Figure 12.5d

4. Olfactory Receptors and the Mucus-Producing Olfactory Glands Figure 12.6

5. Structure of the Human Ear Figure 12.9

6. Structures and Function of the Cochlea Figure 12.10

7. Sensing Head Position and Acceleration Figure 12.13a–c

8. Structure of the Eye Figure 12.14 Canal of Schlemm Iris Lens Pupil Cornea Aqueous humor Ciliary muscle Sclera Choroid Vitreous humor Retina Fovea Optic disk Optic nerve

9. Examples of Abnormal Vision Figure 12.16a

10. Examples of Abnormal Vision Figure 12.16b

11. Examples of Abnormal Vision Figure 12.16c

12. Examples of Abnormal Vision Figure 12.16d

13. Structure of the Retina Figure 12.17

15. Anatomy of the Brain

16. Motor and Sensory areas of the left Cerebral Cortex

19. Inferior view of the brain Cranial Nerves

20. Sensory afferent pathway through the dorsal root Motor efferent pathway through the ventral root

23. Referred Pain Visceral pain may be felt at these surface regions

24. Dermatomes Visceral pain may be felt at these surface regions Notice each nerve path

26. Posterior Column Pathway Cerebral cortex Sensory path toward brain!

27. Corticospinal Pathway Cerebral cortex Motor path away from brain Toward muscle or gland

28. Mechanoreceptors of the body

29. Chemoreceptors of the body

38. Medial Lateral Light pathway

39. Retina

40. Light pathway

43. Know the layers/tunics of the EYE! Retina (Neural tunic) Fibrous tunic Choroid tunic

45. Visual nerve pathway IMAGE sent to cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex

52. 1- Sound waves reach tympanic membrane 2- the movement of the tympanic membrane causes the ossicle to move 3- The stapes moves the fluid within the vestibular duct 4,5 &6 fluid movement causes mechanoreceptors to send signal

53. Anatomy of the chochlea Mechanoreceptors (hair cells) located here