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Fluids
1.
Fluids Physics 2
2.
Topic Outline •
Pressure • Hydraulic Press • Pressure and Depth • Buoyancy • Fluid Flow • Bernoulli’s Equation • Application of Bernoulli’s Equation • Viscosity • Surface Tension
3.
Pressure Pressure is the magnitude of the normal force acting per unit area.
4.
Three Types of Pressure Gages
5.
Absolute Pressure Absolute Pressure or the true pressure is the sum of the gage pressure and the atmospheric pressure.
6.
Example:
7.
Three Properties of Pressure in a Fluid • The forces a fluid at rest exerts on the walls of its
container, and vice versa, always act perpendicular to the walls. • An external pressure exerted on a fluid is transmitted uniformly throughout the volume of the fluid. • The pressure on a small surface in a fluid is the same regardless of the orientation of the surface.
8.
Variation of atmospheric pressure
with height
9.
Variation of fluid pressure with depth
10.
Pump Pump is a device for creating pressure difference.
11.
Hydraulic Press
12.
Hydraulic Brakes
13.
Example:
14.
Pressure and Depth Pressure in a fluid increases with depth
15.
Example:
16.
Buoyancy When the object is placed in water (or any other fluid), an upward force acts on it. This effect, called buoyancy.
17.
Example:
18.
Example:
19.
Hydrometer The hydrometer is a simple instrument based on Archimedes’ Principle that is used to measure the density of a liquid.
20.
Fluid Flow Laminar (or streamline) flow is when every particle of fluid passing a particular point follows the same path. Turbulent flow is when the flow of fluid produce irregular whirls and eddies occur. NOTE: The greater the speed of a fluid in stream flow, the lower the pressure.
21.
Rate of Flow
22.
Equation of Continuity
23.
Example:
24.
Bernoulli’s Equation
25.
Example:
26.
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation • Liquid at Rest • Torricelli’s Theorem •
Flow from orifice
27.
Liquid at Rest When a liquid column is stationary, the pressure difference between two depths is:
28.
Torricelli’s Theorem Torricelli’s Theorem states that the speed at which the liquid comes out is the same as the speed of a body falling from rest from the height h.
29.
Flow from Orifice The rate at which liquid flows through the opening is:
30.
Example:
31.
Example:
32.
Pressure and Speed In a horizontal pipe the pressure is greatest when the velocity is least, and vice versa.
33.
Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is a kind of internal friction that prevents neighboring layers of the fluid from sliding freely past one another.
34.
Viscosities of various fluids at atmospheric
pressure and indicated temperature
35.
Poiseuille’s Law If the pipe is cylindrical with the length L, and inside radius r, and a fluid viscosity η is in laminar flow through it under the influence of a pressure difference ∆P, the rate or flow is:
36.
Surface Tension The Surface Tension of a liquid refers to the tendency of its surface to contract to the minimum possible area in any situation.
37.
REFERENCE: Modern Technical Physics 6th Edition by
Arthur Beiser Copyright © 1992 by Addison‐Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.