1. Edexcel Examinations
AS Level Sport and Physical Education
AS Module Unit 1
Participation in Sport and Recreation
Section 1.1
Healthy and Active Lifestyles
Part 1:
Development of active leisure and recreation
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6. Leisure – WHAT IS IT?
• An activity, apart from the obligations of
work, family and society, to which the
individual turns to his/her free will
• Social Function.
• Requires free time
• It is more than an activity, it is the experience.
• It is undertaken as free choice.
• It can improve health and fitness.
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8. WHY DO WE NEED ACTIVE LEISURE?
Psychological- Physiological-
Relieve stress/ Health &
boredom Fitness
Emotional –
Satisfaction/
enjoyment
? Social –
Friendship &
communication
Personal –
Development
Of self-control
& ability
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9. Current trends of leisure and
recreation
• Changes in work / life balance
• Changes in work - use of machinery to do
labour jobs (less active jobs)
• Fewer people are walking/ cycling to and from
work
• = more sedentary lifestyles and low fitness
levels in society
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11. Fitness
• Can be explained as the condition of the body
and mind at any one time.
• Health, age, and free time must always be taken
into account when assessing fitness levels.
• Compare the fitness of a 50 year old to 20 year
old!??
• How could fitness affect you (or anyone else)
from participating in sport???
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12. Definition
• Health related fitness
• A basic level of physical fitness components
which facilitate a good level of health
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13. Ability
• Will vary according to health, age and fitness
• Skills an individual has to take part in the
activity.
• How would ability affect your participation in
sport??
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14. Resources
• Essential for most sports and activities
• The activity and the level at which you are
taking part will effect how much you depend
on resources.
• ‘SPORT FOR ALL’
• What is it???
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15. Time
• Most crucial feature of modern life!
• Concerns about obesity and related diseases
because of lack of time to participate in sport.
How could sports clubs / centres help the
modern person overcome the ‘lack of time’
problem??
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16. Exam questions
1. Briefly outline three basic requirements an
individual needs in order to participate in sport
and recreation (3 marks)
2. Define and link the concepts of leisure and
recreation (3 marks)
3. In relation to sport and recreation, what do the
terms opportunity and provision mean?
Illustrate your answer with an example. (4
marks)
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17. Homework
• What is mass participation??
• What does ‘sport for all’ mean??
• Can you find any other initiatives in other
countries? France, Australia, New Zealand?
• Research in your text book and on the internet.
• Must be in your own words!!!
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19. PARTICIPATION
• government philosophy of mass participation has a two-fold
aim:
• health and fitness of the Nation
• providing a broad base to the participation pyramid
• thereby ensuring that those with the talent can achieve
excellence
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20. SPORTS DEVELOPMENT PYRAMID
National Training National Training at National
Squad Sports Centres
squads
Financial Progression Development
Assistance To Area levels squads
Access to
District District/ Training
Competitions County levels
Talent scouts, club Links to Affiliation
coaching local clubs
to NGB’s
Early Activity
In Schools
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21. Mass participation
• Government initiative – ‘Sport for all’
• 1972
• Promote healthy lifestyles
• Base for elite pyramid (previous slide)
• 3 strands – Children and Youth, Adult and
Elderly.
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22. Children and
Elderly
Youth
Sport for
All
Off peak
Extra facilities
curricular
opportunities
Adults
Life
time
Structured
outdoor
sports
experiences
Leisure centre access
Competition and club
access
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23. PARTICIPATION IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY, PROVISION &
ESTEEM
• Various groups of people may not
want to participate in sport – and
this could be for a variety of
reasons.
• We tend to discuss these reasons
in terms of
– opportunity
– provision
– esteem
• More of this later in section 1.2
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25. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
FOR THE INDIVIDUAL?
• Builds healthy bones, joints & muscles.
• Improves psychological well-being.
• Allows for personal challenge.
• Encourages social mixing with others.
• Prevents obesity.
• Prevents diabetes.
• Prevents high blood pressure.
• Prevents coronary heart disease.
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26. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR
SOCIETY?
• Improved health of the nation.
• Decreased burden on national
resources such as the NHS.
• Decreased crime.
• Increased opportunities for
excellence on a world stage.
• Increased socialisation between
different cultures and groups.
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27. WHY ARE WE MORE SEDENTARY NOW, THAN EVER BEFORE?
• We have more office-based jobs
than manual jobs.
• We use cars/buses/trains to get
to places - rather than walk or
cycle.
• The rise of the computer game!
• Improvements in technology
mean we can socialize in
different ways other than sport -
e.g. the internet.
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28. HOW TO DEVELOP & SUSTAIN A BALANCED, ACTIVE &
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.
• How often (frequency)?
• 3-4 times a week - more if you are
trying to lose weight or get fitter.
• How much (intensity)?
• A comfortable (moderate pace).
• What kind of activity (type)?
• Something enjoyable & which raises
the pulse - for example:
walking, climbing, playing tennis etc
(the list is endless)
• How long (time)?
• At least 20-30 minutes.
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29. CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS
high blood
diabetes pressure high
cholesterol
metabolic
CHD syndrome
CONTEMPORARY
CONCERNS sedentary
obesity lifestyle
activity
patterns
stress
access ageing
population
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30. OBESITY
• OVERWEIGHT is a body weight that exceeds the norm
or standard weight for a particular
• height
• frame size
• gender’
• OBESITY – Definition
• ‘a surplus of adipose tissue resulting from excessive
energy intake relative to energy expenditure’
• males - body fat greater than 25%
• females - body fat greater than 35%
• CAUSE OF OBESITY
• the main cause of obesity is a positive energy balance
• ENERGY INTAKE > ENERGY OUTPUT
• or more food than exercise
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31. OBESITY AND HEALTH DISORDERS
• THE FACTS
• over 30,000 deaths a year are caused by obesity - in England
• 22% of the British adult population are obese
• 75% of the British adult population are overweight
• child obesity has increased 3-fold in the last 20 years
• obesity can lead to many health problems:
– arthritis
– heart disease
– diabetes
• DIABETES
• a condition which occurs when a person’s body cannot
regulate glucose levels
• obesity and overweight conditions are major risk factors for
type 2 diabetes
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32. CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD)
CHD
• is one of Britain’s greatest killers and encompasses diseases such as angina and
heart attacks or coronary thrombosis
• angina begins as a chest pain which is due to ischemia or lack of blood and hence
oxygen to the heart muscle itself
• the first symptoms of CHD are usually noticed during physical exertion or
excitement and the subsequent increase in heart rate
• heavy, cramp-like pains are experienced across the chest
• angina is normally treated and controlled with drugs and relaxation, but a person
suffering from this condition has a higher risk of suffering from a coronary
thrombosis
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD)
• include diseases of the heart and blood vessels
OBESITY AND CHD
• cardiac workload (hence risk of CHD) is less with lower body mass
• capability to move around (walk / run / climb) therefore better with lower body
mass
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33. CHD
CORONARY THROMBOSIS
• heart attack is a sudden severe blockage in one of the
coronary arteries, completely cutting off the blood
supply to part of the myocardial (heart) tissue
• this blockage is often caused by a blood clot formed
within slowly moving blood in an already damaged,
partially obstructed coronary artery
• heart attacks can be severe or mild, depending on the
positioning of the blockage
• in a severe blockage the heart may stop beating - called
a cardiac arrest, about half of all cardiac arrest cases die
• in 2008, Coronary heart disease accounted for 30% of
all UK deaths in people aged less than 75 years
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34. DIABETES
METABOLIC SYNDROME
• this term links coronary artery disease, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids (fats),
type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity to insulin resistance
INSULIN
• insulin is a hormone which enables the transfer of glucose from the blood into
cells where it is needed for metabolism
DIABETES
• this happens because the Islets of Langerhans situated within the pancreas stop
functioning properly and therefore do not produce enough insulin
or the insulin does not facilitate blood glucose to be transferred into cells where
metabolism occurs - the cells have insulin resistance
• hence cells (particularly muscle cells) will not have enough glucose to function
properly - and the person feels exhausted
• other symptoms are:
– lack of circulation to the hands and feet
– extremes of thirst or hunger
– unexplained weight loss
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35. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OR HYPERTENSION
• occurs when a person’s blood pressure is
continually high, equal to or greater than
140/90 mmHg
• high blood pressure is often associated with
excess weight and hardening of the arteries
(arteriosclerosis)
• hypertension is a major contributing factor in
atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease
(CHD), and strokes
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36. HIGH CHOLESTEROL
CHOLESTEROL
• cholesterol is a substance produced from fatty foods
• particularly from a diet high in saturated fat
• if this is not removed by the digestive process, it can be deposited in arteries
causing them to be narrower
• this is a form of atherosclerosis
EXERCISE AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL
• exercise increases High Density Lipoproteins HDL and decreases Low Density
Lipoproteins LDL (LDL are responsible for depositing cholesterol and narrowing
lumen of artery), hence blood pressure (BP) becomes stable
• thus preventing hypertension
RISK FACTORS FOR HIGH CHOLESTEROL
• lack of exercise • diet
• heredity • bodyweight
• age • gender
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37. METABOLIC SYNDROME
METABOLIC SYNDROME
• this term links coronary artery disease, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids (fats),
type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity to insulin resistance
• the risk factors for this syndrome are:
• arterial plaque build-up
• excessive fat deposits in the abdominal region
• high blood triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol
• raised blood pressure
• raised cellular resistance to insulin
• the inability to absorb glucose
• roughly 20% of the population in the USA have this condition which makes type II
diabetes worse and hence the risk of eyesight and circulation problems in older
people
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38. • What is a sedentary lifestyle?
• Lack of physical activity
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39. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES
• HYPOKINETIC DISORDERS
• diseases that develop partly due to insufficient exercise
• OSTEOPOROSIS
• this is an age-related condition in which reduction of bone mass takes place
• this is due to reabsorption of minerals that form part of bone structure
• making bones porous, brittle and liable to break
• linked with hormonal changes in postmenopausal females
• or with the sedentary lifestyle led by many elderly people
• INACTIVITY
• this leads to poor flexibility as muscles, tendons and ligaments become shorter
and tighter
• often resulting in back pain and other joint pain particularly in the knees and
wrists
• OSTEOARTHRITIS
• this is a condition where joints thicken with fluid-filled pockets, restricting joint
flexibility
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40. ACTIVITY PATTERNS
LIFESTYLE TRENDS
• issues affecting health are:
• diet and nutrition
• lack of physical activity
• smoking
• alcohol
• recreational drugs
EFFECT ON LIFESPAN
• all these factors affect the quality of life and age of
death of an individual
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41. AGEING AND HEALTH
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• hardening of the arteries usually occurring in older people, and which is a
process enhanced by lack of exercise
• this happens mostly in the lower limbs, and involves a gradual calcification of the
tunica media (the muscular middle wall of an artery)
• hence reducing the mobility of older people
OSTEOPOROSIS
• as mentioned above, this condition is linked with hormonal changes in
postmenopausal females
• or with the sedentary lifestyle led by many elderly people
OSTEOARTHRITIS
• this joint condition can be very restrictive for older people
LONGEVITY
• people are living longer as improved nutrition, health care, and exercise regimes
are having an effect on life chances
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42. ACCESS IN TERMS OF OPPORTUNITY & PROVISION
OPPORTUNITY
• various groups of people may not want to participate in sport for cultural
reasons:
• gender
• ethnicity / religion
• age
• disability
• social / economic class
PROVISION
• this is concerned with the facilities available to a potential performer
• depends on the following factors:
• inner city or countryside?
• poor or rich neighbourhood?
• regional hub nearby - and can the performer use it?
• travel distance?
• expensive equipment / kit required?
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43. STRESS AND STRESSORS
• STRESS
• a response of the body to any demands made on it
• symptoms of stress
– physiological
– psychological social chemical
– behavioural
psychological
STRESSORS biochemical
climatic
bacterial
physical
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45. STRESSORS
• STRESSORS
• social
• disapproval of parents / peers
• rejection by peers / parents
• isolation from normal social interactions
• chemical / biochemical
• harm by ingestion of substances
• bacterial
• illness caused by micro-organisms
• physical
• injury / pain / exhaustion
• climatic
• extremes of weather
• hot weather for endurance activities
• rain and cold on bare skin
• psychological
• mismatch between perception of demands of task
• and ability to cope
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46. SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
• PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS • BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS
• increased heart rate • rapid talking
• increased blood pressure • nail biting
• increased sweating • pacing
• increased breathing rate • scowling
• decreased flow of blood to the skin • yawning
• increased oxygen uptake • trembling
• dry mouth • raised voice pitch
• frequent urination
• PSYCHLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
• worry
• feeling overwhelmed
• inability to make decisions
• inability to concentrate
• inability to direct attention appropriately
• narrowing of attention
• feeling out of control
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