Blog – Critical Material – Green Economy – June 2021 1. Supply - https://qz.com/2012722/rare-earth-industry-looks-at-global-chips-shortage-for-lessons/ 2. Supply chain issues - https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-administration-to-outline-measures-to-address-supply-chain-issues-11623142800 3. Australia rare earths - https://www.mining-technology.com/features/made-in-australia-why-is-the-pentagon-investing-in-australian-rare-earths/ 4. Mineral prices - https://mineralprices.com/rare-earth-metals/ 5. Environmental - https://theconversation.com/demand-for-rare-earth-metals-is-skyrocketing-so-were-creating-a-safer-cleaner-way-to-recover-them-from-old-phones-and-laptops-141360 6. Canada- https://www.mining.com/canada-to-have-rare-earth-processing-plant-in-2022/ 7. Canada mining - https://www.mining-technology.com/news/vital-metals-rare-earths-project-canada/ 8. G7 - https://news.yahoo.com/rare-earth-metals-heart-chinas-011737920.html 9. Critical minerals - https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/5/22421081/critical-minerals-climate-change-goals-clean-energy 10. Mitigating global geopolitical issues - https://investors-corner.bnpparibas-am.com/investing/rare-earth-metals-how-to-limit-the-impact-of-the-clean-energy-transition/

1. Clean Technology –
Raw Material –
What is next?
Paul Young CPA CGA
Month
June 14, 2021

2. Paul Young - Bio
• CPA, CGA
• Academia (PF1, FA4, FN2, MU1. and MS2)
• SME – Risk Management
• SME – Close, Consolidate and Reporting
• SME – Public Policy
• SME – Emerging Technology
• SME – Business Process Change
• SME – Financial Solutions
• SME – Macro/Micro Indicators
• SME – Supply Chain Management
• SME – Data, AI, Security, and Platform
• SME – Internal Controls and Auditing
Contact information: Paul_Young_CGA@hotmail.com
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/paul-young-055632b/
SlideShare - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga

3. 3
Agenda
• Rare Metals Reserves
• Innovation/Mining of Rare Metals
• Lithium Reserves
• Vanadium
• Cobalt
• Strengths and Weaknesses
• Blog – Building a strong economy while protecting the environment
• Blog – How best to support the circular economy
• Blog – Managing carbon leakage
• What is next?

4. 4
Rare Metals
Source - https://www.industryweek.com/supply-chain/article/21166849/rare-earth-metals-at-the-heart-of-chinas-rivalry-with-us-europe?utm_source=IY+IW+Daily+Headlines+-
+Morning&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CPS210609059&o_eid=7930I4506489J2B&rdx.ident%5Bpull%5D=omeda%7C7930I4506489J2B&oly_enc_id=7930I4506489J2B

5. 5
Rare Metals
Reserves
Source -
https://www.statista.com/statistics/277268/ra
re-earth-reserves-by-country/

6. 6
Rare Earths
Source -
https://financialpost.com/commodities/en
ergy/what-on-earth-are-rare-earths-and-
where-can-you-find-them-an-explainer

7. 7
Innovation Mining of Rare Metals
Metals are currently almost exclusively extracted from their ore via physical
excavation. This energy-intensive process dictates that metal mining remains
among the foremost CO2 emitters and mine waste is the single largest waste
form by mass. We propose a new approach, electrokinetic in situ leaching (EK-
ISL), and demonstrate its applicability for a Cu-bearing sulfidic porphyry ore. In
laboratory-scale experiments, Cu recovery was rapid (up to 57 weight % after 94
days) despite low ore hydraulic conductivity (permeability = 6.1 mD; porosity =
10.6%). Multiphysics numerical model simulations confirm the feasibility of EK-
ISL at the field scale. This new approach to mining is therefore poised to
spearhead a new paradigm of metal recovery from currently inaccessible ore
bodies with a markedly reduced environmental footprint.
Source - https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2021/05/electrically-controlled-mining-of-
rare-earth-
metals.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed
%3A+blogspot%2Fadvancednano+%28nextbigfuture%29
https://www.exeter.ac.uk/research/news/articles/scientistshavedevelopedan.html
Rare metals are key material require as part of moving to a clean technology
sustainable economy.

8. 8
Lithium Reserves
Source - https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/six-largest-lithium-
reserves-world/
Country Reserves
Bolivia 21 million tonnes
Argentina 17 million tonnes
Chile 9 million tonnes
United States 6.8 million tonnes
Australia 6.3 million tonnes
China 4.5 million tonnes
Source - https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.4745

9. 9
Vanadium

10. 10
Cobalt Reserves

11. 11
Critical Minerals
Strengths
1. Global Investment -
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/play-2-6-
trillion-clean-220000232.html
2. Battery production -
https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/96
313-ev-battery-makers-need-automation-
to-meet-demand
3. Smart cities -
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-
release/2021/04/29/2219867/0/en/At-20-
CAGR-Smart-Cities-Market-Size-Trends-
to-Soar-Globally-Expected-to-Touch-a-
Value-USD-297-7-Billion-By-2026-Says-
Facts-Factors.html
4. Moving the power grid to clean sources of
power -
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/electricity-
production-and-distribution-analysis-january-2021
5. Both the private and public sector
continue to look at their environmental
footprint (ESG Reporting -
https://ibm.box.com/s/vmyitcackqevvm1hc
xv7wke6gudrpnce )
Weaknesses
1. Environmental issues -
https://www.dw.com/en/toxic-and-
radioactive-the-damage-from-mining-rare-
elements/a-57148185
2. Access to supply -
https://www.greenbiz.com/article/why-us-
worried-about-its-critical-minerals-supply-
chains
3. Human rights -
https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-
critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-
transitions/executive-summary
4. China control -
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplom
acy/article/3130990/chinas-dominance-
rare-earths-supply-growing-concern-west
5. Sustainable mining practices -
https://investorintel.com/markets/technolo
gy-metals/technology-metals-
intel/developing-minerals-for-the-green-
economy-in-a-sustainable-way-is-the-
avalon-highway/

12. 12
Building a strong economy while
protecting the environment
My approach to the environment has always been
about solutions that protect the environment as
well as ensuring GDP grows in a sustainable way.
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/how-
best-to-address-issues-facing-the-environment
Ontario model for green energy was a failure -
https://ontario-wind-
resistance.org/2013/06/27/green-energy-job-
claims-are-a-farce

13. 13
How best to support the circular
economy
The focus should be on the following areas:
- Mitigation
- tax policies and regulatory reforms that support innovation in
the climate management area
- UN/WTO getting harder on global polluters
Tax https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/corporate-tax-
policies-vs-direct-subsidies-and-grants
Circular https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/how-best-to-
managed-the-circular-economy

14. 14
Top Carbon Sink Countries
Source - https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/un-deforestation-
reforestation-climate-change/
https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/giant-
sequoia-california-still-smoldering-last-years-wildfires-rcna866
Who owns the forestry management area?
https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2021-04-
30/newsom-california-wildfire-plan or
https://www.thecentersquare.com/california/study-poor-
forest-management-not-climate-change-to-blame-for-
wildfires/article_11c309be-0814-11eb-933a-
730af41545e6.html
This is an issue with all state and provincial governments when
it comes to management of the forests!
My work -
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/what-is-next-
for-the-forestry-sector-248000228
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/planet-greening-negated-global-
warming-show-nasa-maps-75878
The planet has been getting greener in the last 40
years. Until now, scientists believed vegetation
could alter temperatures at the surface by the way
the leaf area changed how much sunlight it
absorbed or reflected. More greenery can also
change how well water can penetrate and be
retained by soil and leaves.

15. 15
What is next
• Build back should mean developing policies that will ensure lives for everyone are more affordable -
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-04/inflation-risk-intensifies-with-supply-shortages-
multiplying
• Rise of housing costs could lead to issues with household budgets -
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/real-estate-canada-and-usa-analysis-and-commentary-
march-2021
• Countries around the world need to ensure they are aligning education with jobs of today and
tomorrow - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/human-capital-management-skills-development-
analysis-and-commentary-february-2021
• Mitigation of geopolitical risks will be key for both the public and private sectors -
https://ibm.box.com/s/rsp6p9tez8uru9fo0wu5d13bxt7rtrr0
• Growing the economy while protecting the environment – https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/what-is-next-for-the-
global-economy-april-2021-updated-april-23-2021
• Closing the infrastructure gap - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/how-to-fix-the-infrastructure-gap-canada-and-the-world
• Addressing issues with debt - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/debt-issues-global-debt-crisis-analysis-and-commentary-
248282137
•

16. Other
Sources
• If you like to learn
more about trade
and/or other
subjects as part of
your professional
learning, and
development then
feel free to review
my material on
https://www.udem
y.com/ (search
Paul Young CPA
CGA