The document discusses the key characteristics and components of cells. It states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life and is the structural and functional basic unit that makes up the whole body. Cells come in both unicellular and multicellular forms. The cell consists of various organelles that allow it to carry out its functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Cells can also be categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on their structure. The document further describes the roles and characteristics of various cell organelles and components like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also explains

1. THE FUNAMENTAL
UNIT OF LIFE

2. MICROSCOPE

3. CELL
• Cell is the fundamental unit of life .
• Cell is the structural and functional
unit of life.
• It is known as structural and
functional unit of life because
whole body is made up of cell.
• It is known as fundamental unit of
life because all functions regulates
inside the cell.

5. ONION PEEL

6. SPERM

7. FAT CELL

8. BLOOD CELL

9. SMOOTH MUSCLE
CELL

10. TYPES OF CELLS
UNICELLULAR
Some organisms are constitute by a single cell
.these organisms are called unicellular .
eg – amoeba , paramoeuiem etc
MULTICELLULAR
Some organisms are constitute by many cells .
These are called multicellular.
eg – human being etc.

11. Amoeba

12. Paramoeuiem

13. CELL CONSIST OF DIFFERENT
ORGANELLES
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Lysosomes
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Plastids
• Cell wall
• Golgi apparatus

14. CELL IS DIVIDED INTO
TWO CATEGORIES -
Prokaryotic
i) well defined nucleus are not
present.
ii) Simple in structure .
iii) It contains single chromosomes.
iv)Nucleus is absent .
v) Size of the cell is generally small
(1-10 micrometer)

15. ENKARYOTIC
i) well defined nucleus are present.
ii) Complex in structure
iii)It contain more than one
chromosome.
iv)Nucleus is present.
v) They are generally large (5-100 u)

16. Various shapes of cell
Cells are found in various shapes such as
round shape, spherical shape , oval shape ,
spindele shape , branch shape etc.
CELL ORGANELLES
1. Nucleus- it is a very important organelles
of the cell as it regulates all the activities of
the cell .

17. 2. Nucleolus – it is a part of nuclears
-it is known as factory of ribosomes .
-it helps in protein synthesis of the body .
3. Chromosomes –
-They are vehicle of genes.
- Genes are carried by chromosomes
- Genes express our characterstics such as
intelligency complexiom , height etc

18. Nucleus

19. Nucleolus

20. Chromosome

21. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• It is located around the nucleus of the cells.
• They are large network like structure .
• It looks like longs tubules or round on oblong
bags (vesicles)
• They are of two types –
i) RER (rough Endoplasmic reticulum)
ER -
ii)SER (smooth Endoplasmic reticulum)

22. The main function of ER are
detxification of poisonous material
and exchanging of material .
• Functions of RER – RER is the site
of protein and they manufacture
proteins . It consist of many
ribosomes and so the surface is
rough & they named after rough
Endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

24. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• It is the outermost layer of
nucleus .
• It helps in the exchange of
material .
• It contains chromosomes .

26. GOLGI APPARTUS
1. Camillo Golgi , a famous biologist & a
scientist recognised the Golgi body in the
nerve cell .
2. They are located in the nerve cell as well as
in every part of the cell .
3. They are in a parallel way .
4. It consist of a system of membrane –
bound vesicles arranged approximately
parallel to each other in stacks called
misters

27. 5. The main functions Golgi body
included the storage ,
modification and packing of
products in vesicle . It helps in
the synthesis of lysosomes .

28. GOLGI APPARTUS

29. LYSOSOMES
• They are known as suicide bag of the cell.
• They look like rounded bodies consist of
digestive enzymes .
• lysosomes acts as cleaners or sweppers of the
cell .
• lysosomes acts as suicide bag as they consist
of powerful digestive enzymes

31. MITOCHONDRIA
• It is known as power house of the cell as it
helps in the production of ATP (adenosine tri
phosphate ).
• Mitochondria have two membrane covering in
which outer membrane is porous in nature
while the inner membrane is deeply folded .
• It is a double membrane structure outer
membrane porous and inner membrane deeply
folded to create large surface area for ATP
generation chemical reactions .

32. • ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) in the
energy currency of cell it is used for.
- ranking new chemical compounds.
- For mechanical work.

33. MITOCHONDRIA

34. PLASTIDS
1. Present only in plant cell .
2. There are two types of plastids .
- chromoplast (coloured plastids).
- Leucoplast (colourless of white plastids ).
3. Plastids with chlorophyll pigment are
called as chloroplast . They can be green ,
red, yellow , brown.
4. Depending upon the types of pigment

35. 5. Functions –
- Chloroplast are known as kitchen of the
cell . It helps in synthesis of food by the
process of photosythesis
- Lactoplast – stored material such as starch ,
oil and protein .
- Chromoplast - chromoplast impart colures to
flower which helps in pollination .

37. VACOULES
• Storage sacs for solid or liquid
material .
• Vacuoles are large and numerous in
plants cell.
• They are small or absent in animal
cell .

39. CELL WALL
• A rigid outer covering outside
plasma membrane is called
cell wall . It is found mainly
fungi , bacteria and plants cells
. It is found mainly fungi ,
bacteria and plant cells. In
plant cell wall is made up of
cellulose.

40. CELL WALL

41. MEMBRANE/PLASMA
MEMBRANE
• Plasma membrane is the outermost covering
of the cell that separate the cell from external
environment . it is a semi- permeable
membrane . It is flexible and is made up of
liquids and protein microscope .
• It flexibility helps the cell to engulf in food
and other material from its external
environment. This process is called as
endrytosis . For eg - amoeba

42. Plasma membrane

43. Cell membrane

44. DIFFUSION
- The movement of substance from a region of
high concentration to a region of two
concentration on it is called diffusion .
- It plays as important role in gaseous
exchange between cell as well as the cell and
its external environment
- When the level of oxygen inside a cell decrease
oxygen from the external environment of the
cell enters ,by the process of diffusion .

46. OSMOSIS
• Osmosis is the passage of water
form a region of high water
concentration to a region of low
water concentration through a
semi - permeable membrane.
• A membrane which permits the
entry and exits of some material in
the cell is called semi - permeable
membrane . It also prevents
movements of some material .

47. • If a cell is placed in a medium
which has higher water
concentration and lower solute
concentration , that is the outside
solution is dilute , cell will again
water by osmosis and swell up .
such a solution is called hypotonic
solution .
• If a cell is placed in a medium which
has lower water concentration then
cell sap [hytonic] , then the cell will
again water. This is called osmosis

48. • When cell are kept in a solution more
concentrated than cell sap
[hypertonic] they start shrinking , as
water comes out this is called
exosmosis .
• The absorption of water from soil by
plant root takes place by osmosis .
• If the water concentration outside the
cell is similar to inside the cell , it is
called as isotonic solution No net
movement of water takes place in such
conditions .

50. CLASS - 9 C
DONE BY- Paulomi das