The document describes various Oracle SQL functions including: - Lower(), Upper(), and Initcap() which modify the case of character strings. - Substr() extracts a substring from within a string. - Instr() finds the position of a substring within a string. - Lpad(), Rpad() pads strings to a certain length by adding characters on the left or right. - Vsize() returns the byte size of a string. - Translate() replaces characters within a string. - Length() returns the length of a string. - Ltrim() and Rtrim() trim characters from the start or end of a string.