One of the very few companies offering Weather Modifications services and protection from extreme weather phenomena. Specialising in hail suppression, rain and snow enhancement and agriculture applications.

1. General Aviation Applications, 3D s.a.

2. Profile
 Societe Anonyme with nominal shares, founded in 1976
 One of its kind in Europe and just one out of the 4 worldwide
 A well established Greek company in the aviation field, providing
custom made services and applications covering all contemporary
aviation activities in Greece
 Accorded an area of 2250 m2 for the construction of a hangar and top
of the line Command and Control Centre which is currently in the
planning stage.
 Owns 4 Piper Cheyenne II (PA-31T) aircrafts specially modified for
cloud seeding programs and two weather radars EEC-WSR100C &
EEC 100-2 C-BAND
 Member of the Weather Modification Association since 1981

3. Activities
 Protection from Extreme
Weather Phenomena
(Weather Modification)
 Rain Enhancement Cloud Seeding
Programs
 Snow Enhancement Cloud
Seeding Programs
 Hail Suppression Cloud Seeding
Programs
3

4. Activities (contd.)
 Pilot Training & Aircraft
Maintenance Services
 T.R.T.O Pilot training school operating under the JAR-
FCL Standards – Class Rating (A) : PA 31T
 EASA Part M - Continuing Airworthiness Management
Organizations (CAMO)
 EASA Part 145 Maintenance Organization Approval.
Qualified for the maintenance of aircraft and
components.
 Weather Radar Maintenance
Services
 Operation maintenance
 Systems upgrading
4

5.  In 1946 at General Electric labs in
Schenectady, New York, it was discovered
that various materials can initiate the
formation and growth of water droplets and
ice crystals leading to cloud seeding
 3D S.A. has adopted the airborne cloud
seeding methodology, where particles are
incorporated in flares and burned to
release ice nuclei to the atmosphere
 Rain/Snow Enhancement is the process by
which particles are injected in clouds in
order to accelerate the development of
precipitation or snow
 Hail Suppression is the process by which
particles are injected in clouds in order to
decelerate the formation of ice particles
and convert them to simply rain droplets
Protection from Extreme Weather Phenomena
– Weather modification

6. Cloud Seeding Programmes Worldwide

7. Weather Modification Outweighing Benefits
 Cloud seeding technologies have
been around since the 1950’s. We
have been utilizing them since the
late 1970’s
 In contrast to other weather
management methodologies, our
operations are mobile, with no
requirement for new infrastructure
buildings or additional maintenance
costs
 We employ professionals with
worldwide experience
 All our programs have been carried
out through partnerships with
academic institutions and
government organizations
 We focus on our customer needs
and provide innovative custom
made solutions
7

8. 3D s.a. Rain Enhancement Methodology
Physical Methodology:
 Warm Rain Process: (Collision and
Coalescence)
 Cold Rain Process: (Bergeron-Findeisen
Mechanism)
Physical Hypothesis:
 Identify super cooled liquid water content
 Nucleation: Deposition, Contact-Freezing,
Condensation-Freezing
Seeding Methodology:
 Cloud Base Seeding
 Cloud Top Seeding
Seeding Hypothesis or Concept:
 Static Mode: (Hygroscopic or/and
Glaciogenic)
 Dynamic Mode: (Hygroscopic or/and
Glaciogenic)
Seeding Agent:
 Hygroscopic nucleant (CaCl, KCl, etc.)
 Glaciogenic nucleant (mostly AgI, also Dry Ice)
Prior to applying any methodology it is of trivial importance to be in a position to distinguish
the clouds (Continental or Maritime), by measuring the CCN (Cloud Condensation Nuclei)

9. 3D s.a. Rain Enhancement Programs
RAIN ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMS
 Winter 1994: Rain enhancement program EYDAP (Athens Water
Company)
 June- July 2001: Pilot program for rain enhancement in Central
Greece
 February – November 2006 : Participation in rain enhancement
program, Saudi Arabia
ISO 9001-2000 Certificate for “Design, Development and Service Provision of
Weather Modification Programs” (2004)

10. 3D s.a. Rain Enhancement Programs
Winter 1994 - Rain Enhancement Program For EYDAP
(Athens Water Supply & Sewage Company)
 Program’s aim to increase rainfall and
enrich the “Mornos” and “Yliki” drainage
basins. Mornos is the main reservoir
supplying water for the city of Athens,
Greece
 1086 Silver Iodide (Agl) flares used as
seeding agents: combination of 20gr (918
flares), 70gr (122 flares) & 150 gr (46 flares)
 Two aircrafts type Piper Cheyenne II PA31T
 Flight hours : 311,5 hours

11. 3D s.a. Rain Enhancement Programs
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Seedingagent(gr)
TargetedArea(km2) June - July 2001

 Program’s aim to increase rainfall and
enrich the greater catchment basin of the
“Pineios River”, Thessaly, Central Greece
 Joint Partnership with ELGA (Agricultural
Insurance Organization)
 Supervised by the Department of
Meteorology of the Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Greece
 Seeding agent: Silver Iodide (Agl) flares
combination of 20gr & 70gr
 Flight hours : 15 hours & 44 minutes
June – July 2001
Rain Enhancement Pilot Program

12. 3D s.a. Rain Enhancement Programs
February – November 2006
Participation in the Program for Cloud Physics, Research
and Rain Enhancement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
 Program lead by the Weather Modification Incorporated
 3D S.A.’s contribution:
 One Piper Cheyenne II PA31T aircraft custom
made
 Two trained pilots
 Total Flight hours: 54

13. Protection From Extreme Weather Phenomena
– Rain Enhancement vs. Drought
 In Europe, the total cost of
droughts over the past 30 years
amounts to € 100 billion
 The Rain Enhancement Program
for EYDAP (Athens Water Supply
& Sewage Company) conducted
in 1994 by 3D S.A. managed to
successfully provide an additional
30 days of water supply
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1995 1999 2000 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008€billions
Economic cost of drought in Europe
Source: FRIEND, http://www.geo.uio.no/edc/downloads/living_with_drought_in_europe_2009.pdf
Cloud seeding provided water for 30 days, Eleutherotupia , 22 February, 1994 13

14. 3D s.a. Greek National Hail Suppression
Programs (contd.)
 1981-82: Hail suppression program of O.G.A. (Agricultural Insurance
Organization), technical advisor of French company RUGGERI
 1986-88: Hail suppression program of EL.G.A. (AGRICULTURAL
INSURANCE ORGANIZATION), representative and technical advisor of
company INTERA
 Spring-Summer 1992-93: Hail suppression program of EL.G.A.
(AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE ORGANIZATION), joint venture 3D-
C.I.C.-Avionic
 Spring-Summer 1997-98: Hail suppression program EL.G.A.
(AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE ORGANIZATION)

15. 3D s.a. Greek National Hail Suppression
Programs (contd.)
 Spring-Summer 1999-2000: Hail protection program EL.G.A.
(AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE ORGANIZATION)
 Spring-Summer 2001- 2002: Hail protection program EL.G.A.
(AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE ORGANIZATION)
 Spring-Summer 2004- 2008: Hail protection program of
EL.G.A. (AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE ORGANIZATION
 Spring-Summer 2009- 2013: Hail protection program of
EL.G.A. (AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE ORGANIZATION

16. Hail Protection Coveragekm2
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
Έκταση περιοχών κάλυψης Έκταση περιοχής κάλυψης για ένα αεροπλάνοTotal Coverage of Protected
Areas (km2)
Total Coverage of Protected Areas per Plane (km2)




 


17. 3D s.a. Hail Suppression Program
Decreased Insurance Costs by 66%
Areas Protected
by The NHSP
Total Compensations (millions €)
Variance
(% reduction)Average Period
1971 – 1983
(before NHSP)
Average Period
1984-1988
(during NHSP)
A1. Pella - Hmathia 1.310.000 550.000 -58%
A2. Serres 340.000 150.000 -56%
A.3 Karditsa 960.000 180.000 -81%
TOTAL 2.610.000 880.000 -66%
 Within the first years
of the program, 3D
S.A. managed to
decrease the amount
of agricultural
insurance costs by
66%.
 Reductions in the total
amount of
compensations
reached up to 81% for
the area of Karditsa
Source: UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY, LABORATORY OF AGROMETEOROLOGY, An Overview of Environmental Hazards Related to Crops in
Greece
Compensations for crops damaged by hail given by ELGA before &
during the National Hail Suppression Program (NHSP)

18. Weather Modification Equipment
Aircraft: 4 Piper Cheyenne II PA31T
Type:
 six/eight-seat executive transport
Power plant:
 two 620-ehp (462 ekW) Pratt & Whitney Aircraft of
Canada PT6A-28 turboprops
Performance:
 cruising speed 325 mph (523 km/h) at 11,000 ft (3355 m)
 cruising speed 287 mph (462 km/h) at 29,000 ft (8840 m)
 service ceiling 31,600 ft (9630 m)
 range at long range power with maximum fuel, allowances
and 45-min reserves 1, 737 miles (2795 km) at 29,000 ft
(8840 m)
Weights:
 empty 4,980 lb (2259 kg); maximum take off 9,000 lb
(4082 kg)
Dimensions:
 span over wingtip tanks 12 ft 81/4 in (13.01 m)
 length 34 ft 8 in (10.57 m)
 height 12 ft 9 in (3.89 m)
 wing area 229 sq ft (21.27 m)

19. Weather Modification Equipment (contd.)
 Seeding Equipment
 Ejectable Flares Seeding Racks
(Belly Type): 3 baskets of 103
ejectable Silver Iodide (AgI) 20 gr
flares
 Burn in Place Seeding Racks
(Wing Mounted): 2 racks of 24
end-burner Silver Iodide (AgI) 70
gr flares

20. Weather Modification Equipment (contd.)
 Telemetry System
 Realtime telemetry of aircraft
position tracking on radar picture
 Position of fired flares, both
ejectable and end-burners
 Coverage range of more than
200km

21. Weather Modification Equipment (contd.)
 Weather Radars Specifications
 2 C-Band Doppler radars with digital receivers and
digital signal processors and with solid state power
supply and modulator units.
 Transmitter: C-Band Solid State Transmitter
Pulse Systems Model Number TR-1001A
 Transmitter power: 300 KW C-Band Power
Supply / Modulator
Magnetron:
 coaxial type model VMC-1891A
 Frequency: 5210-5700 MHz
 Duty: .001
 Magnetron Input: 25KV, 24 Amps
 Peak Power: 300 KW
Liopraso, Trikala
Filiro, Thessaloniki

22. Weather Modification Equipment (contd.)
 Weather Radars Specifications
 SIGMET™, RVP8 Digital receiver and Digital
Signal Processor
 Dual point IF signal input and single point Burst
signal input
 Sample rate IF 72 MHz, 14-bit
 Programmed transmission waveforms
 Programmed zone band IF filters
 DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) processing and
GMAP (Gaussian Model Adaptive) processing
 Harmonic phase processing for 2nd trip echo
 PPI and RHI Volume scan with RCP8™ Antenna
Control System (SIGMET™)
 Software: IRIS™ (SIGMET™) and TITAN
(NCAR)

23. Weather Modification Equipment (contd.)
 Radar Recording
Systems
 Radar Data Acquisition System
 TITAN (Thunderstorm Identification
Tracking Analysis & Nowcasting)

24. Meteorological Equipment
 Automatic Weather Stations
■ 3DSA Automatic Weather Stations AMS6-P
■ CE Certified
Weather Instruments
 Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor
 Barometric Pressure Sensor
 Sensor for measuring solar radiation
intensity (Pyranometer)
 Precipitation Sensor
 Wind sensors - Anemometer and wind vane