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Author: John Williams, M.D., Ph.D., 2009

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M1 - GI Sequence



      Colon and Review
        John Williams, M.D., Ph.D.



Winter, 2009
THE HUMAN
  COLON

 Functions
 1. Storage
 2. Absorption of salt
    and water
 3. Digestion and
    Absorption




                         National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
Response of the Ileocecal Sphincter to distension of the Ileum or Cecum




                                                                                                These are local reflexes
                                                                                                in the myenteric plexus

          Fig 7-30 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Colonic Motility

1.  Slow wave frequency variable but highest in transverse
    colon and the rectum (11/min)

2. Contractions increase after feeding

3. Mass Peristalsis after a meal termed the “Gastro-Colic reflex
Contractions increase after feeding




     Fig. 8-6 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Reflex


                                                                                                           Learned




Fig. 8-9 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Hirschprungs Disease


1.  Myenteric plexus in colon normally exerts a net
    inhibitory influence

2. When neurons are absent in rectum the aganglionic
   Segment is contracted resulting in a large distended
   Colon

3. Treatment is to surgically remove the segment
Fig. 8-8 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Swallowed air     Bacterially Produced
Source Undetermined




           Normally about 1 to 1½ liters per day of flatus
Role of the Cecum in Fermentation and Absorbtion




Levitt, MD, Bond, JH, Levitt, DG. “Gastrointestinal gas”. In Johnson, L. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Vol. 2. Raven Press,
New York, NY; 1981.
Magnitude of the Bacterial Population in the Gut

                                                                                                            Anaerobes
                                                                                                            predominate in
                                                                                                            colon




 Fig. 8-4 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Hydrogen gas production in the small intestine and colon in response to lactose




           Levitt, MD, Bond, JH, Levitt, DG. “Gastrointestinal gas”. In Johnson, L. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal
           Tract, Vol. 2. Raven Press, New York, NY; 1981.



         Ingestion of certain foods such as beans rich in indigestible carbohydrates
         leads to massive increase in hydrogen content and increased flatus
Ion Transport Pathways in the Human Colon




   Fig. 12-3 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 130.
Relationship Between Ileocecal Flow, Colonic Water Absorption
    and Stool Water in Health and in Various Disease States




  Fig. 8-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Modified
  (see additional source information).
REVIEW

                                                  Amylase




                                                  Pepsin
                                                  Lipase

                                                 Amylase
                                                 Trypsin
                                                 Chymotrypsin
                                                 Carboxypeptidase
             Disaccharides:                      Elastase
               Maltase                           Lipase - Colipase
               Sucrase                           Phospholipase A2
               Lactase
                                                 Cholesterol esterase -
               Isomaltase                           nonspecific lipase
             Peptidases:
              Aminopeptidase
               Carboxypeptidase
               Dipeptidase
               Enterokinase

Fig. 9-1 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
The Interdigestive Period




Fig. 9-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
The Cephalic Phase




Fig 9-3 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
The Gastric Phase




Fig. 9-4 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
The Early Intestinal Phase




Fig. 9-6 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
The Late Intestinal Phase




Fig. 9-1 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
The Interdigestive Period




Fig. 9-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Additional Source Information
                    for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy

Slide 4 – National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/barretts/
Slide 5 – Fig. 7-30 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 7 – Fig. 8-6 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 8 – Fig. 8-9 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 10 – Fig. 8-8 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 11 – Source Undetermined
Slide 12 – Levitt, MD, Bond, JH, Levitt, DG. “Gastrointestinal gas”. In Johnson, L. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract,
          Vol. 2. Raven Press, New York, NY; 1981.
Slide 13 – Fig. 8-4 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 14 - Levitt, MD, Bond, JH, Levitt, DG. “Gastrointestinal gas”. In Johnson, L. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract,
         Vol. 2. Raven Press, New York, NY; 1981.
Slide 15 – Fig. 12-3 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 130.
Slide 16 – Fig. 8-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Modified
          from Binder, HJ. “Absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes by small and large intestine”. In Sleisenger,
          MH, Fordtran, JS. Gastrointestinal Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. W.B. Saunders,
          Philadelphia,PA; 1983.
Slide 17 – Fig. 9-1 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 18 – Fig. 9-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 19 – Fig. 9-3 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Additional Source Information
                    for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy

Slide 20 – Fig. 9-4 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 21 – Fig. 9-6 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 22 – Fig. 9-1 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 23 - Fig. 9-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.

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01.15.09: Colon and review

  • 1. Author: John Williams, M.D., Ph.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–Non-commercial–Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. The citation key on the following slide provides information about how you may share and adapt this material. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact open.michigan@umich.edu with any questions, corrections, or clarification regarding the use of content. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/education/about/terms-of-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers.
  • 2. Citation Key for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Use + Share + Adapt { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (USC 17 § 105) Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. Creative Commons – Zero Waiver Creative Commons – Attribution License Creative Commons – Attribution Share Alike License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike License GNU – Free Documentation License Make Your Own Assessment { Content Open.Michigan believes can be used, shared, and adapted because it is ineligible for copyright. } Public Domain – Ineligible: Works that are ineligible for copyright protection in the U.S. (USC 17 § 102(b)) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ { Content Open.Michigan has used under a Fair Use determination. } Fair Use: Use of works that is determined to be Fair consistent with the U.S. Copyright Act. (USC 17 § 107) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ Our determination DOES NOT mean that all uses of this 3rd-party content are Fair Uses and we DO NOT guarantee that your use of the content is Fair. To use this content you should do your own independent analysis to determine whether or not your use will be Fair.
  • 3. M1 - GI Sequence Colon and Review John Williams, M.D., Ph.D. Winter, 2009
  • 4. THE HUMAN COLON Functions 1. Storage 2. Absorption of salt and water 3. Digestion and Absorption National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
  • 5. Response of the Ileocecal Sphincter to distension of the Ileum or Cecum These are local reflexes in the myenteric plexus Fig 7-30 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 6. Colonic Motility 1.  Slow wave frequency variable but highest in transverse colon and the rectum (11/min) 2. Contractions increase after feeding 3. Mass Peristalsis after a meal termed the “Gastro-Colic reflex
  • 7. Contractions increase after feeding Fig. 8-6 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 8. Reflex Learned Fig. 8-9 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 9. Hirschprungs Disease 1.  Myenteric plexus in colon normally exerts a net inhibitory influence 2. When neurons are absent in rectum the aganglionic Segment is contracted resulting in a large distended Colon 3. Treatment is to surgically remove the segment
  • 10. Fig. 8-8 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 11. Swallowed air Bacterially Produced Source Undetermined Normally about 1 to 1½ liters per day of flatus
  • 12. Role of the Cecum in Fermentation and Absorbtion Levitt, MD, Bond, JH, Levitt, DG. “Gastrointestinal gas”. In Johnson, L. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Vol. 2. Raven Press, New York, NY; 1981.
  • 13. Magnitude of the Bacterial Population in the Gut Anaerobes predominate in colon Fig. 8-4 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 14. Hydrogen gas production in the small intestine and colon in response to lactose Levitt, MD, Bond, JH, Levitt, DG. “Gastrointestinal gas”. In Johnson, L. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Vol. 2. Raven Press, New York, NY; 1981. Ingestion of certain foods such as beans rich in indigestible carbohydrates leads to massive increase in hydrogen content and increased flatus
  • 15. Ion Transport Pathways in the Human Colon Fig. 12-3 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 130.
  • 16. Relationship Between Ileocecal Flow, Colonic Water Absorption and Stool Water in Health and in Various Disease States Fig. 8-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Modified (see additional source information).
  • 17. REVIEW Amylase Pepsin Lipase Amylase Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Disaccharides: Elastase Maltase Lipase - Colipase Sucrase Phospholipase A2 Lactase Cholesterol esterase - Isomaltase nonspecific lipase Peptidases: Aminopeptidase Carboxypeptidase Dipeptidase Enterokinase Fig. 9-1 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 18. The Interdigestive Period Fig. 9-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 19. The Cephalic Phase Fig 9-3 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 20. The Gastric Phase Fig. 9-4 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 21. The Early Intestinal Phase Fig. 9-6 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 22. The Late Intestinal Phase Fig. 9-1 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 23. The Interdigestive Period Fig. 9-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 24. Additional Source Information for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Slide 4 – National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/barretts/ Slide 5 – Fig. 7-30 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 7 – Fig. 8-6 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 8 – Fig. 8-9 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 10 – Fig. 8-8 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 11 – Source Undetermined Slide 12 – Levitt, MD, Bond, JH, Levitt, DG. “Gastrointestinal gas”. In Johnson, L. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Vol. 2. Raven Press, New York, NY; 1981. Slide 13 – Fig. 8-4 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 14 - Levitt, MD, Bond, JH, Levitt, DG. “Gastrointestinal gas”. In Johnson, L. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Vol. 2. Raven Press, New York, NY; 1981. Slide 15 – Fig. 12-3 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 130. Slide 16 – Fig. 8-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Modified from Binder, HJ. “Absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes by small and large intestine”. In Sleisenger, MH, Fordtran, JS. Gastrointestinal Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia,PA; 1983. Slide 17 – Fig. 9-1 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 18 – Fig. 9-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 19 – Fig. 9-3 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
  • 25. Additional Source Information for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Slide 20 – Fig. 9-4 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 21 – Fig. 9-6 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 22 – Fig. 9-1 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985. Slide 23 - Fig. 9-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.