Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

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SMACC Conference

Scott presents the argument that whilst Emergency Physicians are amazing, as it stands, Emergency Medicine is failing. Scott presents the system as it should be. This involves stabilising the critically ill before admission to the ICU, seeing sick patients in appropriate time and seeing the less sick patients as you can. The issue as it stands, is when this system breaks down. He talks about the ‘boxes’ which now includes the ‘not sick at all’ patient. This leads to Emergency Physician’s not doing what they are trained to do. Scott discusses the issues with the outcome measurements of Emergency Departments. Hospitals measure patient satisfaction and wait times. Moreover, Scott argues that a trip to the ED should be the worst day in a patient’s life and measuring their satisfaction is misleading. A good medical outcome should be the indication of success. Scott also discusses the issue of Emergency Physicians not dealing with emergencies for most of their practice. This, in Scott’s eyes, leads to cognitive dissonance, where ED doctors are not doing what they are trained to do. Simon argues that Emergency Medicine is not a failed paradigm. Emergency Physicians are trained to help people, when people feel that they need to be treated. He claims that doctors in this speciality want to treat a wide variety of people across a wide spectrum of disease. Evidently, Simon discusses a ‘revolution’ in Emergency Medicine. An increasing number of people are attending Emergency Departments across the world. The generalist approach of Emergency Medicine is critical in triaging, treating, and helping these people in their moment of need. The skills, breadth of knowledge and wisdom and ability to work across a range of specialties and in uncertainty is what makes Emergency Medicine and the physicians who work in it special. Join in the debate as Scott and Simon argue for and against the place of Emergency Medicine. Finally, for more like this head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast

Gesundheit & Medizin

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

Is Emergency Medicine a Failed Paradigm

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Anand Swaminathan and Iain Beardsell debate the use of thrombolytics in the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism (PE). PE is a spectrum of disease. Patients should be treated differently depending on where they are on the spectrum. Subsegmental PE may need no treatment at all, whereas massive PE is unlikely to improve without thrombolytics. Anand argues for the use of thrombolytics. Evidently, time is critical when dealing with patients and Anand posits that thrombolytics gives the physician control over time. Submassive PE can deteriorate, leading to massive pulmonary embolism. A proportion of these patients will die. The data is not conclusive for the use of thrombolytics in terms of mortality, however long term outcomes do improve. Finally, Anand concludes by suggesting that the decision to use thrombolytics relies on sound clinical reasoning and decision making, informed by the available data. He argues for nuanced treatments and use of these drugs. Iain takes a different approach in his reply. Some of the most difficult topics in medicine attract considerable debate. The use of thrombolysis for submassive PE is one of these. In this argument Iain attempts to highlight some of the most pertinent evidence against the use of thrombolysis. And he does so through song! Submassive PE should be Thrombolysed: Anand Swaminathan and Iain Beardsell For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast

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Scott Weingart discusses the scientific aspects of meditation. He believes meditation is to the mind what exercise is to the body. There are two types of meditation: focussed attention meditation or vipassana, and contemplative meditation. Generally, people exist in a default mode network. This happens when we are not focussed on anything in particular and thoughts occur in our brain without us being aware of it. Spending a few minutes every day aware of what thoughts are occurring in our brain is highly beneficial. This helps with stress control, relaxation response control, slowing of telomere degradation, control over emotions and increased concentration. Scott, however, wants us to focus on a single objective benefit of meditation - controlling the stimulus-response gap. Viktor E. Frankl explains - “Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom.” Meditation helps to choose our responses to stimuli, both good and bad. Scott explains how to do mindfulness meditation or vipassana. First, pay attention to your present circumstance by linking it to your breath. Second, be non-judgemental and forgive yourself for the random thoughts that come up while meditating. Finally, watch moment by moment as experiences unfold. A book written by William B. Irvine on Stoics, introduced Scott to contemplative mediation. Stoicism is based on a philosophy of happiness which tries to eliminate negative emotions like hate, envy, anxiety, and fear. Scott dedicates this podcast to John Hinds by explaining how he appreciated the moments he spent with John due to his practising of mindfulness. Meditation is a way to appreciate every moment that we have in our short life. Exercise is work to live longer, while meditation is work to live better. Finally, for more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast

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Nikki Black provides an insight into critical care in humanitarian emergencies. Through her experiences in hunger emergencies, epidemics, natural disasters and conflict zones, Nikki has gained a wealth of wisdom and lessons. She shares these from the SMACC stage. Nikki talks about some of the practical things she does when working in resource poor settings. It starts with hospital hygiene to reduce nosocomial infections, and often entails Nikki working alongside the cleaners due to resource limitations. Hand hygiene is difficult without running water and Nikki champions using the WHO Handrub Formulation. Other challenges include cold chain storage, blood donations, limited monitoring and food and nutrition. Nikki also discusses the challenges of working in different environments. Invariable the environment will be too hot… or too cold! On top of this, working in remote locations often entails living with the other medical professionals you are working alongside. This presents interpersonal challenges. Moreover, Nikki touches on the personal dangers of working in some of the more politically unstable locations around the world. Training becomes hugely important in resource poor settings when you are dealing with complex medical and surgical cases. Especially with less-than-ideal resources and equipment. Nikki expands on what is possible with good training, intuition, and a Swiss army knife. If you do not do anything stupid, and you have basic resources backed up by sound training, it is amazing what you can achieve and who you can help. She concludes by touching the future direction of care in resource poor settings highlight the potential for technology to make huge changes and advances. Critical Care in Humanitarian Emergencies: Nikki Blackwell Finally, for more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast

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Katrin Hruska discusses the usefulness of biomarkers in Emergency Medicine. All biomarkers are awesome predictors of badness. Elevated hS-troponins after non-cardiac surgery or an acute exacerbation of COPD are associated with increased mortality. In seemingly healthy people, elevated D-dimer levels are associated with increased mortality. Similarly, NT-proBNP levels predict mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. A biomarker, in its broadest sense, is defined as “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention” (NIH Biomarkers Definitions Working group, 2001). This definition includes everything from laboratory tests to blood pressure measurements or an ultrasound scan. The clinical assessment in the Emergency Department is based on the subjective history of the patient and all available biomarkers (and their change over time). If we assume that biomarkers are objectively measured, there is an overestimation of their individual importance. As Katrin explains, over testing and over diagnosis have serious consequences. Not only for patients but also for the healthcare system. In a clinical context the ease of getting a laboratory test leads to a lower threshold for testing. This increases testing without affecting relevant clinical endpoints. Also, when a biomarker becomes part of the standardised workup for a certain symptom, primary care centres and emergency telephone services will refer patients to the Emergency Department for testing, even when the pretest probability is low. Katrin contends this bias is not an inherent problem of biomarkers themselves, but of the decision-making process of clinicians. The human brain fears uncertainty. Anything that adds to the feeling of knowing is rewarding, which is the most probable explanation of over testing in settings where medico-legal risks for the clinicians are low. There is an ever-increasing number of patients seeking to rule out serious conditions by relying on biomarker testing to provide certainty.

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SMACC Conference

Ffion Davies gives her take on how to spot the sick child in the Emergency Department. Paediatric medicine is no doubt hard and can at times be scary. There is nothing worse, in Ffion’s opinion, than sending a child home who later represents to the hospital in a worse condition, or even worse, later dies. So, how does one spot the sick child amongst the droves of children who will present with fever and vomiting. In this talk, Ffion gives a lesson on how to spot the sick children in the ‘grey’ zone – those that are not clearly sick and not clearly well. Ffion breaks her thinking into two main areas: physiology and psychology. Physiology matters. Scrutinising a full set of observations/vitals (in the context of the child’s age) will help avoid the feared crime of discharging a sick child. Ffion discusses tachypnoea as a prime example of a simple physiological compensation to raise one’s suspicion of serious disease. Similarly, psychology matters. Ffion talks in depth as to why she considers this to be true. Talks on Paediatric Emergency Medicine are always popular because Emergency Medicine physicians are insecure about mismanaging a child. Are children precious? Are adults just big children? Therein lies the problem. Less knowledge, less experience and perhaps less confidence. Compounding this is the complexities of having to deal with the stressed parents when you yourself are stressed because of the situation. Ffion continues to talk about systems of thinking and decision making. She compares Type 1 thinking which is automatic and instinctive with Type 2 thinking, which is more considered. She explains the risks and benefits of relying more upon Type 2 thinking when considering the sick child in the Emergency Department. Finally, Ffion concludes by talking about strategies to improve your own management of the paediatric population in the Emergency Department. She discusses improving your knowledge base, using resuscitation aids and checklists and training by using stress inoculation simulations. For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast

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The use of adrenaline in cardiac arrest resuscitation has been advocated since the 1960s. Laboratory studies and anecdotal experience showed improved rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) with the use of adrenaline at a dosage of approximately 0.01 mg/kg. This led to the widespread adoption of adrenaline administration during cardiac arrest into every resuscitation guideline for decades to come. Extensive laboratory studies characterized the beneficial physiological effects of adrenaline during cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CC-CPR). Adrenaline administered during CC-CPR results in peripheral arterial vasoconstriction that raises the aortic pressure, particularly during the relaxation phase of CC-CPR. This increase in aortic pressure results in an increased aortic to right atrial pressure gradient that drives blood flow to the myocardium during CC-CPR. This pressure gradient is known as the coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and has been shown to correlate with ROSC in both laboratory investigations and clinical studies. During the 1990s, the use of “high-dose” adrenaline showed increased rates of ROSC compared to “standard-dose” adrenaline. However, it was subsequently recognized that larger doses of adrenaline did not result in improved survival. Furthermore, questions have been raised as to whether or not “standard-dose” adrenaline improves survival from cardiac arrest. Recent meta-analyses have raised serious questions about the value of adrenaline, showing a benefit for achieving ROSC but no clear evidence of improved long-term survival. Controlled clinical trials to address this question are now underway. However, there is another important issue that needs to be addressed: the “route” of administration. With the growing interest in endovascular resuscitation, the use of intra-aortic adrenaline titration offers a means of rapidly and effectively delivering adrenaline to peripheral arterial effector sites while providing arterial pressure and CPP monitoring to guide titration of adrenaline doses to achieve an optimal hemodynamic effects while avoiding excessive adrenaline doses. To enable screen reader support, press shortcut Ctrl+Alt+Z. To learn about keyboard shortcuts, press shortcut Ctrl+slash.

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Kathryn Maitland describes the challenges faced with oxygen therapy as an emergency intervention in critical illness in African children. Where Kathryn works, in East Africa, there is no access to intensive care. Caring for critically ill children is all done in the Emergency Department. 70% of the global burden of disease and deaths from pneumonia occurs in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The WHO has published guidelines as to what classifies as pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and very severe pneumonia. These classifications rely on clinical signs. However, Kathryn in her research has discovered that these classifications are rarely correlated with the actual underlying disease process. Clinical signs are non-specific for the diagnosis of pneumonia. Oxygen is recommended for severe and very severe pneumonia. This has led to calls to prioritise oxygen delivery in African hospitals. However, it has not led to change from a health department or funding viewpoint. There are also oxygen delivery practicalities to consider. Often there is only one source of oxygen on a ward (if at all) with patients clustered around it. The production of Oxygen may only happen in a few places. Poor cylinder quality leads to leaks and therefore, low supply. Concentrators are useful however they need regular servicing. They also rely on power, and in a region that experiences regular power outages, this can be problematic. When the power goes off, there is no oxygen available. Kathryn asks – do all children actually need oxygen? There is still however a hidden burden of hypoxia. Outside of Africa, Kathryn discusses the current state of equipoise on oxygen therapy. Moreover, oxygen can be harmful if given inappropriately. This leads to concerns more broadly on the harms of oxygen therapy. Kathryn concludes her talk by looking to the future. She discusses ongoing research and the implications for future practice in resource poor settings, and indeed the world.

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Mike Abernethy runs you through the pitfalls and challenges of rural trauma resuscitation and prevention. The farm is a dangerous workplace. Accidents have an unusually high morbidity and mortality not only for the worker, but also his/her family members. The reasons are multi-factorial but are the result of a complex interaction of environment, equipment and human factors. The vast majority of agricultural deaths involve tractors. No other industry uses 70-year-old machinery operated by workers whose age ranges from 10 to 90. How can we prevent such incidents? Mike is a prehospital physician (who is a wannabe farmer & tractor mechanic) and long-time resident of an agricultural community. In this talk, he will examine the details of a life-threatening accident involving one of his neighbours which perfectly illustrates the multifaceted nature of agricultural trauma. He will then discuss agricultural trauma more broadly. The statistics are similar across the globe, from the United States to Australia, Cambodia to Ireland. Fatalities involve heavy machinery (usually tractors) and the farmer or their family. Furthermore, deaths occur between 18-60 years of age in most industries. In farming however, fatalities can occur across the whole life span. Whilst there are equipment changes that have made things safer, they have a poor uptake amongst farmers. This is due in a large part to interference with productivity and functionality. Mike believes change can only come about through community engagement and education at a meaningful, personal level. Rural and farming communities are faced with inherent risk of injury and death on a daily basis. It is pertinent to be aware of this and to educate these communities when the opportunity presents itself. After all, if it is made of steel, sharp and moving… It will %^&* you up! For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast

Rural Trauma Resuscitation and Prevention

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SMACC Conference

As our population ages, the complexity of patients seeking care in the emergency department will increase dramatically. Chronic and terminal diseases will be ever-present but increasingly in patients also negotiating challenges like functional and cognitive decline. While their needs are different, in many hospitals, it is business as usual. A highly skilled and well-intentioned staff stands ready to deploy a limitless supply of diagnostic and therapeutic options designed to help patients live longer, not necessarily better. Relying on default pathways that prioritize life-prolongation at the mercy of comfort and dignity has already left many patients and doctors feeling unsatisfied, while wasting precious healthcare resources. The future should not be more of the same. If a new and better clinical road is to be paved in the future, it will be with the aid of palliative care, a specialty, philosophy and movement in medicine. Getting patients better access to palliative care should be a priority for our specialty. For some, this will mean partnering with existing palliative care specialists and hospices. Unfortunately, for most of us, the palliative care workforce will never be able to match the increasing demand created by our patients. This means that we must all do the hard, but incredibly rewarding work of learning a basic palliative care skillset. No pressure but the future of healthcare depends on it!

0920 0945 shreves

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0920 0945 shreves

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Sue Mason gives you her take on Geriatric Emergency Medicine. Sue’s bread and butter is managing the elderly in the Emergency Department. It is not a sexy topic and there are few gizmos and gadgets. Nevertheless, it is very important. How big is the problem? Patients over 65 years represent about a quarter of the patients that attend Sue’s Emergency Department. However, most of these patients arrive by ambulance and the vast majority of visits in this age group are deemed necessary. This culminates with 50% of these patients being admitted. Attendance and admissions in the elderly age group are both going up. What are we doing about it? Advances have been made in prehospital care. In Sue’s region, paramedics have been trained in assessing and managing elderly falls. This found a reduction in ED attendance by 25% and decreased admissions by 6%. Approaching the management of the elderly with a multidisciplinary team has proved to be effective in a ward setting. This has not been replicated in the Emergency Department. Within the ED there is potential for the inclusion of a pharmacist to improve admission rates. However there has not been any other “in department” interventions involving a broader team. The initiation of interventions from the ED to continue in the community has been looked at, although the evidence is mixed. How can we do it better? Sue explores the question of whether all Emergency physicians should be trained in Geriatric Medicine. Or whether there should be sub-specialists in Geriatric Emergency Medicine. She also explores other strategies. Simple things such as not putting elderly patients on beds/trolleys unless clinically indicated and ensuring they have fluids on board. Overriding all decisions should be the question – does this patient need this investigation, treatment, and admission. For more like this, head to our podcast page. #CodaPodcast

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Andrew Udy talks about Brain Tissue Oxygen Monitoring: It’s Not What You’ve Got It’s What You Do With It The BONANZA Trial Andrew Udy talks about the ongoing BONANZA Trial which is assessing whether an algorithm that incorporates both ICP and brain tissue oxygen (PbTO2) can improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Like with all monitoring, how the PbTO2 is interpreted and managed is critical and the devil is in the detail! More on BONANZA here More on BOOST3 here

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R. Loch Macdonald, M.D., Ph.D. Community Neurosciences Institute Fresno, California, USA Angiographic vasospasm and more accurately, delayed cerebral ischemia, continue to contribute to morbidity and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It is known that angiographic vasospasm is common after SAH, occurring in two-thirds of patients. Cerebral infarctions that developed days after the SAH have been attributed to angiographic vasospasm, occuring in about a third of patients, although this has always been controversial. Angiographic vasospasm theoretically can only damage the brain by restricting blood flow but there is no easy, accurate, widely available method to measure cerebral blood flow and this is not the measurement we need. Blood flow depends on metabolic demand so what we need to know to determine if angiographic vasospasm is causing ischemia is oxygen extraction fraction in the brain tissue supplied the the spastic artery. Without this measurement, the attribution of ischemia to vasospasm is subjective. Since angiographic vasospasm is essentially the only detectable delayed phenomenon after SAH, we focus on it and apply tremendous resources to preventing or reversing the vasospasm. Undoubtedly angiographic vasospasm can cause cerebral infarctions, but it has to be severe and flow limiting. But SAH is a complex disease. There are many other causes for cerebral infarctions after SAH, the most common being due to the aneurysm repair procedure. And a given degree of vasospasm may cause infarction in a volume-depleted patient with poor collateral blood supply but not in a patient without these things. There also are hypodense brain lesions after SAH that are due to intracerebral hemorrhages. There can be hypodensities in the brain directly under usually thick SAH where the brain dies. This observation in particular supports a role for cortical spreading depolarizations/ischemia as a cause of infarction after SAH. Other macromolecular processes that are hypothesized to cause brain damage after SAH include microthromboembolism, changes in the microcirculation, delayed brain cell apoptosis and capillary transit time heterogeneity. Determining the importance of these things is hindered by the lack of an easy way to detect them in patients. It is also known that poor grade patients, who presumably have more early brain injury and ischemia than good grade patients, are more prone to delayed cerebral ischemia, suggesting increased sensitivity to secondary insults of the already injured brain. We also assume delayed neurological deterioration when attributed to vasospasm or delayed cerebral ischemia, is purely due to ischemia. While knowledge about what happens pathophysiologically after SAH is increasing, management of delayed cerebral ischemia still focuses on detecting angiographic vasospasm and then augmenting the blood pressure to improve cerebral blood flow or dilating the spastic arteries with balloons or drugs.

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Part 2 of a debate over the classification of TBI. Andrew Udy then argues that this classification is fundamentally flawed. He discusses the issues with the Glasgow Coma Scale, and therefore the follow-on issues in TBI classification, including all the confounders to the GCS, the issues with timing of the score as well as GCS not taking baseline function or specifics subtypes of TBI into account. He makes teh argument that biomarkers may better categorise the diffuse entity we call TBI.

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There is no such thing as mild, moderate and severe TBI - by Andrew Udy

SMACC Conference

Andrew Chow, Intensivist with a neurosurgical background, argues that the current categorisation system for traumatic brain injury (TBI) works, and makes sense! He tackles us through the history of this system, and why it’s important to differentiate different types of TBI. The arguments in favour of this categorisation include the consistency and benefits of a universal language, the implications for triage and management, and the fact that this system has been endorsed by all major organisations

TBI Debate - Mild, moderate and severe categories work

TBI Debate - Mild, moderate and severe categories work

TBI Debate - Mild, moderate and severe categories work

SMACC Conference

Dr Nick Little is an experienced Neurosurgeon who's looked after patients with traumatic brain injury for his whole career. Here he discusses the difficulties of prognostication following traumatic brain injury (TBI). He talks about the statistics of outcomes following mild, moderate and severe TBI and then goes on to tackle the harder topic of how we try to work out what an individual would want if they knew the spectrum of outcomes that they may face. The issues with the clinical examination findings we use to prognosticate are covered, as well as which imaging findings he finds most helpful. He also mentions the difficulties with current prognostic calculators.

TBI: when to stop and when to give time

TBI: when to stop and when to give time

TBI: when to stop and when to give time

SMACC Conference

Historically, when it came to brain injury, ketamine had a bad rap. Much of that dogma was dispelled in the last decade, and ketamine is now frequently used as an induction agent in acute brain injury, especially traumatic brain injury, due to it’s favorable effects on haemodynamics. However a new application of ketamine is now being explored - whether ketamine may be able to reduce secondary brain injury.

Ketamine in Brain Injury by Toby Jeffcote

Ketamine in Brain Injury by Toby Jeffcote

Ketamine in Brain Injury by Toby Jeffcote

SMACC Conference

20 million people around the world are living with a spinal cord injury (SCI). The medical issues they develop over the years differ to any other patient cohort. These complications include autonomic dysreflexia, management of pressure areas, specific infections, nuanced peri-operative care and highly specific issues such as baclofen pump management and syringomyelia Do look at the NeuroResus section on this and listen to Spinal Rehab Specialist Bonne Lee talk about this side of SCI care. Keywords SCI, spinal, spinal cord injury, autonomic dysreflexia, pressure areas, infection, peri-operative care, baclofen pump, syringomyelia, chronic SCI, spinal trauma, spinal rehab, incomplete SCI

Managing Complications of Chronic SCI by Bonne Lee

Managing Complications of Chronic SCI by Bonne Lee

Managing Complications of Chronic SCI by Bonne Lee

SMACC Conference

Tania is a neurologist and epileptologist with expertise in continuous EEG (cEEG) and status epilepticus (SE). This talk covers what a seizure is, what status is, including focal and generalised status epilepticus. So why do we do cEEGs for patients with suspected SE? To confirm the diagnosis To see if patient just post ictal or still seizing To establish that the clinical and electric seizures have stopped To see if burst suppression is achieved To exclude other differential diagnoses She makes a good argument for why cEEG is such an important tool in managing SE. In the questions after the talk, the issue of availability of cEEG in the Australian setting was discussed. Limited montage EEGs are discussed including their pros and cons.

EEG and Status Eplilepticus by Tania Farrar

EEG and Status Eplilepticus by Tania Farrar

EEG and Status Eplilepticus by Tania Farrar

SMACC Conference

Stuart Browne is a Neuro Rehab specialist from Sydney. These slides accompany a talk he gave at the Brian Symposium in 2023. He discusses what "severe disability" really means. Severe disability is more common than many realise - about 6% of the Australian population. Stuart discusses how health is more than simply physical recovery and how it is a multidimensional construct. He covers how permanent disability doesn't necessarily equate to a poor quality of life. He also discusses the long timespan of recovery, which is often much longer than appreciated. He specifically discusses "Locked-in Syndrome" and how the survivors have surprisingly positive self-reported health-related quality of life and well-being. Stuart also covers how severely disabled people face various forms of discrimination.

Browne Neuro symposium.pptx

Browne Neuro symposium.pptx

Browne Neuro symposium.pptx

SMACC Conference

Paediatric Stroke by Shree Basu

Paediatric Stroke by Shree Basu

Paediatric Stroke by Shree Basu

SMACC Conference

After spinal cord injury (SCI), there aren’t many interventions we have available that actually make a difference. Augmenting blood pressure to increase spinal cord perfusion pressure is an attractive concept that may improve neurological outcomes following SCI. We know that hypotension can make SCI worse. Clinical studies looking at blood pressure augmentation are mostly old, retrospective and flawed in various ways. Aiming for a MAP of > 85 for 5-7 days is recommended by guidelines but why this pressure and duration are good questions. Hypertensive therapy is relatively safe and easy to implement but not without risk. Tessa discusses the pros and cons, how this is managed practically and what the future may hold in this area.

Hypertensing Spinal Cord Injury - gold standard or wacky?

Hypertensing Spinal Cord Injury - gold standard or wacky?

Hypertensing Spinal Cord Injury - gold standard or wacky?

SMACC Conference

Mark Weedon takes us through the increasingly utilised concept of an optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPPopt) for each unique patient. He discusses the background to CPPopt, including intrcranial pressure (ICP), the Monroe Kelly hypothesis, neurovascular coupling, and cerebral autoregulation in health and following brain injury. He shows how intracranial pressure is affected by intracranial compliance and how this affects ICP waveforms. Cerebral perfusion pressure in relation to the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines is covered including management of elevated ICP (EICP). The currently recommended tiered approach to managing cerebral perfusion pressure and EICP is mentioned citing recent guidelines. He uses a clinical case of a TBI to illustrate how the CPPopt can be ascertained and used to guide therapy, including the easy to perform “MAP Challenge”. Mark also describes the Pressure Reactivity Index (PRx) and how it can be used as a target for therapy. Finally, he covers the exciting results of the preliminary COGiTATE pilot study.

Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

SMACC Conference

The Power of Words - Death and Language.ppt

The Power of Words - Death and Language.ppt

The Power of Words - Death and Language.ppt

SMACC Conference

Appropriate use of antimicrobials is primarily a patient safety issue, and is the key aim of an effective antimicrobial stewardship program. We discuss the challenges in the management of a patient with sepsis, and how decision-making is usually done in the absence of effective diagnostics. Time dependent protocols and the knowledge that undertreatment of a patient with sepsis will lead to poor outcomes will lead to prescribing that may be driven by fear. Antimicrobial resistance is associated with over-use of antimicrobials but is usually not the immediate concern. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should work closely with sepsis teams to ensure that sepsis pathways are implemented across the whole hospital, and that key principles of judicious use are embedded within the clinical pathway.

Sepsis and Antimicrobial Stewardship - Two Sides of the Same Coin

Sepsis and Antimicrobial Stewardship - Two Sides of the Same Coin

Sepsis and Antimicrobial Stewardship - Two Sides of the Same Coin

SMACC Conference

Being able to prognosticate in the aftermath of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is important as it assists with counselling patients and families. Moreover, it helps rationally allocate healthcare resources. However, due to the heterogenous nature of TBI and variable pre brain injury patient factors and post brain injury course, this has proven to be a difficult task. Large cohort studies have enabled improved accuracy in the prediction of 6 month mortality and unfavourable outcome. Furthermore, many of the factors that contribute to long-term outcome have also emerged. However, it is not yet possible to use them in prediction algorithms or mathematical models. There is emerging evidence that pre injury psychosocial and demographic factors may be of more relevance than injury severity. Moreover, that 'outcome' becomes increasingly subjective and complex as the post injury duration increases. We end with three brief vignettes which highlight the fraught nature of long term outcome prediction.

Brain injury outcomes and predictors

Brain injury outcomes and predictors

Brain injury outcomes and predictors

SMACC Conference

Mehr von SMACC Conference (20)

Precision Medicine in Acute Brain Injury

Precision Medicine in Acute Brain Injury

Precision Medicine in Acute Brain Injury

CSD by Jeffcote Coda 22.pdf

CSD by Jeffcote Coda 22.pdf

CSD by Jeffcote Coda 22.pdf

Subdural Haemorrhage and MMA embolisation

Subdural Haemorrhage and MMA embolisation

Subdural Haemorrhage and MMA embolisation

Andy Neill - More neuroanatomy pearls for neurocritical care

Andy Neill - More neuroanatomy pearls for neurocritical care

Andy Neill - More neuroanatomy pearls for neurocritical care

The BONANZA Trial and PbTO2 Monitoring

The BONANZA Trial and PbTO2 Monitoring

The BONANZA Trial and PbTO2 Monitoring

Dilating the Dogma of Vasospasm

Dilating the Dogma of Vasospasm

Dilating the Dogma of Vasospasm

EVD Tips and Tricks

EVD Tips and Tricks

EVD Tips and Tricks

There is no such thing as mild, moderate and severe TBI - by Andrew Udy

There is no such thing as mild, moderate and severe TBI - by Andrew Udy

There is no such thing as mild, moderate and severe TBI - by Andrew Udy

TBI Debate - Mild, moderate and severe categories work

TBI Debate - Mild, moderate and severe categories work

TBI Debate - Mild, moderate and severe categories work

TBI: when to stop and when to give time

TBI: when to stop and when to give time

TBI: when to stop and when to give time

Ketamine in Brain Injury by Toby Jeffcote

Ketamine in Brain Injury by Toby Jeffcote

Ketamine in Brain Injury by Toby Jeffcote

Managing Complications of Chronic SCI by Bonne Lee

Managing Complications of Chronic SCI by Bonne Lee

Managing Complications of Chronic SCI by Bonne Lee

EEG and Status Eplilepticus by Tania Farrar

EEG and Status Eplilepticus by Tania Farrar

EEG and Status Eplilepticus by Tania Farrar

Browne Neuro symposium.pptx

Browne Neuro symposium.pptx

Browne Neuro symposium.pptx

Paediatric Stroke by Shree Basu

Paediatric Stroke by Shree Basu

Paediatric Stroke by Shree Basu

Hypertensing Spinal Cord Injury - gold standard or wacky?

Hypertensing Spinal Cord Injury - gold standard or wacky?

Hypertensing Spinal Cord Injury - gold standard or wacky?

Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

The Power of Words - Death and Language.ppt

The Power of Words - Death and Language.ppt

The Power of Words - Death and Language.ppt

Sepsis and Antimicrobial Stewardship - Two Sides of the Same Coin

Sepsis and Antimicrobial Stewardship - Two Sides of the Same Coin

Sepsis and Antimicrobial Stewardship - Two Sides of the Same Coin

Brain injury outcomes and predictors

Brain injury outcomes and predictors

Brain injury outcomes and predictors

Kürzlich hochgeladen

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