The document discusses different learning styles and strategies. It provides a self-assessment test to determine if a person is more of an A-type or B-type in several categories: extravert/introvert, sensor/intuitive, thinker/feeler, judger/perceiver, and worker/player. It then provides descriptions and recommendations for each type to help individuals understand their natural strengths and weaknesses when it comes to taking in and processing information. The overall message is that understanding one's own learning style can help maximize learning and academic success.
1. The Strategies of Learning
Индивидуальные стратегии
обучения
Tests. Characteristics. Recommendations
Compiled by Olga V. Krylova
Тесты. Характеристики. Рекомендации.
Составитель: О.В.Крылова
St.Petersburg State University, Department of Philology
СПбГУ, филологический ф-т
2. Mark the statements that are correct for you. If you have more (a)s than (b)s, then you
are an ‘A-type’. If you chose more (b)s than (a)s, then you are a ‘B-type’. Where is your
energy naturally directed? Note down E or I.
A-type: ‘The Extravert’
1a) I have high energy.
2a) I talk more than listen.
3a) I think out loud.
4a) I act, then think.
5a) I like to be around (mixing
with) people a lot .
6a) I prefer a public role.
7a) I can sometimes be easily
distracted.
8a) I prefer to do lots of things at
once.
9a) I am outgoing and
enthusiastic.
B-type: ‘The Introvert’
1b) I have quiet energy.
2b) I listen more than talk.
3b) I think quietly inside my head.
4b) I think, then act.
5b) I feel comfortable being
(working) alone.
6b) I prefer to work behind the
scenes.
7b) I have good powers of
concentration.
8b) I prefer to focus on one thing
at a time.
9b) I am self-contained and
reserved.
3. What kind of information do you usually notice and remember? Note down S
or N.
A-type: ‘The Sensor’
1a) I focus on the details and
specifics.
2a) I admire practical solutions.
3a) I notice details and remember
facts.
4a) I am realistic - see what is.
5a) I live in the here and now.
6a) I trust actual experience.
7a) I like to use established skills.
B-type: ‘The Intuitive’
1b) I focus on the big picture and
possibilities.
2b) I
admire creative ideas.
3b) I notice anything new or
different.
4b) I am inventive - see what could
be.
5b) I think about future
implications.
6b) I trust their gut instincts.
7b) I like to figure things out.
4. How do you decide or come to the conclusions? Note down T or F.
A-type: ‘The Thinker’
1a) I make decisions objectively.
2a) I appear cool and reserved.
3a) I am most convinced by rational
arguments.
4a) I am honest and direct.
5a) I value honesty and fairness.
6a) I take few things personally.
7a) I tend to see flaws.
8a) I am motivated by achievement.
9a) I argue or debate issues for fun.
10a) I judge users of English by how
accurate they are.
11a) Other people’s mistakes should be
corrected.
B-type: ‘The Feeler’
1b) My decisions are based on my values
and feelings.
2b) I appear warm and friendly.
3b) I am most convinced by how I feel.
4b) I am diplomatic and tactful.
5b) I value harmony and compassion.
6b) I take many things personally.
7b) I tend to focus on strengths.
8b) I am motivated by appreciation.
9b) I avoid arguments and conflicts.
10b) I judge users of English by how well
they express themselves.
11a) Other people’s mistakes are not
important.
5. What kind of environment makes you more comfortable? Judger or
Perceiver? Note down J or P.
A-type: ‘The Judger’
1a) I
make most decisions pretty easily.
2a) I am serious and conventional.
3a) I pay
attention to time and I am prompt.
4a) I
prefer to finish projects.
5a) I work first,
play later.
6a) I want things
decided.
7a) I see the need for most
rules.
8a) I like to make and stick with
plans.
9a) I find comfort in
B-type: ‘The Perceiver’
1b) I may have difficulty making
decisions.
2b) I am playful and
unconventional.
3b) I am less aware of time and
often run late.
4b) I prefer to start
projects.
5b) I play first, work later.
6b) I like to keep options open.
7b) I
question the need for many rules.
8b) I like to
keep plans flexible.
9b) I want the freedom
6. What is you learning style?
A-type: ‘The Worker’
1a) I answer to questions rather
carefully.
2a) I always finish homework on time.
3a) I feel better when I finish a piece
of work.
4a) When studying, being organized is
more important.
5a) I am more comfortable with
activities which are clearly limited.
6a) When working with other learners,
I plan carefully before I start.
7a) I like it more when the whole class
does the same activity.
B-type: ‘The Player’
1b) I answer to questions without
thinking a lot.
2b) I always finish homework on time.
3b) I feel better when I still have time
to finish a piece of work.
4b) When studying, being able to
change is more important.
5b) I am more comfortable with
activities which are open-ended.
6b) When working with other learners,
I decide what to do as I go along.
7b) I like it more when I work in small
groups.
7. Let’s do another test to double-check your results. Please, choose
one option (A or B) that best describes you (not your preference).
A (S)
systematic
structure
plan
solution
thorough
organized
preparation
B (N)
spontaneous
flow
improvisation
impulse
chance
impulsive
impromptu
8. Please, choose one option (A or B) that best describes you (not your
preference).
A (T)
decisive
firm
critical
preference
head
thoughts
analyze
B (F)
staunch
soft-hearted
well-wishing
luck
heart
feelings
sympaphize
9. Please, choose one option (A or B) that best describes you (not your
preference).
A (J)
factual
use
experience
reasonable
practitioner
realist
reality
B (P)
theoretical
meaning
theories
wonderful
visionary
day-dreamer
perspectiveness
10. Please, choose one option (A or B) that best describes you (not your
preference).
A (E)
loud
lively
sociability
energy-spending
open-minded
to say openly
brave
B (I)
soft
calm
concentration
energy-saving
reserved
to endure
cool
11. SELF-ASSESSMENT
Now, please, add up your points and specify
your type.
Extrovert or Introvert E or I
Sensor or Intuitive S or N
Thinker of Feeler T or F
Judger or Perceiver J or P
Worker or Player W or P
12. Read the given description and underline some key words that characterize
your personal cognitive (learning) style.
S vs. I
Sensing learners tend to like learning facts, intuitive learners often
prefer discovering possibilities and relationships.
Sensors often like solving problems by well-established methods
and dislike complications and surprises; intuitors like innovation and
dislike repetition. Sensors are more likely than intuitors to resent
being tested on material that has not been explicitly covered in
class.
Sensors tend to be patient with details and good at memorizing facts
and doing hands-on (laboratory) work; intuitors may be better at
grasping new concepts and are often more comfortable than
sensors with abstractions and mathematical formulations.
Sensors tend to be more practical and careful than intuitors; intuitors
tend to work faster and to be more innovative than sensors.
Sensors don't like courses that have no apparent connection to the
real world; intuitors don't like "plug-and-chug" courses that involve a
lot of memorization and routine calculations.
13. Try to develop your cognitive style! Remember that ...
Everybody is sensing sometimes and intuitive
sometimes.
Your preference for one or the other may be strong,
moderate, or mild. To be effective as a learner and
problem solver, you need to be able to function both
ways. If you overemphasize intuition, you may miss
important details or make careless mistakes in
calculations or hands-on work; if you overemphasize
sensing, you may rely too much on memorization and
familiar methods and not concentrate enough on
understanding and innovative thinking.
14. Write notes for your key points.
Sensors remember and understand information best if they can see
how it connects to the real world. If you are in a class where most of
the material is abstract and theoretical, you may have difficulty. Ask
your instructor for specific examples of concepts and procedures,
and find out how the concepts apply in practice. If the teacher does
not provide enough specifics, try to find some in your course text or
other references or by brainstorming with friends or classmates.
Many college lecture classes are aimed at intuitors. However, if you
are an intuitor and you happen to be in a class that deals primarily
with memorization and rote substitution in formulas, you may have
trouble with boredom. Ask your instructor for interpretations or
theories that link the facts, or try to find the connections yourself.
You may also be prone to careless mistakes on test because you
are impatient with details and don't like repetition (as in checking
your completed solutions). Take time to read the entire question
before you start answering and be sure to check your results
15. Read the given description and underline some key words that characterize
your personal cognitive (learning) style.
T vs. F
Sequential learners tend to gain understanding
in linear steps, with each step following logically
from the previous one. Global learners tend to
learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost
randomly without seeing connections, and then
suddenly "getting it."
Sequential learners tend to follow logical
stepwise paths in finding solutions; global
learners may be able to solve complex problems
quickly or put things together in novel ways once
they have grasped the big picture, but they may
have difficulty explaining how they did it.
16. Read the given description and underline some key words that characterize
your personal cognitive (learning) style.
T vs. F (continued)
Sequential learners may not fully understand the material
but they can nevertheless do something with it (like solve
the homework problems or pass the test) since the
pieces they have absorbed are logically connected.
Strongly global learners who lack good sequential
thinking abilities, on the other hand, may have serious
difficulties until they have the big picture.
Even after they have it, they may be fuzzy about the
details of the subject, while sequential learners may
know a lot about specific aspects of a subject but may
have trouble relating them to different aspects of the
same subject or to different subjects.
17. Write notes for your key points.
Most college courses are taught in a sequential manner. However, if you are a S and
you have an instructor who jumps around from topic to topic or skips steps, you may
have difficulty following and remembering. Ask the instructor to fill in the skipped
steps, or fill them in yourself by consulting references. When you are studying, take
the time to outline the lecture material for yourself in logical order. In the long run
doing so will save you time. You might also try to strengthen your global thinking skills
by relating each new topic you study to things you already know. The more you can
do so, the deeper your understanding of the topic is likely to be.
If you are a global learner, it can be helpful for you to realize that you need the big
picture of a subject before you can master details. If your instructor plunges directly
into new topics without bothering to explain how they relate to what you already know,
it can cause problems for you. Fortunately, there are steps you can take that may
help you get the big picture more rapidly. Before you begin to study the first section of
a chapter in a text, skim through the entire chapter to get an overview. Doing so may
be time-consuming initially but it may save you from going over and over individual
parts later. Instead of spending a short time on every subject every night, you might
find it more productive to immerse yourself in individual subjects for large blocks. Try
to relate the subject to things you already know, either by asking the instructor to help
you see connections or by consulting references. Above all, don't lose faith in
yourself; you will eventually understand the new material, and once you do your
understanding of how it connects to other topics and disciplines may enable you to
apply it in ways that most S would never dream of.
18. Read the given description and underline some key words that characterize
your personal cognitive (learning) style.
E vs. I
Active learners tend to retain and understand information best by
doing something active with it--discussing or applying it or explaining
it to others. Reflective learners prefer to think about it quietly first.
"Let's try it out and see how it works" is an active learner's phrase;
"Let's think it through first" is the reflective learner's response.
Active learners tend to like group work more than reflective learners,
who prefer working alone.
Sitting through lectures without getting to do anything physical but
take notes is hard for both learning types, but particularly hard for
active learners.
NB Everybody is active sometimes and reflective sometimes. Your
preference for one category or the other may be strong, moderate,
or mild. A balance of the two is desirable. If you always act before
reflecting you can jump into things prematurely and get into trouble,
while if you spend too much time reflecting you may never get
anything done.
19. How can active (reflective) learners help themselves?
E vs.I (continued)
If you are an active learner in a class that allows little or no class
time for discussion or problem-solving activities, you should try to
compensate for these lacks when you study. Study in a group in
which the members take turns explaining different topics to each
other. Work with others to guess what you will be asked on the next
test and figure out how you will answer. You will always retain
information better if you find ways to do something with it.
If you are a reflective learner in a class that allows little or no class
time for thinking about new information, you should try to
compensate for this lack when you study. Don't simply read or
memorize the material; stop periodically to review what you have
read and to think of possible questions or applications. You might
find it helpful to write short summaries of readings or class notes in
your own words. Doing so may take extra time but will enable you to
retain the material more effectively.
20. Read the given description and underline some key words that characterize
your personal cognitive (learning) style.
J vs. P
Visual learners remember best what they see--pictures,
diagrams, flow charts, time lines, films, and
demonstrations. Verbal learners get more out of words--
written and spoken explanations. Everyone learns more
when information is presented both visually and verbally.
*In most college classes very little visual information is
presented: students mainly listen to lectures and read
material written on chalkboards and in textbooks and
handouts. Unfortunately, most people are visual
learners, which means that most students do not get
nearly as much as they would if more visual presentation
were used in class. Good learners are capable of
processing information presented either visually or
verbally.
21. How can visual (verbal) learners help themselves?
J or P (continued)
If you are a visual learner, try to find diagrams, sketches,
schematics, photographs, flow charts, or any other visual
representation of course material that is predominantly verbal. Ask
your instructor, consult reference books, and see if any videotapes
or CD-ROM displays of the course material are available. Prepare a
concept map by listing key points, enclosing them in boxes or
circles, and drawing lines with arrows between concepts to show
connections. Color-code your notes with a highlighter so that
everything relating to one topic is the same color.
Write summaries or outlines of course material in your own words.
Working in groups can be particularly effective: you gain
understanding of material by hearing classmates' explanations and
you learn even more when you do the explaining.
22. Make sure that this is really your type.
Innovative learners... INFP, ENFP, INFJ, ENFJ
...look for personal meaning while learning
...draw on their values while learning
...enjoy social interaction
... are cooperative
...want to make the world a better place
Analytic learners... INTP, ENTP, INTJ, ENTJ
...want to develop intellectually while learning
...draw on facts while learning
...are patient and reflective
...want to know " important things" and to add to the world's knowledge
Common sense learners... ISTJ, ESTJ, ISFJ, ESFJ
...want to find solutions
... value things if they are useful
...are kinesthetic
...are practical and straightforward
... want to make things happen
Dynamic learners... ISFP, ESFP, ISTP, ESTP
...look for hidden possibilities
...judge things by gut reactions
...synthesize information from different sources
...are enthusiastic and adventurous
McCarthy’s (1980) Classification
23. JOB ORIENTATION
What kind of job is the most appropriate for you? As an emploee, what
strong and weak points do you have?
YOU
R
TYPE
ES
THE CHOICE YOU
MAKE
The Economist
Good job: a manager
Not so god job: an
accountant
YOUR STRENGTHS
Quick reactions, high workability; changing
jobs
YOUR WEAKNESSES
Dislikes monotony,
planning, thoroughness
EN The Top Manager
Not so good job: a
stage director
Self-control, endurance; long periods of
intensive work and intensive rest
Prolonged stirring up,
inability to rest
IN The IT-specialist
Good: a software
developer
Not so good: a
system administrator
Patience, strong logic, quality-oriented; a
step-by-step, structured approach to work
Mistrustfulness,
difficulties in adjusting
IS The Entrepreneur
Good: in marketing
Not so good: in sales
Strong anticipation, imagination, high
adaptability; doing many things at a time,
shifting tasks, frequent breaks
High fatiguability,
emotional overstrain
24. GIVE YOUR PROFESSORS A PROMPT ON HOW TO ACTIVATE YOUR
COGNIZANCE
If you are...
1. McCarthy's Innovative learner (1980)
Keirsley’s Idealist: Advocate-Healer&Champion, Mentor-Counselor&Teacher (1998)
Mayer’s INFP, ENFP, INFJ, ENFJ (1990s), then...
Use cooperative learning activities and activities in which I must make value judgments
Ask me to discuss my opinions and beliefs.
2. McCarthy's Analytic learner
Keirsley’s Ratinal: Engineer – Architect &Inventor, Coordinator –Mastermind&Fieldmarshal
Mayer’s INTP, ENTP, INTJ, ENTJ, then...
Teach me the facts
3. McCarthy's Common sense learner
Keirsley’s Guardian: Administrator-Inspector& Supervisor, Conservator –Protector&Provider
Mayer’s ISTJ, ESTJ, ISFJ, ESFJ, then...
Use problem-solving activities
4. McCarthy's Dynamic learner
Keirsley’s Artisan: Entertainer –Composer & Performer, Operator: Crafter &Promoter
Mayer’s ISFP, ESFP, ISTP, ESTP, then...
Ask me about my feelings
Use a variety of challenging activities
25. Learning Strategies
"Field independence vs. dependence." Field independent learners easily separate key details from a complex
or confusing background, while their field dependent peers have trouble doing this. Field independent learners
show significant advantages over field dependent learners in analytical tasks (Hansen & Stansfield, 1981;
Chapelle & Roberts, 1986).
"Analytic vs. global processing" seems to be closely allied with field independence vs. dependence, and
indeed may be a more fundamental and more explanatory dimension of learning style. However, little foreign or
second language learning research exists concerning the analytic-global dimension except in the context of brain
hemisphericity. The left hemisphere of the brain deals with language through analysis and abstraction, while the
right hemisphere recognizes language as more global auditory or visual patterns (Willing, 1988). Leaver (1986)
speculates that right-brain learners--those who prefer the kinds of processing done by the right side of the brain--
are more facile at learning intonation and rhythms of the target language, whereas left-brain learners deal more
easily with analytic aspects of target language grammar.
"Cooperation vs. competition" has been only lightly studied as a dimension of style in the language learning
field. Reid (1987) found that in the language classroom, learners rarely report using cooperative behaviors
(behaviors that one would infer to reflect a cooperative style); however, this finding might well be related to
instructional methodologies that often preclude cooperation and foster competition. In studies where students
were taught specifically to be cooperative, results revealed vast improvement in language skills as well as
increased self-esteem, motivation, altruism, and positive attitudes toward others (Gunderson & Johnson, 1980;
Sharan et al., 1985; Jacob & Mattson, 1987).
"Tolerance for ambiguity" is another style dimension of language learning. Learning a language can be a difficult
and at times ambiguous endeavor, and students who can more readily tolerate ambiguity often show the best
language learning performance (see Chapelle & Roberts; 1986, Naiman, Frohlich & Todesco, 1975).
Other important style aspects that may relate to language learning performance are leveling-sharpening of
detail, reflectivity-impulsivity, and constricted-flexible thinking (Parry, 1984).
26. ENJOY YOURSELF! ENJOY THE
OTHERS!
Use 16 technological cards to discuss the given
characteristics of 16 different types.
Prepare a narrative about your type in writing.
Note. The Myers-Briggs Type indicator (Myers
& McCaulley, 1985) contributes four more
dimensions to learning style: extraversion vs.
introversion, sensing vs. intuition, thinking
vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving.
28. Creative, resourceful, and intellectually quick. Good at a broad
range of things. Enjoy debating issues, and may be into "one-up-
manship". They get very excited about new ideas and projects, but
may neglect the more routine aspects of life. Generally outspoken
and assertive. They enjoy people and are stimulating company.
Excellent ability to understand concepts and apply logic to find
solutions.
Celebrities: Walt Disney, Keanu Reeves, Mila Jovovich, Monica
Belucci, Jasmin, Oleg Men’shikov, Evgenii Mironov
DO-2 DU-9 HU-3 RO-6 HA-10 MA-4 ZHU-9 ES-12 NA-14 BA-13
JA- 15 DR-16 ST-10 DOS-4 HU-8 GA-7
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
1 DON QIXOTE “интуитивно-логический экстраверт “ ALICE
Новатор- искатель(ница) ENTP INVENTORS (2%)
29. Quiet, serious, sensitive and kind. Do not like conflict, and not likely
to do things which may generate conflict. Loyal and faithful.
Extremely well-developed senses, and aesthetic appreciation for
beauty. Not interested in leading or controlling others. Flexible and
open-minded. Likely to be original and creative. Enjoy the present
moment.
Celebrities: Bob Dylan, B.Streisand, Demi Moor, Aleksandra
Pakhmutova, V. Yudashkin
DO-9 DU-2 HU-6 RO-3 HA-4 MA-10 ZHU-12 ES-1 NA-13 BA-14
JA-16 DR-15 ST-5 DOS-10 HU-7 GA-8
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
2 DUMAS “сенсорно-этический интроверт” DUSHECHKA
Художник-посредник ISFP COMPOSERS (10%)
30. Warm-hearted, popular, and conscientious. Tend to put the needs of
others over their own needs. Feel strong sense of responsibility and
duty. Value traditions and security. Interested in serving others.
Need positive reinforcement to feel good about themselves. Well-
developed sense of space and function.
Celebrities: Sam Walton, Martha Stewart, Philip Kirkorov, Yuri
Galtzev, V. Sadal’sky, Klara Novikova
DO-3
DU-6 HU-2 RO-1 HA-8 MA-7 ZHU-11 ES-4 NA-15 BA-16 JA- 14
DR-13 ST-9 DOS-12 HU-10 GA-4
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
3 HUGO “этико-сенсорный экстраверт” ТAISIA
Энтузиаст(ка) ESFJ PROVIDERS (10%)
31. Independent, original, analytical, and determined. Have an
exceptional ability to turn theories into solid plans of action. Highly
value knowledge, competence, and structure. Driven to derive
meaning from their visions. Long-range thinkers. Have very high
standards for their performance, and the performance of others.
Natural leaders, but will follow if they trust existing leaders.
Celebrities: D.D.Eisenhower, Uma Turman, Michael Jackson, Vera
Glagoleva, Oleg Yankovsky, Andrei Sakharov, Aleksandr
Dem’yanenko , L.Di Caprio
DO-6 DU-3 HU-1 RO-2 HA-7 MA-8 ZHU-5 ES-10 NA-16 BA-15 JA-
13 DR-14 ST-12 DOS-9 HU-4 GA-11
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
4 ROBESPIERE “логико-интуитивный интроверт”
VERA PAVLOVNA Ученый-аналитик INTJ MASTERMINING (2%)
32. Popular and sensitive, with outstanding people skills. Externally
focused, with real concern for how others think and feel. Usually
dislike being alone. They see everything from the human angle, and
dislike impersonal analysis. Very effective at managing people
issues, and leading group discussions. Interested in serving others,
and probably place the needs of others over their own needs.
Celebrities: M.Gorbachev, Roksana Babyan, Nicolai Baskov, Milen
Farmer, Gennadii Khazanov, Maxim Galkin, Angelika Varum, Olga
Drozdova, V. Polunin
DO-10 DU-4 HU-8 RO-7 HA-2 MA-1 ZHU-3 ES-6 NA-11 BA-4 JA-
9 DR-12 ST-14 DOS-13 HU-15 GA-16
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
5 HAMLET “этико-интуитивный экстраверт
MARGARITA Актер-наставник ENFJ TEACHERS (3%)
33. Serious and quiet, interested in security and peaceful living.
Extremely thorough, responsible, and dependable. Well-developed
powers of concentration. Usually interested in supporting and
promoting traditions and establishments. Well-organized and hard
working, they work steadily towards identified goals. They can
usually accomplish any task once they have set their mind to it.
Celebrities: H.Truman, ElizabethII, Alen Delon, А. Shwartzneger, А/
Rosenbaum, Т. Parfenova, V. Tokareva, N. Usatova, D. Pevtsov, М.
Sholokhov, А. Lebed’, I. Stalin
DO-4 DU-10 HU-7 RO-8 HA-1 MA-2 ZHU-6 ES-3 NA-4 BA-11 JA-
12 DR-1 ST-13 DOS-14 HU-16 GA-15
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
6 MAXIM GORKY “логико-сенсорный интроверт”
МALVINA Инспектор ISTJ INSPECTORS (10%)
34. Friendly, adaptable, action-oriented. "Doers" who are focused on
immediate results. Living in the here-and-now, they're risk-takers
who live fast-paced lifestyles. Impatient with long explanations.
Extremely loyal to their peers, but not usually respectful of laws and
rules if they get in the way of getting things done. Great people
skills.
Celebrities: F.Roosevelt, Madonna, Luc Besson, Kelly Osborn, Vin
Diesel, F. Bondarchuk, N. Rastorguev
DO-9 DU-12 HU-11 RO-4 HA-3 MA-6 ZHU-2 ES-1 NA-8 BA-7 JA-
10 DR-4 ST-15 DOS-16 HU-14 GA-13
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
7 ZHUKOVсенсорно-логический экстраверт” VASSA
Маршал ESTP PROMOTERS (10%)
35. Quiet, reflective, and idealistic. Interested in serving humanity. Well-
developed value system, which they strive to live in accordance
with. Extremely loyal. Adaptable and laid-back unless a strongly-
held value is threatened. Usually talented writers. Mentally quick,
and able to see possibilities. Interested in understanding and
helping people.
Celebrities: Princess Diana, Arnold Shwartzneger, I. Brodsky,
Y.Savicheva, I.Smoktunovsky, P.Kashin
DO-12 DU-9 HU-4 RO-11 HA-6 MA-3 ZHU-1 ES-2 NA-7 BA-8 JA-
9 DR-11 ST-16 DOS-15 HU-13 GA-14
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
8 «ESENIN “интуитивно-этический интроверт”
АSSOLY Лирик INFP HEALERS (1%)
36. People-oriented and fun-loving, they make things more fun for
others by their enjoyment. Living for the moment, they love new
experiences. They dislike theory and impersonal analysis.
Interested in serving others. Likely to be the center of attention in
social situations. Well-developed common sense and practical
ability.
Celebrities: Elvis Presley, Elizabeth Taylor, A. Pugachyova,
Y.Luzhkov, O.Aros’eva
DO-14 DU-13 HU-15 RO-16 HA-10 MA-4 ZHU-8 ES-7 NA-2 BA-1
JA- 3 DR-6 ST-11 DOS-4 HU-9 GA-12
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
9 NAPOLEON “сенсорно-этический экстраверт”
LOLITA Политик ESFP PERFORMERS (10%)
37. Logical, original, creative thinkers. Can become very excited about
theories and ideas. Exceptionally capable and driven to turn
theories into clear understandings. Highly value knowledge,
competence and logic. Quiet and reserved, hard to get to know well.
Individualistic, having no interest in leading or following others.
Celebrities: Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Myrill Strip, Johnny Depp,
Paolo Coelho, Alsu, N. Svanidze, Zemfira, I.Kupchenko
DO-13 DU-14 HU-16 RO-15 HA-4 MA-10 ZHU-7 ES-8 NA-1 BA-2
JA-6 DR-3 ST-4 DOS-11 HU-12 GA-9
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
10 BALSAC “интуитивно-логический интроверт”
MISS MARPLE Созидатель-критик INTP ARCHITECTS (2%)
38. Assertive and outspoken - they are driven to lead. Excellent ability to
understand difficult organizational problems and create solid solutions.
Intelligent and well-informed, they usually excel at public speaking. They
value knowledge and competence, and usually have little patience with
inefficiency or disorganization.
Celebrities: Bill Gates, Margaret Thatcher, Briney Spears, Sophi Loren,
Andgelina Jolie, Jean-Paul Belmondo, N. Mikhalkov, M.Boyarsky,
A.Sviridova, A.Dzhigarkhonyan
DO-15 DU-16 HU-14 RO-13 HA-9 MA-12 ZHU-11 ES-4 NA-3 BA-6 JA-2
DR-1 ST-8 DOS-7 HU-10 GA-4
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4. inspecting
5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9. business 10-11.
activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12. mirage 13. opposites 14.
superego 15. quasi-identical 16. conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
11JACK LONDON “логико-интуитивный экстраверт”
Scarlett O’HARA Предприниматель
ENTJ FIELDMARSHALS (2%)
39. Quiet, kind, and conscientious. Can be depended on to follow
through. Usually puts the needs of others above their own needs.
Stable and practical, they value security and traditions. Well-
developed sense of space and function. Rich inner world of
observations about people. Extremely perceptive of other's feelings.
Interested in serving others.
Celebrities: George Bush, Mother Teresa, Theodor Dreaiser, Tina
Turner, А.Maslyukov, А. Makarevich, I.Cobzone, N.Mordyukova,
А.Maslyukov
DO-16 DU-15 HU-13 RO-14 HA-12 MA-9 ZHU-4 ES-11 NA-6 BA-3
JA-1 DR-2 ST-7 DOS-8 HU-4 GA-11
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
12 DRAISER “этико-сенсорный интроверт” GERDA
Хранительница ISFJ PROTECTORS (10%)
40. Practical, traditional, and organized. Likely to be athletic. Not
interested in theory or abstraction unless they see the practical
application. Have clear visions of the way things should be. Loyal
and hard-working. Like to be in charge. Exceptionally capable in
organizing and running activities. "Good citizens" who value security
and peaceful living.
Celebrities: Colin Powell, Elizabeth I, George Clooney, Al Bano, Al
Pacino, Gerar Depardie, Sylvestr Stallone, Agatha Cristie, R.
Gamzatov, L.Zykina, N.Drozdov, Y.Andropov
DO-11 DU-4 HU-9 RO-12 HA-14 MA-13 ZHU-15 ES-16 NA-10 BA-
4 JA-8 DR-7 ST-2 DOS-1 HU-3 GA-6
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
13 STIRLITZ “логико-сенсорный экстраверт”
МARY POPPINS Администратор
ESTJ SUPERVISORS (10%)
41. Quietly forceful, original, and sensitive. Tend to stick to things until
they are done. Extremely intuitive about people, and concerned for
their feelings. Well-developed value systems which they strictly
adhere to. Well-respected for their perserverence in doing the right
thing. Likely to be individualistic, rather than leading or following.
Celebrities: Mohandas Gandhi, Elenor Roosevelt, H.C. Andersen,
Tuve Janson, E.Simonova, A. Ukupnik, G. Vitzin
DO-4 DU-11 HU-12 RO-9 HA-13 MA-14 ZHU-16 ES-15 NA-4 BA-
10 JA-7 DR-8 ST-1 DOS-2 HU-6 GA-3
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
14 DOSTOEVSKY “этико-интуитивныйинтроверт”
CINDERELLA Гуманист
INFJ COUNSELORS (2%)
42. Enthusiastic, idealistic, and creative. Able to do almost anything that
interests them. Great people skills. Need to live life in accordance
with their inner values. Excited by new ideas, but bored with details.
Open-minded and flexible, with a broad range of interests and
abilities.
Celebrtities: Bill Moyers, Joan Baez, Witney Houston, Louis de
Funes, L.Agutin, L.Akhedzhakova, L.Milyavskaya
DO-8 DU-7 HU-10 RO-4 HA-15 MA-16 ZHU-14 ES-13 NA-1 BA-12
JA- 11 DR-4 ST-3 DOS-6 HU-2 GA-1
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4.
inspecting 5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9.
business 10-11. activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12.
mirage 13. opposites 14. superego 15. quasi-identical 16.
conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
15 HUXLEY “интуитивно-этический экстраверт”
JULIA LAMBERT Советчик
ENFP CHAMPIONS (3%)
43. Quiet and reserved, interested in how and why things work. Excellent skills
with mechanical things. Risk-takers who they live for the moment. Usually
interested in and talented at extreme sports. Uncomplicated in their desires.
Loyal to their peers and to their internal value systems, but not overly
concerned with respecting laws and rules if they get in the way of getting
something done. Detached and analytical, they excel at finding solutions to
practical problems.
Celebrities: Bruce Lee, Amelia Earhart, Mel Gibson, Jan Gaben, Kevin
Costner, Katrine Denev, Coen Eastwood, Drew Berrimor, О.Yankovsky,
I.Alferova, V.Vysotsky
DO-7 DU-8 HU-4 RO-10 HA-16 MA-1 ZHU-13 ES-14 NA-12 BA-9 JA- 4
DR-11 ST-6 DOS-3 HU-1 GA-2
1. complete addition 2. identical 3.activisation 4-5. revision 4. inspecting
5. being inspected 6. mirror 7. half-dual 8. relative 9. business 10-11.
activation 10. broadcasting 11. receiving 12. mirage 13. opposites 14.
superego 15. quasi-identical 16. conflicting (L.D.Stolyarenko, 2005)
16 GABEN “ сенсорно-логический интроверт” CONSUELLO
Мастер ISTP CRAFTERS (10%)
44. Champion’s learning style is the most popular one among university
students. Please read its detailed description and complete the text with
prepositions. Translare into Russian.
(15) The Champions (Idealists) are abstract 1___ thought and speech, cooperative 2___
accomplishing their aims, and informative and expressive when relating 3____ others. For C.,
nothing occurs which does not have some deep ethical significance, and this, coupled 4____
their uncanny sense 5___ the motivations of others, gives them a talent 6___ seeing life as an
exciting drama, full of possibilities 7___ both good and evil. This type is found 8__ only about 3 %
9___ the general population, but they have great influence because 10___ their extraordinary
impact 11___ others. C. are inclined to go everywhere and look 12___ everything that has to do
13___ the advance of good and the retreat 14___ evil 15___ the world. They can't bear to miss
16___ ___ what is going 17___ around them; they must experience, first hand, all the significant
social events that affect our lives. And then they are eager to relate the stories they've uncovered,
hoping to disclose the "truth" 18___ people and issues, and to advocate causes. This strong
drive to unveil current events can make them tireless 19___ conversing 20___ others, like
fountains that bubble and splash, spilling 21____ their own words to get it all 22___. C. consider
intense emotional experiences as being vital 23___ a full life, although they can never quite
shake the feeling that a part 24___ themselves is split 25____, uninvolved 26___ the experience.
Thus, while they strive 27___ emotional congruency, they often see themselves 28___ some
danger of losing touch 29__ their real feelings, which C. possess 30__ a wide range and variety.
31___ the same way, C. strive 32______ a kind of spontaneous personal authenticity, and this
intention always to "be themselves" is usually communicated nonverbally to others, who find it
quite attractive. All too often, however, C. fall short 33___ their efforts to be authentic, and they
tend to heap coals of fire 34___ themselves, berating themselves 35___ the slightest self-
conscious role-playing.
45. Now, check your results.
The Champions (Idealists) are abstract in thought and speech, cooperative in accomplishing
their aims, and informative and expressive when relating with others. For C., nothing occurs
which does not have some deep ethical significance, and this, coupled with their uncanny sense
of the motivations of others, gives them a talent for seeing life as an exciting drama, full of
possibilities for both good and evil. This type is found in only about 3 % of the general
population, but they have great influence because of their extraordinary impact on others. C. are
inclined to go everywhere and look into everything that has to do with the advance of good and
the retreat of evil in the world. They can't bear to miss out on what is going on around them; they
must experience, first hand, all the significant social events that affect our lives. And then they
are eager to relate the stories they've uncovered, hoping to disclose the "truth" of people and
issues, and to advocate causes. This strong drive to unveil current events can make them tireless
in conversing with others, like fountains that bubble and splash, spilling over their own words to
get it all out. C. consider intense emotional experiences as being vital to a full life, although they
can never quite shake the feeling that a part of themselves is split off, uninvolved in the
experience. Thus, while they strive for emotional congruency, they often see themselves in some
danger of losing touch with their real feelings, which C. possess in a wide range and variety. In
the same way, C. strive toward a kind of spontaneous personal authenticity, and this intention
always to "be themselves" is usually communicated nonverbally to others, who find it quite
attractive. All too often, however, C. fall short in their efforts to be authentic, and they tend to
heap coals of fire on themselves, berating themselves for the slightest self-conscious role-
playing.
46. Compare your translation to the given model.
«Активисты» - 3% от общего населения, абстрактны в мышления и речи. Склонны к
сотрудничеству для достижения собственных целей. Во взаимоотношениях экспрессивны и
всегда открыты для общения. Осознают этическую значимость. Улавливают мотивации
других людей. Все, что происходит вокруг, имеет для них глубокий этический смысл, что в
сочетании с необыкновенным даром улавливать причины поведения других людей дает им
возможность воспринимать жизнь как захватывающий спектакль, в которой есть место и
добру, и злу. Несмотря на то что представители данной группы составляют всего 3 % от
живущих на земле, они обладают исключительными способностями воздействовать на
окружающих. Не упускают возможности отправиться куда бы то ни было во имя торжества
справедливости. Не переносят, если события вокруг проходят без них, все наиболее
важные моменты в общественной жизни они должны переживать непосредственно, в
качестве активного их участника. Охотно делятся своими открытиями в надежде отыскать
правду, вскрыть истинные причины происходящего. Неутомимые собеседники, они охотно
изливают на окружающих свои слова и эмоции. Признают интенсивный эмоциональный
опыт в качестве неотъемной части полноценной жизни. С трудом расстаются с чувством
того, что они задействованы не в полной мере. Стремясь к эмоциональному соответствию,
боятся утратить способность чувствовать и сопереживать, свойственную им в полной мере.
Подсознательно стремятся к избранности. Демонстрируют намерение непременно
«оставаться собой». В любой ситуации стараются вести себя естественно и
непринужденно, их желание быть всюду самими собой неизменно вызывает у других
уважение. Если же это не удается, обращают гнев внутрь, осуждая себя за притворство.
47. PARTICIPATE IN A GROUP DISCUSSION
Answer the questions.
What types are represented in your group?
What is a predominent type?
Do you trust the Mayers-Briggs classification of
sociotypes?
What traits of character you do not possess, but
are eager to acquire?
Draw a plan for self-development.
How to deal with the types that are in your class,
according to Stolyarenko’s chart?
48. Read 8 resolutions on how to increase your effectiveness at work and
at home presented by two individuals. Specify their types. Choose the
rules for yourself to follow.
Motto: «Live out of your imagination, not your
history.» Stephen R. Covey
) To think win/win: to seek mutually beneficial
agreements and solutions.
2) To be proactive: to take initiative and
responsibility.
3) To synergise: the whole can be greater
than the sum of the parts. Compromise
is 2+2=3. Synergy is 2+2=5 - or more!
4) To put first things first: to organise and
execute around the most important
relationships and results in your life.
5) To seek first to understand, then be
understood: to try to feel and think
yourself into another person's shoes
whilst they are talking. Only then try to
make your own viewpoint be heard.
6) To begin with the end in mind: to develop
and focus on your vision and values.
7) To
Motto: "The purpose of life is a life of
purpose." George Bernard Shaw (cited
by Mike Lipkin
1)To stay optimistic.
2) To pump-up your persona vitality.
3) To be habitually generous.
4) To take control of your destiny.
5) To increase your human
connectedness.
6) To be you because others are already
taken.
7) To increase your creativity by letting
go of the familiar. To identify the
most powerful benefit you offer to
the people around you and then
deliver it.
8) To be a global citizen, fully open to
the cultures and influences of
others.
49. REFERENCE
Столяренко Л.Д. Психология управления.–Ростов н/Д:Феникс, 2005.-512 с.
Learning Styles and Strategies
Richard M. Felder
Hoechst Celanese Professor of Chemical Engineering
North Carolina State University
Barbara A. Soloman
Coordinator of Advising, First Year College
North Carolina State University
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/methodology/learning_style.shtml
http://personalbest.org/newsletter.html
http://humanresources.about.com/od/careerplanningandadvice1/Success_in_Caree
r_and_Personal_Development_and_Management.htm