The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 4.7 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2 bilion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the moble market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
3. 757M daily circulations of all newspapers
969M total TV subscribers
1.3B registered cars
1.1B of all types of computers (PC, netbooks...)
1.2B total landline phones
1.5B total TV sets
1.7B total unique holders of credit cards
2.1B total unique holders of bank accounts
3.9B total FM radios in use
11. In 2011, there were 48 million
people in the world who
have a mobile phone but do
not have electricity at home
Mobile Phones provide safety
Cisco, January 2011
13. Communication
Wars have been won on intelligence and the speed of
communications
Militaries and business community on the forefront on the
development of rapid communication
14. Communication
Early 19th century the horse dominated
Stage coaches and pony express
The railroads changed this
Then came electricity
15. From 1820 to 1880 discoveries in radio and electromagnetism
Timeline
16. An Industrial Revolution
The period 1870-1914
Innovations in the chemical, electric, petroleum and steel industries
Adjacent Possible
Growth period
17. Electromagnetism and Radio
Foundation for electronic
communications
New markets for communication
Telegraph
Telephone
Wireless Telegraph
Communication
18. From the Greek words
tele = far and
graphein = write
(símriti)
Later to be called the
“Victorian Internet”
The Telegraph
19. The Telegraph
Simple device with battery and key for sending electric signals
At the other end was a similar device emitting sound or printing
the signal
20. Samuel F. B. Morse invented the first practical
telegraph in 1837
Granted a patent 1838
Moore devised a telegraphic code consisting
of dots and dashes
Shorter and longer electric impulse send
down the wire - The Morse Code
Standardized messages
The Telegraph
21. Invented in 1876
At the time, the telegraph was
dominant
Transferred sound waves with
electric current over wire
Alexander G. Bell
Created the first practical telephone
Based on experiments and
improvements in technology at the
time
The Telegraph
22. At the dawn of the 20th century, two mediums for communication
were dominant
The telegraph: Became important in the American Civil War
(1861-65), dominated by Western Union
The telephone: Dominant technology with the growth of Bell
Both these technologies had one problem: they were wire-based
History
23. Guglielmo Marconi saw an opportunity
in wireless communication
Studied physics at the University
of Bologna
Several experiments in 1894 in
Bologna, Italy
Marconi’s goal was to use his
knowledge developed in telephony
Wireless Telegraph
24. Marconi was improving the telegraph
“Spark Transmitter” where signals could represent the Morse code
Potential market:
Maritime market – British Royal Navy
Transatlantic communication
Wireless Telegraph
25. Many scientists were happy to point out flaws in Marconi’s
inventions
Doubts that wireless had any application
Limitations – radios worded on fixed frequency
Security – anyone could listen in
The telegraph was initially 20 times faster
Cable companies showed no interest in wireless
Skepticism and Competition
26. Wireless Telegraph was popular in the press
Many companies competed for stock funding
Resulted in Stock inflations - “The Wireless Telegraph bubble”
Sceptic voices started to respond
Series of articles in Success Magazine,
“Fools and their money”
appeared 1907
The Wireless Telegraph Bubble
27. No regulations controlled the airwaves
The sinking of RMS Titanic prompted governments to set
international standards of communication
The Marconi operator on the Titanic sent “C.Q.D”
C.Q. meant attention, D was for Distress
SOS is ... - - - ...
Government Regulation
28.
29.
30. Around 1940 ideas for wireless communication were established
It was not until the development of microchips and technology for
building devices, that wireless communication became
practical for individuals
Rules and cautiousness were to delay the progress
Also investments in land based systems
Wireless Communication
32. Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler
1913-2000
"Films have a certain place in a
certain time period. Technology is
forever”
- Hedy Lamarr
33. Wireless Communication
After the war, use of wireless was
restricted to certain profession (police,
military, taxis)
Not public solutions
The ideas for mobile radio networks
were developed in the 1940s
Area of radio cells – Cellular network
36. The First Cell phone (1973)
Name: Motorola Dyna-Tac
Size: 9 x 5 x 1.75 inches
Weight: 2.5 pounds
Display: None
Number of Circuit Boards: 30
Talk time: 35 minutes
Recharge Time: 10 hours
Features: Talk, listen, dial
Early Systems
39. ▪ Mobile phones provide safety
▪ The most common device of all
▪ Mobile phones are not practical until 1980s due to size of
technology – Adjacent Possible
▪ The invention of the microchip played crucial role in the
development of cell phones
Lessons Learned: Cellular Phones
43. 1G Analog
Early systems were in Bahrain, US, Japan and in the Nordic countries
First international system
was NMT in the Nordic
Frequency Division
Multiple Access - FDMA
44. 1G Analog
NMT in Nordics
AMPS in the US
TACS in UK
C-Nets in West Germany
Radiocom 2000 in France
RTMI/RTMS in Italy
54. GMS
Global System for Mobile Communication
Built on TDMA – Digital
Three times the capacity of analog, encryption, texting, SIM cards
55. Texting
Short Message System allowed 160 letters
Became an accidental killer app –
messages, chat, ring tones
First message sent 03.12.1992:
“Merry Christmas”
56. ▪ Cars became the first platform for phones
▪ First phones are analog
▪ Multiple standard – each country invents its own
– Problem with standards (history repeats itself?)
▪ Roaming problems in Europe call for a standard
▪ Digital standard developed in Europe, G2
▪ US does not have roaming problems and gets stuck in G1
Lessons Learned: Cellular Phones
58. Mobile networks and the Internet start to
converge
1G and 2G are circuit switched – fine for voice
The Internet is packet-switched
3G Packet Switching
59. 2000s
More data
128+ Kbps
GPSR, EDGE, UMTS, CDMA
Mobile networks and the Internet start to
converge
Downloading 3 min. MP3 song:
11 sec. – 1,5 min.
3G Packet Switching
60. More bandwidth, more applications
Email, Images, music, movies, streaming
Based on Code Division
Multiple Access – CDMA
3G Packet Switching
67. Built with limitations
Screen size, bandwidth restrictions
Input limited – one-handed keyboard
Limited memory, battery life
Fragmentation nightmare
Mobile web was limited, bad version of the web
3G Solutions