The Internet grew out of US efforts to build the ARPANET, a network of peer computers built during the cold war. The two major players were military and academia. The network was simple and required no efforts for security or social responsibility. The early Internet community was mainly highly educated and respectable scientist. In the early 1990s the World Wide Web, a hypertext system is introduced, and soon browsers start to appear, leading the commercialization of Net. New businesses emerge and a technology boom known as the dot-com era. The network, now over 40, is being stretched. Problems such as spam, viruses, antisocial behaviour, and demands for more content are prompting reinvention of the Net and threatening its neutrality. Add to this government efforts to regulate and limit the network. In this lecture we look at the Internet and the impact of the network. We will also look at the future of the Internet. The Internet grew out of US efforts to build the ARPANET, a network of peer computers built during the cold war. The two major players were military and academia. The network was simple and required no efforts for security or social responsibility. The early Internet community was mainly highly educated and respectable scientist. In the early 1990s the World Wide Web, a hypertext system is introduced, and soon browsers start to appear, leading the commercialization of Net. New businesses emerge and a technology boom known as the dot-com era. The network, now over 40, is being stretched. Problems such as spam, viruses, antisocial behaviour, and demands for more content are prompting reinvention of the Net and threatening its neutrality. Add to this government efforts to regulate and limit the network. In this lecture we look at the Internet and the impact of the network. We will also look at the future of the Internet.

1. LECTURE L14
FROM THE INTERNET TO BLOCKCHAIN

2. 1969-1995 Computer Networking
Simple net run by pioneers
1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth
Enter the ISPs and the public
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
New applications and digital media
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
The New Internet emerges
2010-2015 The App Internet
Smartphone takes over the Internet
2015-2020 ?
Then what?
The Brief History of the Internet

3. “The Internet works because a lot of people
cooperate to do things together”
- Jon Postel
1969-1995 Computer Networking

4. Defense
Strategic reasons during the
Cold War
Any computer could be reached,
and if one goes down, the others
still work
Efforts on connecting computers started early
Two principal groups: Defense and Academia
Academia
Economic reasons
Mainframes are expensive and could
be justified only by the collective
needs of many departments
Computer Networking

6. The Soviet Union
lunched Sputnik 1 on
October 4th 1954

7. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Founded in 1958
Attributed by the Russian Sputnik satellite
Renamed to DARPA
Two main objectives
Computers had to talk to each
other to share information
Links had to be robust
ARPA

8. The Science, the Endless Frontier
Vannevar Bush, MIT Professor and
analog computer pioneer
Oversaw the Manhattan Project
Had influence on US president
Franklin Roosevelt to form research
institutions
Triangular relationship: Government,
Industry and Academia

9. J.C.R. Licklighter
Pioneered decentralized networks
and human-computer interfaces
Founding director of the military
office that funded ARPANET
Published paper in 1960: “Man-
Computer Symbiosis”
“The hope is that in not too many years,
human brains and computing machines
will be coupled together very tightly”

10. Arpanet
Work started in 1967
Packet switching
Open Architecture

11. Packet Switching
The phone network is circuit switched
You get a “line” all by yourself
The proposed structure of the Internet
was packet switched

12. TCP/IP
Communication protocol
Written by Bob Kahn & Vint Cerf

13. Internet
Simple
No security
Based on kindness and trust

14. 1979
46military sites
16academic campus sites

15. Application Layer is for specific application
Transport Layer is for reliable communication
Network Layer is for routing packages
Network Layers

16. Source: What is a packet?
Packet Switched

17. The e-mail is about 3,500 bits (3.5 kilobits) in size
The network you send it over uses fixed-length packets of 1,024 bits
(1 kilobit)
The header of each packet is 96 bits long and the trailer is 32 bits
long, leaving 896 bits for the payload
To break the 3,500 bits of message into packets, you will need four
packets divide 3,500 by 896)
Three packets will contain 896 bits of payload and the fourth will
have 812 bits
Source: What is a packet?
Example: Email message

18. Source: Internet protocol suite
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Telnet
Email
Usenet

19. Source: Modem
The phone system was already there
However it was analog but the network was
digital
Modem - modulate and demodulate
A device that modulates an
analog carrier signal to encode
digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier
signal to decode the
transmitted information
Connecting Computers

20. The Internet is a simple peer to peer network
Designed to be simple rather than secure
The Internet became a community
Most users where highly educated
scientists
Respect for others – spam nearly
nonexistent
Antisocial behaviour was rare
Netiquette
How to behave on the net
Violators are removed from the network
The Early Internet Community

21. 1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth
“On the Internet,
nobody knows you're a dog.”
- Peter Steiner cartoon in
The New Yorker

24. The value of a network equals
approximately the square of
the number of users of the system
(n2)
Metcalfe’s Law

25. Everything will be connected
There is only one network
Metcalfe’s Law

26. Google
Facebook
Internet Growth

28. Maybe these gentlemen had something to do with it… inadvertently

29. In the early 1990 the most popular operating systems
were Windows and DOS
Designed for Personal Computers
Network support was later added LANs – NetBIOS
WinSock – Windows Sockets
Microsoft had completely ignored TCP/IP
Due to demand from IT companies, efforts started in
1991
WinSock 1.0 became available in 1992
It was an API to use sockets to access TCP/IP
Enter WinSock

30. Trumpet WinSock
Created by Peter Tattam in Tasmania, Austalia

31. Tim Berners-Lee started his efforts on
information sharing in the 1980s
Working for CERN, he proposed
the creation of non-hierarchical
hypertext based system
The system was to be based on
the established TCP/IP protocols
World Wide Web

32. World Wide Web
Due to lack of support he started work on his ideas
himself
Using a NeXT computer he
set out to create a program
for building, browsing and
editing hypertext pages

34. Hypertext
To move from one document to another
Resource identifiers – URL
To locate a particular resource (computer, document or other resource) on the
network
Client-server model of computing – HTTP
Client software requests of server software resources such as data or files
Markup language – HTML
Tags embedded in text indicate to a computer how to print or display the text,
e.g. as in italics or bold type
The Basic Idea of WWW

35. The WWW has not the only idea for a distributed hyperlink system
Gopher
Created at the University of
Minnesota
A distributed document
search and retrieval system
Hierarchical menu structure
Released in 1991
Became very popular
Gopher

36. This design was simple
Simple syntax
Uniform URL to any resource using any protocols
No security, not authentication, no tracking
HTTP
Simple protocol – GET, POST
HTML
Not an advanced markup – enough to display text in different sizes
Did not try to solve the problem of back-links
Avoided a huge problem
And created an huge opportunity for others to solve it
Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?

37. WWW was FREE
No licence fee - free to use
Gopher failed
More rigid system
Tree structure – not free format
Initially free, then UoM decided to licence it
Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?

38. Without browsers, the Web would not take off
And without content, no one would create browsers
Mosaic
NCSA developed Mosaic Web Browser
Developed by Marc Andreesen and
Eric Bina
The Internet became synonymous
with “mosaic”
First Browsers

39. First Browsers

40. Early web pages

41. Early web pages

42. Early web pages

43. Early web pages

44. Internet Service Providers – ISP
Business of connecting the public to the Internet
Many new companies entered this market
AOL became a giant
Lot of small ISP using Trumpet WinSock
New services
Domain name registration and hosting
Dial-up access, Leased line access
Web Design, Email services
Laying the Tracks
Companies like Cisco Systems
New Business Emerges

45. Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark formed
Mosaic Communication Corporation 1994
Few months later renamed to Netscape
Netscape became the Internet leader
IPO in 1995 raised $140 million
The decline came just as fast
Did not establish sound business models
nor build an infrastructure
Went head-on into competition
with Microsoft
Later bought by AOL
Netscape

47. Phone companies completely ignored the Internet
Did not see any commercial opportunity —Internet was a fad, a toy
Left the space open for new entrants
New Entrants

48. Have we seen this before?
Mainframe companies ignore the minicomputers
Minicomputers ignore the PC
8 inch floppy drive companies ignored the 5,25 inch which
ignored the 3,5 inch
Western Union ignored the telephone
The American car companies ignored the cheap Toyota
Corolla
Kodak ignored the digital camera
“But none of our customers is asking for this low-end cheap…”
New Entrants

49. The Arrogance of the Present
“... an Internet browser is a very trivial piece of software. There are at
least 30 companies that have written very credible Internet browsers,
so that’s nothing...”
- Bill Gates

50. The telephone business and software giants initially ignored the
Internet
Their focus was on voice or software
Internet traffic was using the phone lines
Classic example of the RPV theory
Left the field open for new companies
Seeing the success they entered the market
Today most ISPs are phone companies
Enter the Giants

51. Microsoft
Came late to the Internet
Bill Gates wrote The Road Ahead
Were trying to establish a proprietary
“Information Superhighway”
Microsoft Network
MSN was released
in 1995 with Windows 95
Enter the Giants

52. Information Superhighway
Winner takes all market
One network will rule them all
Metcalfe told us so

53. Internet

54. TCP/IP

57. Personal
Computer

61. The PC is generative
It can run any code - from anybody
No one controls it, no permission

62. Jonathan Zittrain
The Future of the Internet and how to stop it

64. The Generative Pattern

65. Innovation happens at the edges

67. Permissionless Innovation

68. ▪ The Internet works because of the simplicity
– Dumb routing
– No security
– Anonymity
▪ The core of the network is always the same
– Innovation is at the edges
– No need to upgrade the core when new protocols are invented
Lessons: Internet

69. Lessons: Internet
▪ Network infrastructure companies like the telecoms
ignored the internet
– Did not see any business in consumer connections
– RVP theory explains this: their customer were
companies
▪ Software vendors like Microsoft ignored the Internet
– Saw no revenue model
▪ Left the field open for the Yahoos, Googles etc.

70. David Bowie in 1999

71. “Doing research on the Web is like using a library assembled piecemeal by
pack rats and vandalized nightly”
- Roger Ebert (attributed)
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit

72. Peer-to-peer Networks
Relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in
the network
Peers act as both clients and servers
No central server
Legal controversy
Rise of P2P

73. Digitalization of Content
Netflix represents 32.7% of North America´s
peak Web traffic

74. Stretching the Limits
The Internet has scaled up to 2+ billion users
Tweaked over the years
Designed to be simple
Innovation only happens at the edges
The end-to-end principle
Has prevented innovations at its core

75. Stretching the Limits
Visionaries only partially saw the future
The net was designed to be simple peer to
peer network
Things like security and social
responsibility were not a main concern

76. Problems with the Internet
Limited IP numbers
Dumb routing – content unaware
Spam, Viruses and DoS attacks
Illegal distribution of content
Antisocial behaviour
Lack of security
Not possible to update the
Internet protocols

77. “If a planet-wide network were built on Mars,
what would it look like?”
- Reinventing the Internet (Economist)
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network

78. Several efforts for reinventing the Internet
GENI – Global Environment for Networking Innovations
FIND – Future Internet Design
Internet2
PlanetLab
Challenge
How can we replace the current
Internet infrastructure?
How can we run multiple protocols
at the same time?
The Internet Infrastructure

79. Content Delivery Network
Source: Akamai

81. “Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the
move to the Internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for
success on that new platform.”
- Tim O'Reilly
Web 2.0

83. ....for seizing the reins of the global media,
for founding and framing the new digital
democracy, for working for nothing and
beating the pros at their own game, TIME's
Person of the Year for 2006 is
you
Read more: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/
0,9171,1569514,00.html#ixzz1FjqlB9yO

84. Two Waves of Products Development
In the first wave the product is
restricted by the prevailing
technology, but in the second, there is
something new

85. New web developments
Popularised by O’Reilly
and others
Refers to a new phase in
architecture and application
development of web
applications
Buzzword that is not easy to define
Desktop Application and Web Application will become the same
Web 2.0

87. The Community
The smartest people in the room is everybody

88. “Web 2.0”
The Hype Cycle

89. 1969-1995 Computer Networking
Simple net run by pioneers
1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth
Enter the ISPs and the public
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
New applications and digital media
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
The New Internet emerges
2010-2015 The App Internet
Smartphone takes over the Internet
2015-2020 ?
Then what?
The Brief History of the Internet

90. 2010-2015 The App Internet
“Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to
the Internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that
new platform.”
- Tim O'Reilly

91. Source: Mary Meeker’s Internet Trend Presentation (http://www.slideshare.net/AndreBastos3/internet-trends-mary-meeker?qid=4a887629-047d-4084-abec-bafd0c1a7a63&v=default&b=&from_search=2)

93. The App Internet
In 2008, Apple opens the App Store
Google followed with Google Play for Android

94. The App Internet
The smartphone app
takes over the
internet
More Internet traffic
from smartphones
than PCs

95. HTML 5
The web fights back
the app movement
and comes with
HTML 5 and new
tools like jQuery
Responsive Web
Design

96. The App Internet
A new architecture starts to emerge based on APIs
Cloud based microservice architecture

97. Data is in the cloud

98. Run on any device

99. Local
Old outdates business practices start to fight back

105. 1969-1995 Computer Networking
Simple net run by pioneers
1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth
Enter the ISPs and the public
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
New applications and digital media
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
The New Internet emerges
2010-2015 The App Internet
Smartphone takes over the Internet
2015-2020 ?
Then what?
The Brief History of the Internet

106. 1969-1995 Computer Networking
Simple net run by pioneers
1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth
Enter the ISPs and the public
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
New applications and digital media
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
The New Internet emerges
2010-2015 The App Internet
Smartphone takes over the Internet
2015-2020 The Smart Internet
AI and IoT
The Brief History of the Internet

107. 2015-2020 The Smart Internet

108. Artificial Intelligence
Personal assistants like Siri, Alexa, Cortana, Google Assistant
Augmented reality apps
Medial diagnosis apps
Chatbots

109. Internet of Things
Products or things are getting connected
Cars, houses, light-poles, grills, home appliances, lightbulbs…
Collect data to make data analysis

110. Blockchain

111. Bitcoin
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency introduced in 2008
Invented by an unidentified programmer, Satoshi Nakamoto
The number of bitcons is fixed
Uses strong cryptography

113. Blockchain
A database used by bitcoin - an open ledger
Instead of storing information in a private secure, centralised
database, with restricted access…
Store everything openly and use strong cryptography that is
verifiable by everyone
hash hash hash hash hash
Blockchain

115. Solves the problem of transactions of two parties that don’t
trust each other
A wants to sell something to B, but neither A or B know each
other or trust each other
Blockchain

116. Uncertainty
Authority and violence Rules and institutions
Blockchain

117. Identity
Mangement
Asset
Tracking
Reneging
on Deals
Blockchain
Uncertainty

118. INTERNET
OF
THINGS

119. Trends
Mobile phones are connecting to the Internet
Sensors will be connected – Internet of Things
New media content is emerging
All content will be digital
Internet of things is estimated to be worth $309 billion by 2020
We are just starting this revolution…
Visions of the Future

121. Next
L15 The Mobile Revolution
L16 Internet of Things